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Abstract
The interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system has been documented over the last several decades. In this review, the neuroanatomical, cellular, and molecular evidence for neuroimmune regulation in the maintenance of immune homeostasis will be discussed, as well as the potential impact of neuroimmune dysregulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Padro
- The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- The Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Mok JY, Jeon IH, Cho JK, Park JM, Kim HS, Kang HJ, Kim HS, Jang SI. Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Phthalic Anhydride-induced Allergic Response in Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 17:14-21. [PMID: 24471058 PMCID: PMC3866758 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.1.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-allergy activities of persimmon leaf extract (PLE) on a phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced allergic mouse model. A human leukemic mast cell line (HMC-1) was used to examine the inhibitory activity of PLE on the histamine release by human leukemic mast cells. PLE inhibited histamine release from HMC-1 cells in response to cross-linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor-α (FcεRIα). Additionally, a PA-induced allergic mouse model was used to investigate the effects of PLE in vivo. Mice were orally administrated with or without PLE of single dose (250 mg/kg/day) for 31 days. Oral intake of PLE significantly inhibited passive cutaneous reactions. Oral administration of PLE to PA-induced allergic mice also led to a striking suppression of the development of contact dermatitis, ear swelling and lymph node weight. In addition, PA-specific IL-4 production of draining lymph node cells was markedly diminished by PLE oral administration, but not IFN-γ. Furthermore, PLE treatment suppressed PA-induced thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CCL27) expressions in ear tissues. Based on these results, we suggest that PLE may have therapeutic potential as an effective material for management of irritant contact dermatitis or related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Mok
- Jeonju University Atopy & Health Research Institute, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - In Hwa Jeon
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Cho
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Ji Min Park
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
| | | | - Seon Il Jang
- Jeonju University Atopy & Health Research Institute, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea ; School of Alternative Medicine & Health Science, Jeonbuk 560-759, Korea
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Takayanagi Y, Osawa S, Ikuma M, Takagaki K, Zhang J, Hamaya Y, Yamada T, Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Miyajima H, Sugimoto K. Norepinephrine suppresses IFN-γ and TNF-α production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via the β₁ adrenoceptor. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 245:66-74. [PMID: 22398028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether norepinephrine (NE) had direct effects on cytokine production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), compared with splenocytes. CD3⁺ IELs and CD3⁺ splenocytes expressed α(1B), α(1D), α(2C), β₁, β₂, and β₃ adrenoceptors (ARs). NE significantly suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α production by IELs and splenocytes ex vivo. The suppressive effects of NE in IELs were reversed by β₁ AR antagonist CGP-20712A, whereas those in splenocytes were reversed by β₂ AR antagonist ICI118,551. In IELs, β₁ AR agonist xamoterol mimicked the suppressive effects of NE. These results indicated NE regulates intestinal mucosal immune responses mediated by IELs via β₁ AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takayanagi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Loza MJ, Penn RB. Regulation of T cells in airway disease by beta-agonist. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2010; 2:969-79. [PMID: 20515836 DOI: 10.2741/s113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Th2 cytokines derived from T cells play a major role in the development of allergic lung inflammation that causes most asthma. Beta-agonists are important rescue and maintenance therapies for asthma, yet our understanding of beta-agonist effects on T cell biology is surprisingly poor. Recent studies using both cell culture and more integrative models are beginning to reveal beta-agonist regulation of T cell signaling and function that may be important in the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma and possibly other inflammatory diseases. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature concerning beta-agonist effects on T cells, and discuss the relevance of emerging paradigms of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling to T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Loza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Reddy PJ, Aksoy MO, Yang Y, Li XX, Ji R, Kelsen SG. Inhibition by salmeterol and cilomilast of fluticasone-enhanced IP-10 release in airway epithelial cells. COPD 2008; 5:5-11. [PMID: 18259970 DOI: 10.1080/15412550701817573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokines, IP-10/CXCL10 and IL-8/CXCL8, play a role in obstructive lung disease by attracting Th1/Tc1 lymphocytes and neutrophils, respectively. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long acting beta 2-agonists (LABA) are widely used. However, their effect(s) on the release of IP-10 and IL-8 by airway epithelial cells are poorly understood. This study examined the effects of fluticasone, salmeterol, and agents which raise intracellular cAMP (cilomilast and db-cAMP) on the expression of IP-10 and IL-8 protein and mRNA. Studies were performed in cultured human airway epithelial cells during cytokine-stimulated IP-10 and IL-8 release. Cytokine treatment (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma) increased IP-10 and IL-8 protein and mRNA levels. Fluticasone (0.1 nM to 1 microM) increased IP-10 but reduced IL-8 protein release without changing IP-10 mRNA levels assessed by real time RT-PCR. The combination of salmeterol (1 micro M) and cilomilast (1-10 mu M) reduced IP-10 but had no effect on IL-8 protein. Salmeterol alone (1 micro M) and db-cAMP alone (1 mM) antagonised the effects of fluticasone on IP-10 but not IL-8 protein. In human airway epithelial cells, inhibition by salmeterol of fluticasone-enhanced IP-10 release may be an important therapeutic effect of the LABA/ICS combination not present when the two drugs are used separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Reddy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Caramori G, Groneberg D, Ito K, Casolari P, Adcock IM, Papi A. New drugs targeting Th2 lymphocytes in asthma. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008; 3 Suppl 1:S6. [PMID: 18315837 PMCID: PMC2259400 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-s1-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma represents a profound worldwide public health problem. The most effective anti-asthmatic drugs currently available include inhaled beta2-agonists and glucocorticoids and control asthma in about 90-95% of patients. The current asthma therapies are not cures and symptoms return soon after treatment is stopped even after long term therapy. Although glucocorticoids are highly effective in controlling the inflammatory process in asthma, they appear to have little effect on the lower airway remodelling processes that appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma at currently prescribed doses. The development of novel drugs may allow resolution of these changes. In addition, severe glucocorticoid-dependent and resistant asthma presents a great clinical burden and reducing the side-effects of glucocorticoids using novel steroid-sparing agents is needed. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in the persistence of inflammation are poorly understood and the reasons why some patients have severe life threatening asthma and others have very mild disease are still unknown. Drug development for asthma has been directed at improving currently available drugs and findings new compounds that usually target the Th2-driven airway inflammatory response. Considering the apparently central role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma, drugs targeting disease-inducing Th2 cells are promising therapeutic strategies. However, although animal models of asthma suggest that this is feasible, the translation of these types of studies for the treatment of human asthma remains poor due to the limitations of the models currently used. The myriad of new compounds that are in development directed to modulate Th2 cells recruitment and/or activation will clarify in the near future the relative importance of these cells and their mediators in the complex interactions with the other pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cells and mediators responsible of the different asthmatic phenotypes. Some of these new Th2-oriented strategies may in the future not only control symptoms and modify the natural course of asthma, but also potentially prevent or cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - David Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Papi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Salicrú AN, Sams CF, Marshall GD. Cooperative effects of corticosteroids and catecholamines upon immune deviation of the type-1/type-2 cytokine balance in favor of type-2 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:913-20. [PMID: 17481854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies show strong associations between stress and altered immune function. In vivo studies of chronic and acute stress have demonstrated that cognitive stressors are strongly correlated with high levels of catecholamines (CT) and corticosteroids (CS). Although both CS and CT individually can inhibit the production of T-helper 1 (TH1, type-1 like) cytokines and simultaneously promote the production of T-helper 2 (TH2, type-2 like) cytokines in antigen-specific and mitogen stimulated human leukocyte cultures in vitro, little attention has been focused on the effects of combination CT and CS in immune responses that may be more physiologically relevant. We therefore investigated the combined effects of in vitro CT and CS upon the type-1/type-2 cytokine balance of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a model to study the immunomodulatory effects of superimposed acute and chronic stress. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in type-1 cytokine production (IFN-gamma) and a significant increase in type-2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10) in our CS+CT incubated cultures when compared to either CT or CS agents alone. Furthermore, variable enhancement of type-1/type-2 immune deviation occurred depending upon when the CT was added. The data suggest that CS can increase the sensitivity of PBMC to the immunomodulatory effects of CT and establishes an in vitro model to study the combined effects of in vivo type-1/type-2 cytokine alterations observed in acute and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Salicrú
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
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Hashimoto T, Kitamura N, Kobayashi N, Suko M, Kaminuma O, Mori A. Effect of formoterol on allergen-induced cytokine synthesis by atopic asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 143 Suppl 1:106-9. [PMID: 17541287 DOI: 10.1159/000101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effect of formoterol, long-acting beta(2 )agonists, on T cell cytokine synthesis was examined. METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from atopic asthmatics, and stimulated with Dermatophagoidesfarinae extract. Various concentrations of formoterol were added from the start of some cultures. Cytokine production and cell proliferation were analyzed. RESULTS Allergen-induced IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-gamma production of PBMC were significantly suppressed by formoterol in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the proliferation response was not suppressed. CONCLUSION Formoterol downregulates T cell functions of atopic asthmatics in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hashimoto
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Effros RM, Nagaraj H. Asthma: new developments concerning immune mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007; 13:37-43. [PMID: 17133123 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3280108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This brief review discusses how recent research may modify our understanding of the immunology of asthma. Consideration is given to the possible impact that these observations may have upon diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS New studies indicate that current conceptions regarding the balance between Th1 and Th2 systems may need modification. The relationship between infection and the development of asthma in children has proven to be much more complex than originally suggested by the 'hygiene hypothesis'. In addition, important genetic differences have been found in the response of asthmatic patients to therapeutic agents. SUMMARY Greater insight into the mechanisms responsible for asthma and the introduction of new drugs will depend in part upon the development of reliable and simple methods for detecting airway inflammation. As the immunologic aspects of asthma are dissected, we can expect that many more potential targets for treatment will be discovered, but treatment may have to be individualized for genetic differences between different individuals.
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Bridle BW, Wilkie BN, Jevnikar AM, Mallard BA. Rat genotype influences quantitative and qualitative aspects of xenogeneic immune response to pig blood mononuclear cells. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:299-307. [PMID: 16768723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation seeks to have cells with discordant genotypes co-exist. The hypothesis that host genotype modulates xenogeneic immune response (IR) was tested. METHODS Two inbred rat strains [Dark Agouti (DA) and Lewis (LEW)] representing diverse IR phenotypes were immunized with porcine blood mononuclear cells (BMC). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), immunoglobulin (Ig), antibody (Ab) and isotype bias of Ab response were evaluated. RESULTS DTH to pig BMC was greater in DA than in LEW rats. Natural Ab was qualitatively different between strains (IgM and IgA predominated in DA, IgM and IgG(2a) predominated in LEW). Twice as much IgG was elicited from DA than LEW rats and DA utilized all isotypes whereas LEW did not use IgG(2a) or IgG(2c). IR bias was diametrically opposed; type 1 in DA but type 2 in LEW. Strains even differed in Ig profiles and dermal responses to saline injections and mitogen. The DA rats were the higher responders to pig BMC. CONCLUSIONS Recipient genotype had significant and broad effects on IR to porcine BMC and may influence xenograft rejection and xenotolerance induction. Moreover, this study suggests that caution should prevail when interpreting data derived from a single inbred strain, particularly given that humans, the target species, are genetically diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Sanders VM. Adrenergic receptors on T and B lymphocytes: Evidence, function, and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singam R, Jena PK, Behera S, Hellermann GR, Lockey RF, Ledford D, Mohapatra SS. Combined fluticasone propionate and salmeterol reduces RSV infection more effectively than either of them alone in allergen-sensitized mice. Virol J 2006; 3:32. [PMID: 16719922 PMCID: PMC1488829 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and is a risk factor for the development of asthma. Allergic asthmatics are more susceptible to RSV infection and viral exacerbation. METHODS Since the effectiveness of corticosteroids in treating RSV infection has been controversial, we tested fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol (Sal) alone versus FP plus Sal (FPS) on RSV-induced airway inflammation. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and infected with RSV. Following infection they were treated with FP, Sal, or FPS intranasally and airway hyperreactivity (AHR), inflammation and RSV titers were examined. RESULTS The group treated with FPS showed significantly lower AHR compared to the group treated with FP or Sal alone. The group treated with FP alone showed slightly decreased (non-significant) AHR compared to controls. Treatment with FPS resulted in significant decreases in the percentage of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in lung pathology compared to FP or Sal. FP alone decreased eosinophils but not neutrophils or lymphocytes, while Sal alone decreased eosinophils and neutrophils but not lymphocytes. FPS treatment of mice infected with RSV in the absence of allergen sensitization resulted in a 50% decrease of RSV titer in the lung and a reduction in neutrophils compared to FP or Sal. CONCLUSION Together, these results indicate that fluticasone in combination with salmeterol is a more effective treatment for decreasing airway hyperreactivity and inflammation than either of them alone in allergen-sensitized, RSV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Singam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Prasanna K Jena
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sumita Behera
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gary R Hellermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dennis Ledford
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease Research Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine and James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
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Verhagen J, Taylor A, Blaser K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. T regulatory cells in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2006; 24:533-48. [PMID: 16318994 DOI: 10.1080/08830180500371173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergy and asthma has occurred during the past few decades. Although the symptoms of many allergic disorders can be suppressed quite effectively by pharmacological interventions, these do not provide a curative solution and therefore involve lifelong use of medication. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) on the other hand provides a long-lasting effect on the immune response to common environmental antigens, therefore allowing cessation of the therapy after several years. The changes in the immune response brought about by allergen-SIT are slowly being unveiled and explained. Mechanisms underlying allergen-SIT and in particular the role of regulatory T cells will be discussed in this review, based on recent findings and current concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Verhagen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
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Loza MJ, Foster S, Peters SP, Penn RB. Beta-agonists modulate T-cell functions via direct actions on type 1 and type 2 cells. Blood 2005; 107:2052-60. [PMID: 16278302 PMCID: PMC1895713 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is the most extensively characterized G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the effects of beta-agonists on T-cell subtype function remain poorly understood. In contrast to studies suggesting lack of beta2AR expression on type 2 T cells, we demonstrate that type 2 interleukin-13+ (IL-13+) T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) can respond directly to beta-agonist, with effects including induction of protein kinase A (PKA) activity and associated inhibition of CD3-stimulated CD25 expression; CD3-stimulated IL-13, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-2 production; and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. PGE2 was more efficacious than beta-agonist in activating PKA and inhibiting cytokine production. beta-agonist and PGE2 also inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) + calcimycin-stimulated IFN-gamma and IL-2 (but not IL-13) production, suggesting that upstream CD3-initiated signaling is not the sole locus of PKA actions. Differential regulation of PMA-stimulated p38, p42/p44, and NF-kappaB explained the capacity of PGE2 and beta-agonist to inhibit IFN-gamma but not IL-13 production. The inhibition of CD3 + CD28-stimulated IL-13 production by both beta-agonist and PGE2 was reversed at low agonist concentrations, resulting in enhanced IL-13, but not IFN-gamma or IL-2, production. These findings identify direct effects of beta2AR activation on T-cell subtypes and suggest a complex role for GPCRs and PKA activity in modulating T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Loza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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15
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Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. T regulatory cells in allergy: novel concepts in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:961-8; quiz 969. [PMID: 16275361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of T regulatory (T(Reg)) cells as key regulators of immunologic processes in peripheral tolerance to allergens has opened an important era in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Both naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T(Reg) cells and inducible populations of allergen-specific IL-10-secreting T(R)1 cells inhibit allergen-specific effector cells in experimental models. Allergen-specific T(Reg) cell responses contribute to the control of allergic inflammation in several ways. Skewing of allergen-specific effector T cells to a T(Reg) phenotype appears to be a crucial event in the development of a healthy immune response to allergens and successful outcome in allergen-specific immunotherapy. The increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta produced by T(Reg) cells can potently suppress IgE production while simultaneously increasing the production of the noninflammatory antibody isotypes IgG4 and IgA, respectively. T(Reg) cells directly or indirectly suppress effector cells of allergic inflammation, such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, and contribute to remodeling in asthma and atopic dermatitis. In addition, mediators of allergic inflammation that trigger cyclic AMP-associated G protein-coupled receptors, such as histamine receptor 2, might play a role in peripheral tolerance mechanisms against allergens. Current strategies for drug development and allergen-specific immunotherapy exploit these observations with the potential to provide cure for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland.
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Peek EJ, Richards DF, Faith A, Lavender P, Lee TH, Corrigan CJ, Hawrylowicz CM. Interleukin-10-secreting "regulatory" T cells induced by glucocorticoids and beta2-agonists. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:105-11. [PMID: 15845862 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater clinical benefit in controlling the symptoms of asthma is frequently observed through combining moderate doses of inhaled glucocorticoids together with long-acting beta(2)-agonists, as compared with increasing glucocorticoid dosage alone. To address in vitro whether glucocorticoids plus beta(2)-agonists, compared with glucocorticoids alone, have greater inhibitory activity on CD4+ T cell responses to allergen, peripheral blood CD4+ T cell responses to allergen were compared in the presence or absence of the glucocorticoid fluticasone proprionate and the short- and long-acting beta(2)-agonists salbutamol and salmeterol, respectively. Fluticasone proprionate inhibited interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 and enhanced IL-10 synthesis in allergen-stimulated cultures in a concentration-dependent manner. Salmeterol, but not salbutamol, inhibited IL-5 and IL-13 and enhanced IL-10 synthesis in these cultures. When used in combination the two drugs demonstrated an additive effect on this pattern of cytokine production. Allergen-specific T cell lines induced in the presence of salmeterol and fluticasone proprionate inhibited IL-5 and IL-13 production by allergen-specific Th2 cell lines in an IL-10-dependent manner. Thus fluticasone proprionate and salmeterol increased IL-10 and reduced Th2 cytokine synthesis additively in allergen stimulated human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Peek
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, UK
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Friesen JHC, Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Regarding "Differential control of T(H)1 versus T(H)2 cell responses by the combination of low-dose steroids with beta(2)-adrenergic agonists". J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:424; author reply 425. [PMID: 15696109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sanz MJ, Cortijo J, Morcillo EJ. PDE4 inhibitors as new anti-inflammatory drugs: effects on cell trafficking and cell adhesion molecules expression. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106:269-97. [PMID: 15922015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a major cyclic AMP-hydrolyzing enzyme in inflammatory and immunomodulatory cells. The wide range of inflammatory mechanisms under control by PDE4 points to this isoenzyme as an attractive target for new anti-inflammatory drugs. Selective inhibitors of PDE4 have demonstrated a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory activities including the inhibition of cellular trafficking and microvascular leakage, cytokine and chemokine release from inflammatory cells, reactive oxygen species production, and cell adhesion molecule expression in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The initially detected side effects, mainly nausea and emesis, appear at least partially overcome by the 'second generation' PDE4 inhibitors, some of which like roflumilast and cilomilast are in the later stages of clinical development for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These new drugs may also offer opportunities for treatment of other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
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