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Schwarz A, Philippsen R, Schwarz T. Mouse Models of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Practical Aspects. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:888-892. [PMID: 37211376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a frequently observed dermatosis, especially in industrialized countries. Regarded as a classical type IV immune reaction (delayed type), the process can be separated into two pathogenetic parts: the induction phase where sensitization takes place and the elicitation phase in which inflammation is induced upon re-exposure to the same antigen. A murine model was established decades ago, which reliably reproduces both phases. Epicutaneously applied low-molecular-weight sensitizers bind to proteins (haptens) and become full antigens, which results in sensitization. Subsequent administration of the same hapten onto ear skin causes a swelling response. This reaction is antigen specific because it cannot be induced in nonsensitized mice or in sensitized mice with a different hapten. This model was used to study the mechanisms involved in allergic contact dermatitis and also was intensively utilized to study immunologic mechanisms, including antigen presentation and development of T effector or regulatory T cells. The model's major merit is its antigen specificity. It is highly reproducible, reliable, and simple to perform. In this paper, the methods of this technique are described to help researchers successfully establish this widely used model in laboratories. Describing the complex pathomechanisms underlying the model is beyond the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Philippsen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Sabockytė A, McAllister S, Coates CJ, Lim J. Effect of acute ultraviolet radiation on Galleria mellonella health and immunity. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107899. [PMID: 36806465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
For humans, acute and chronic overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause tissue damage in the form of sunburn and promote cancer(s). The immune-modulating properties of UV radiation and health-related consequences are not well known. Herein, we used the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella, to determine UV-driven changes in cellular components of innate immunity. From immune cell (haemocyte) reactivity and the production of antimicrobial factors, these insects share many functional similarities with mammalian cellular innate immunity. After exposing insects to UVA or UVB for up to two hours, we monitored larval viability, susceptibility to infection, haemolymph (blood) physiology and faecal discharge. Prolonged exposure of larvae to UVB coincided with decreased survival, enhanced susceptibility to bacterial challenge, melanin synthesis in the haemolymph, compromised haemocyte functionality and changes in faecal (bacterial) content. We contend G. mellonella is a reliable in vivo model for assessing the impact of UV exposure at the whole organism and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušrinė Sabockytė
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Samuel McAllister
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Zoology, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jenson Lim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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3
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Tse BCY, Ireland RA, Lee JY, Marsh-Wakefield F, Kok LF, Don AS, Byrne SN. Exposure to Systemic Immunosuppressive Ultraviolet Radiation Alters T Cell Recirculation through Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2278-2287. [PMID: 34561229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic suppression of adaptive immune responses is a major way in which UV radiation contributes to skin cancer development. Immune suppression is also likely to explain how UV protects from some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated systemic immune suppression are not well understood. Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to doses of UV known to suppress systemic autoimmunity led to the accumulation of cells within the skin-draining lymph nodes and away from non-skin-draining lymph nodes. Transfer of CD45.1+ cells from nonirradiated donors into CD45.2+ UV-irradiated recipients resulted in preferential accumulation of donor naive T cells and a decrease in activated T cells within skin-draining lymph nodes. A single dose of immune-suppressive UV was all that was required to cause a redistribution of naive and central memory T cells from peripheral blood to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Specifically, CD69-independent increases in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1-negative naive and central memory T cells occurred in these lymph nodes. Mass spectrometry analysis showed UV-mediated activation of sphingosine kinase 1 activity, resulting in an increase in S1P levels within the lymph nodes. Topical application of a sphingosine kinase inhibitor on the skin prior to UV irradiation eliminated the UV-induced increase in lymph node S1P and T cell numbers. Thus, exposure to immunosuppressive UV disrupts T cell recirculation by manipulating the S1P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C Y Tse
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael A Ireland
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lai Fong Kok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
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4
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Bocheva GS, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. Immunological Aspects of Skin Aging in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115729. [PMID: 34072076 PMCID: PMC8198400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous immune response is important for the regulation of skin aging well as for the development of immune-mediated skin diseases. Aging of the human skin undergoes immunosenescence with immunological alterations and can be affected by environmental stressors and internal factors, thus leading to various epidermal barrier abnormalities. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and skin dysbiosis in the advanced age, together with the genetic factors, facilitate the late onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly, whose cases have recently been on the rise. Controversial to the healthy aged skin, where overproduction of many cytokines is found, the levels of Th2/Th22 related cytokines inversely correlated with age in the skin of older AD patients. As opposed to an endogenously aged skin, the expression of the terminal differentiation markers significantly increases with age in AD. Despite the atenuated barrier disturbances in older AD patients, the aged skin carries an impairment associated with the aging process, which reflects the persistence of AD. The chronicity of AD in older patients might not directly affect skin aging but does not allow spontaneous remission. Thus, adult- and elderly subtypes of AD are considered as a lifelong disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta St. Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (G.S.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (G.S.B.); (A.T.S.)
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5
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Nakao M, Sugaya M, Fujita H, Miyagaki T, Morimura S, Shibata S, Asano Y, Sato S. TLR2 Deficiency Exacerbates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation through Decrease in Regulatory T Cells and Impaired IL-10 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8560. [PMID: 33202847 PMCID: PMC7696365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR2 in psoriasis using imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. Although TLR2 signaling is known to play a critical role in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and monocytes, TLR2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated psoriasiform skin inflammation. Importantly, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Foxp-3 and IL-10 in the lesional skin were significantly decreased in TLR2 KO mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of the lymph nodes revealed that the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CD4-positive cells was decreased. Notably, stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/1 ligand) or Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6 ligand) increased IL-10 production from Tregs and DCs and the proliferation of Tregs. Finally, adoptive transfer of Tregs from wild-type mice reduced imiquimod-induced skin inflammation in TLR2 KO mice. Taken together, our results suggest that TLR2 signaling directly enhances Treg proliferation and IL-10 production by Tregs and DCs, suppressing imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Enhancement of TLR2 signaling may be a new therapeutic strategy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Nakao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba 286-8520, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Division of Cutaneous Science, Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Sohshi Morimura
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba 286-8520, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (M.N.); (H.F.); (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
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6
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Sil P, Suwanpradid J, Muse G, Gruzdev A, Liu L, Corcoran DL, Willson CJ, Janardhan K, Grimm S, Myers P, Degraff LM, MacLeod AS, Martinez J. Noncanonical autophagy in dermal dendritic cells mediates immunosuppressive effects of UV exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1389-1405. [PMID: 31837371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the inflammatory response is critical to maintaining homeostasis, and failure to do so contributes to the burden of chronic inflammation associated with several disease states. The mechanisms that underlie immunosuppression, however, remain largely unknown. Although defects in autophagy machinery have been associated with inflammatory pathologic conditions, we now appreciate that autophagic components participate in noncanonical pathways distinct from classical autophagy. We have previously demonstrated that LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical autophagic process dependent on Rubicon (rubicon autophagy regulator [RUBCN]), contributes to immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE We used Rubcn-/- mice to examine the role of the LAP pathway in mediating the UV-induced immunotolerant program in a model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). METHODS Flow cytometry and transcriptional analysis were used to measure immune cell infiltration and activation in the skin of Rubcn+/+ and Rubcn-/- mice during the CHS response. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that LAP is required for UV-induced immunosuppression and that UV exposure induces a broadly anti-inflammatory transcriptional program dependent on Rubicon. Rubcn-/- mice are resistant to UV-induced immunosuppression and instead display exaggerated inflammation in a model of CHS. Specifically, RUBCN deficiency in CD301b+ dermal dendritic cells results in their increased antigen presentation capacity and subsequent hyperactivation of the CD8+ T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS LAP functions to limit the immune response and is critical in maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Liwen Liu
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - David L Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Sara Grimm
- Division of Intramural Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Page Myers
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura Miller Degraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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7
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Chambers ES, Vukmanovic-Stejic M. Skin barrier immunity and ageing. Immunology 2019; 160:116-125. [PMID: 31709535 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body with an extensive surface area of approximately 1·8 m2 , and is the first line of defence against a multitude of external pathogens and environmental insults. The skin also has important homeostatic functions such as reducing water loss and contributing to thermoregulation of the body. The structure of the skin and its cellular composition work in harmony to prevent infections and to deal with physical and chemical challenges from the outside world. In this review, we discuss how the structural cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and adipocytes contribute to barrier immunity. We also discuss specialized immune cells that are resident in steady-state skin including mononuclear phagocytes, such as Langerhans cells, dermal macrophages and dermal dendritic cells in addition to the resident memory T cells. Ageing results in an increased incidence of cancer and skin infections. As we age, the skin structure changes with thinning of the epidermis and dermis, increased water loss, and fragmentation of collagen and elastin. In addition, the skin immune composition is altered with reduced Langerhans cells, decreased antigen-specific immunity and increased regulatory populations such as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Together, these alterations result in decreased barrier immunity in the elderly, explaining in part their increased susceptiblity to cancer and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Chambers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Ikumi K, Odanaka M, Shime H, Imai M, Osaga S, Taguchi O, Nishida E, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Morita A, Yamazaki S. Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Psoriatic Inflammation in Both Humans and Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1329-1338.e7. [PMID: 30776434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation can cause several metabolic syndromes. Patients with psoriasis, a chronic immunological skin inflammation, often develop diabetes. However, it is not clear to date how psoriasis leads to, or is correlated with, glucose intolerance. Here, we investigate whether psoriasis itself is correlated with hyperglycemia in humans and mice. In patients, the severity of psoriasis was correlated with high blood glucose levels, and treatment of psoriasis by phototherapy improved insulin secretion. Imiquimod-induced systemic and cutaneous inflammation in mice, with features of human psoriasis, also resulted in hyperglycemia. Although it should be determined if psoriasis-like cutaneous inflammation alone can induce hyperglycemia, imiquimod-treated mice showed impairment of insulin secretion without significant islet inflammation. Administration of anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody improved hyperglycemia in patients with psoriasis and imiquimod-treated mice with psoriasiform features. These results suggest that hyperglycemia is highly associated with psoriasis, mainly through IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ikumi
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mizuyu Odanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osaga
- Clinical Research Management Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Emi Nishida
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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9
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Hesterberg RS, Amorrortu RP, Zhao Y, Hampras S, Akuffo AA, Fenske N, Cherpelis B, Balliu J, Vijayan L, Epling-Burnette PK, Rollison DE. T Regulatory Cell Subpopulations Associated with Recent Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in a Skin Cancer Screening Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3269-3281. [PMID: 30389774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation (UVR) causing DNA damage is a well-documented risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Although poorly understood, UVR may also indirectly contribute to carcinogenesis by promoting immune evasion. To our knowledge, we report the first epidemiological study designed to investigate the association between quantitative measures of UVR, obtained using a spectrophotometer, and circulating T regulatory (Treg) cells. In addition to total Treg cells, the proportion of functionally distinct Treg cell subsets defined by CD45RA and CD27 phenotypic markers, graded expression of FOXP3 and CD25, and those expressing cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag and the chemokine receptor CCR4 were enumerated in 350 individuals undergoing routine skin cancer screening exams and determined not to have prevalent skin cancer. No associations were identified for UVR exposure or the overall proportion of circulating Treg cells; however, Treg cell subpopulations with an activation-associated phenotype, CD45RA-/CD27-, and those expressing cutaneous homing receptors were significantly positively associated with UVR. These subpopulations of Treg cells also differed by age, sex, and race. After stratification by natural skin tone, and adjusting for age and sex, we found that spectrophotometer-based measures of UVR exposure, but not self-reported measures of past sun exposure, were positively correlated with the highest levels of these Treg cell subpopulations, particularly among lighter-skinned individuals. Findings from this large epidemiologic study highlight the diversity of human Treg cell subpopulations associated with UVR, thus raising questions about the specific coordinated expression of CD45RA, CD27, CCR4, and cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag on Treg cells and the possibility that UVR contributes to nonmelanoma skin cancer carcinogenesis through Treg cell-mediated immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Hesterberg
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | | | - Yayi Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; and
| | - Shalaka Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; and
| | - Afua A Akuffo
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Neil Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Basil Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Juliana Balliu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; and
| | - Laxmi Vijayan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; and
| | | | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; and
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10
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wolf P. From Early Immunomodulatory Triggers to Immunosuppressive Outcome: Therapeutic Implications of the Complex Interplay Between the Wavebands of Sunlight and the Skin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:232. [PMID: 30250844 PMCID: PMC6139367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy is an efficient treatment for many cutaneous diseases that involve the activation of inflammatory pathways or the overgrowth of cells with aberrant phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photoimmunology, focusing on the effects of UV-based therapies currently used in dermatology. We describe the molecular responses to the main forms of photo(chemo)therapy such as UVB, UVA-1, and PUVA that include the triggering of apoptotic or immunosuppressive pathways and help to clear diseased skin. The early molecular response to UV involves DNA photoproducts, the isomerization of urocanic acid, the secretion of biophospholipids such as platelet activating factor (PAF), the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inflammasome, and vitamin D synthesis. The simultaneous and complex interaction of these events regulates the activity of the immune system both locally and systemically, resulting in apoptosis of neoplastic and/or benign cells, reduction of cellular infiltrate, and regulation of cytokines and chemokines. Regulatory T-cells and Langerhans cells, among other skin-resident cellular populations, are deeply affected by UV exposure and are therefore important players in the mechanisms of immunomodulation and the therapeutic value of UV in all its forms. We weigh the contribution of these cells to the therapeutic application of UV and how they may participate in transferring the direct impact of UV on the skin into local and systemic immunomodulation. Moreover, we review the therapeutic mechanisms revealed by clinical and laboratory animal investigations in the most common cutaneous diseases treated with phototherapy such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Better understanding of phototherapeutic mechanisms in these diseases will help advance treatment in general and make future therapeutic strategies more precise, targeted, personalized, safe, and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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11
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Arisi M, Zane C, Caravello S, Rovati C, Zanca A, Venturini M, Calzavara-Pinton P. Sun Exposure and Melanoma, Certainties and Weaknesses of the Present Knowledge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:235. [PMID: 30214901 PMCID: PMC6126418 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sun exposure is the main risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). However, the UV-related pathogenetic mechanisms leading to CMM are far to be fully elucidated. In this paper we will focus on what we still don't fully know about the relationship between UVR and CMM. In particular, we will discuss: the action spectrum of human CMM, how different modalities of exposure (continuous/ intermittent; erythemal/ suberythemal) relate to different CMM variants, the preferential UVR induced DNA mutations observed in different CMM variants, the role of UV-related and UV-unrelated genetic damages in the same melanoma cells. Moreover, we will debate the importance of UVA induced oxidative and anaerobic damages to DNA and other cell structures and the role of melanins, of modulation of innate and acquired immunity, of vitamin D and of chronic exposure to phototoxic drugs and other xenobiotics. A better understanding of these issues will help developing more effective preventative strategies and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Arisi
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Zane
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Caravello
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Rovati
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Zanca
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Venturini
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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12
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Otsuka M, Egawa G, Kabashima K. Uncovering the Mysteries of Langerhans Cells, Inflammatory Dendritic Epidermal Cells, and Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Cells in the Epidermis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1768. [PMID: 30105033 PMCID: PMC6077183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of Langerhans cells (LCs) has been called into question of late due to the increasing evidence that LCs originate from macrophage lineage instead of dendritic cell (DC) lineage as previously thought. For many years, LCs have been assumed to be DCs due to its migratory capabilities. However, recent studies have demonstrated that LCs are from macrophage lineage of the adult fetal liver (FL) progenitor. Bona fide LCs are now considered tissue-resident macrophages as they originate from the FL as shown by fate mapping models. In recent years, studies have shown that there are three types of antigen-presenting cells present in the epidermis, such as LCs, monocyte-derived LC-like cells, and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs). Of these, LC-like cells have been characterized in both human and mouse studies, while IDECs have only been described in human studies. This has shed a new light on the area of epidermal macrophages, suggesting that there might be a misidentification and misclassification of LCs. IDECs and LC-like cells have been shown to be present in both steady state and inflammatory state, but they are present in more significant amounts under inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis, ultra violet injury, and psoriasis. In this review, we discuss what is already known and discuss the possible roles of LCs, LC-like cells, and IDECs during inflammation. Most intriguingly, we discuss the possibility of LCs having a dual identity as both a macrophage and a DC. This is shown as LCs are the only tissue-resident macrophage to have shown migratory property-like DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Sil P, Wong SW, Martinez J. More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 29988591 PMCID: PMC6026682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8 m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria. The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species, stress, and environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic “homeostatic rheostat” works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here, we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Yacout SM, McIlwain KL, Mirza SP, Gaillard ER. Characterization of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Melanin and Degraded Synthetic Melanin Using Mass Spectrometry and In Vitro Biochemical Diagnostics. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:183-191. [PMID: 29752877 DOI: 10.1111/php.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With increasing age, there is an observable loss of melanin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. It is possible that degradation of the pigment contributes to the pathogenesis of retinal disease, as the cellular antioxidant material is depleted. Functionally, intact melanin maintains protective qualities, while oxidative degradation of melanin promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and formation of metabolic byproducts, such as melanolipofuscin. Understanding the structural and functional changes to RPE melanin with increasing age may contribute to a better understanding of disease progression and risk factors for conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, human donor RPE melanin is characterized using MALDI mass spectrometry to follow melanin degradation trends. In vitro models using ARPE-19 cells are used to assess photo-reactivity in repigmented cells. Significant protection against intracellular ROS produced by blue light is observed in calf melanin-pigmented cells versus unpigmented and black latex bead controls (P < 0.0001). UV-B exposure to aged human melanin-pigmented cells results in a significant increase in nitric oxide production versus control cells (P < 0.001). Peroxide-treated synthetic melanin is characterized to elucidate degradation products that may contribute to RPE cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Yacout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Kelsey L McIlwain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Shama P Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elizabeth R Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
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15
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Morita A. Current developments in phototherapy for psoriasis. J Dermatol 2018; 45:287-292. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
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16
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Yamazaki S, Odanaka M, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, Shime H, Hemmi H, Imai M, Riethmacher D, Kaisho T, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Ultraviolet B-Induced Maturation of CD11b-Type Langerin - Dendritic Cells Controls the Expansion of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:119-129. [PMID: 29158419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are divided into several subsets with distinctive functions. This study shows a previously unappreciated role of dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs in maintaining immunological self-tolerance after UVB exposure. After UVB exposure, dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs upregulated surface CD86 expression, induced proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells without exogenous Ags, and upregulated a set of genes associated with immunological tolerance. This Treg-expansion activity was significantly hampered by CD80/CD86 blockade in vivo. These results indicate that CD11b-type Langerin- DCs from the UVB-exposed skin are specialized to expand Treg cells in the skin, which suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Mizuyu Odanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Nishioka
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saori Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan.,School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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17
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Bruhs A, Proksch E, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Disruption of the Epidermal Barrier Induces Regulatory T Cells via IL-33 in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:570-579. [PMID: 29045819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disturbance of the epidermal barrier by UVR is associated with the release of antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory cytokines for the purpose of a danger response. On the other hand, UVR causes immunosuppression via regulatory T cells (Treg) that limit the inflammatory reaction. The concurrent induction of antimicrobial peptides and Treg by UVR may represent a counter-regulatory mechanism in response to barrier disruption, preventing microbial superinfection and sensitization to contact allergens, respectively, both of which cross impaired epidermis more easily. Thus, using a model of murine contact hypersensitivity we examined if disruption of the epidermal barrier only initiates similar counter-regulatory mechanisms via the generation of Treg. Sensitization through tape-stripped skin induced a weaker contact hypersensitivity response than in control mice. This was due to the induction of antigen-specific Treg, as demonstrated in adoptive transfer and depletion experiments utilizing DEREG mice. Treg induction by tape stripping was linked to the expression of the alarmin IL-33, as blockade of IL-33 exacerbated contact hypersensitivity, whereas injection of IL-33 inhibited contact hypersensitivity and induced Treg. These results demonstrate that epidermal barrier disruption, in addition to danger signals, induces regulatory events that prevent exaggerated skin inflammation and that IL-33 appears to be critically involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bruhs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ehrhardt Proksch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Mathers AR, Carey CD, Killeen ME, Diaz-Perez JA, Salvatore SR, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Falo LD. Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids suppress allergic contact dermatitis in mice. Allergy 2017; 72:656-664. [PMID: 27718238 DOI: 10.1111/all.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactions between nitric oxide (NO), nitrite (NO2-), and unsaturated fatty acids give rise to electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2 -FAs), such as nitro oleic acid (OA-NO2 ) and nitro linoleic acid (LNO2 ). Endogenous electrophilic fatty acids (EFAs) mediate anti-inflammatory responses by modulating metabolic and inflammatory signal transduction reactions. Hence, there is considerable interest in employing NO2 -FAs and other EFAs for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders. Thus, we sought to determine whether OA-NO2 , an exemplary nitro-fatty acid, has the capacity to inhibit cutaneous inflammation. METHODS We evaluated the effect of OA-NO2 on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using an established model of contact hypersensitivity in C57Bl/6 mice utilizing 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene as the hapten. RESULTS We found that subcutaneous (SC) OA-NO2 injections administered 18 h prior to sensitization and elicitation suppresses ACD in both preventative and therapeutic models. In vivo SC OA-NO2 significantly inhibits pathways that lead to inflammatory cell infiltration and the production of inflammatory cytokines in the skin. Moreover, OA-NO2 is capable of enhancing regulatory T-cell activity. Thus, OA-NO2 treatment results in anti-inflammatory effects capable of inhibiting ACD by inducing immunosuppressive responses. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the development of OA-NO2 as a promising therapeutic for ACD and provides new insights into the role of electrophilic fatty acids in the control of cutaneous immune responses potentially relevant to a broad range of allergic and inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Mathers
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - C. D. Carey
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - M. E. Killeen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - J. A. Diaz-Perez
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - S. R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - F. J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - B. A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - L. D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
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19
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Suwanpradid J, Holcomb ZE, MacLeod AS. Emerging Skin T-Cell Functions in Response to Environmental Insults. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:288-294. [PMID: 27784595 PMCID: PMC5552043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the primary barrier between the body and the outside world, functioning not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immunologic first line of defense. A large number of T cells populate the skin. This review highlights the ability of these cutaneous T cells to regulate skin-specific environmental threats, including microbes, injuries, solar UV radiation, and allergens. Since much of this knowledge has been advanced from murine studies, we focus our review on how the mouse state has informed the human state, emphasizing the key parallels and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary E Holcomb
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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20
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Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Immunosuppression: Induction of Regulatory T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:63-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Skobowiat C, Postlethwaite AE, Slominski AT. Skin Exposure to Ultraviolet B Rapidly Activates Systemic Neuroendocrine and Immunosuppressive Responses. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:1008-1015. [PMID: 27716949 DOI: 10.1111/php.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The back skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to a single 400 mJ cm-2 dose of ultraviolet B (UVB), and parameters of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in relation to immune activity were tested after 30-90 min following irradiation. Levels of brain and/or plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), β-endorphin, ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) were enhanced by UVB. Hypophysectomy had no effect on UVB-induced increases of CORT. Mitogen-induced IFNγ production by splenocytes from UVB-treated mice was inhibited at 30, 90 min and after 24 h. UVB also led to inhibition of IL-10 production indicating an immunosuppressive effect on both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Conditioned media from splenocytes isolated from UVB-treated animals had no effect on IFNγ production in cultured normal splenocytes; however, IFNγ increased with conditioned media from sham-irradiated animals. Sera from UVB-treated mice suppressed T-cell mitogen-induced IFNγ production as compared to sera from sham-treated mice. IFNγ production was inhibited in splenocytes isolated from UVB-treated animals with intact pituitary, while stimulated in splenocytes from UVB-treated hypophysectomized mice. Thus, cutaneous exposure to UVB rapidly stimulates systemic CRH, ACTH, β-endorphin and CORT production accompanied by rapid immunosuppressive effects in splenocytes that appear to be independent of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
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22
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23
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Bruhs A, Eckhart L, Tschachler E, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Urocanic Acid: An Endogenous Regulator of Langerhans Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1735-1737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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El Beidaq A, Link CWM, Hofmann K, Frehse B, Hartmann K, Bieber K, Martin SF, Ludwig RJ, Manz RA. In Vivo Expansion of Endogenous Regulatory T Cell Populations Induces Long-Term Suppression of Contact Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1567-76. [PMID: 27439515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) of murine skin serves as a model of allergic contact dermatitis. Hapten-specific CD8 T cells and neutrophils represent the major effector cells driving this inflammatory reaction whereas Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) control the severity of inflammation. However, whether in vivo expansion of endogenous Tregs can downregulate CHS-mediated inflammation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we addressed this issue by using injection of an IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb JES6-1 complex (IL-2/JES6-1) as a means of Treg induction in 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS. IL-2/JES6-1 injection before or after hapten sensitization led to a considerable reduction of skin inflammation, even when rechallenged up to 3 wk after the last treatment. Conversely, Treg depletion re-established the CHS response in IL-2/JES6-1-treated mice. IL-2/JES6-1 injection resulted in increased frequencies of natural and peripheral Tregs in spleen and draining lymph nodes (LNs), elevated IL-10 and TGF-β production by CD4 T cells, reduced CD86 expression by dendritic cells, and led to lower numbers of hapten-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8 T effector cells in LNs. Neutrophil and CD8 T cell infiltration was reduced in inflamed ear tissue, whereas CTLA-4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg frequencies were augmented. Adoptive transfer of LN cells of sensitized mice into recipients treated with IL-2/JES6-1 showed impaired CHS. Our results show that in vivo Treg expansion results in a prolonged CHS suppression, a sustained reduction of hapten-specific CD8 T cells, and a decrease in effector cell influx in inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El Beidaq
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Link
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofmann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
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25
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Wolf P, Byrne SN, Limon-Flores AY, Hoefler G, Ullrich SE. Serotonin signalling is crucial in the induction of PUVA-induced systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity but not local apoptosis or inflammation of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:537-43. [PMID: 26914366 PMCID: PMC4927393 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psoralen and UVA (PUVA) has immunosuppressive and proapoptotic effects, which are thought to be responsible alone or in combination for its therapeutic efficacy. However, the molecular mechanism by which PUVA mediates its effects is not well understood. Activation of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) pathway has been suggested to be involved in the modulation of T-cell responses and found to mediate UVB-induced immune suppression. In particular, the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor has been proposed as one mechanism responsible for UV-induced immune suppression. We therefore hypothesized that 5-HT may play a role in PUVA-induced effects. The model of systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Candida albicans was used to study immune function after exposure of C3H and KIT(W) (-Sh/W-Sh) mice to a minimal inflammatory dose of topical PUVA. The intra-peritoneal injection of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin or cyproheptadine or an anti-5-HT antibody immediately before PUVA exposure entirely abrogated suppression of DTH but had no significant effect on inflammation, as measured by swelling and cellular infiltration of the skin, and apoptosis as determined by the number of sunburn cells in C3H mice. Importantly, the systemic injection of 5-HT recapitulated PUVA immune suppression of DTH but did not induce inflammation or apoptosis in the skin. KIT(W) (-Sh/W-Sh) mice (exhibiting myelopoietic abnormalities, including lack of 5-HT-containing mast cells) were resistant to PUVA-induced suppression of DTH but not local skin swelling. Thus, this points towards a crucial role of 5-HT signalling in PUVA-induced immune suppression but not inflammation or apoptosis in situ in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Scott N. Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, the Charles Perkins Centre at The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alberto Y. Limon-Flores
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Stephen E. Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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26
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Prevention and Mitigation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Murine β-Defensins via Induction of Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:173-81. [PMID: 26763437 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide murine β-defensin-14 (mBD14) was found to exert, in addition to its antimicrobial activity, the capacity to induce regulatory T cells as demonstrated in the model of contact hypersensitivity. Because it is induced by ultraviolet radiation, mBD14 may contribute to the antigen-specific immunosuppression by ultraviolet radiation. To prove whether this applies also for other immunologic models and because ultraviolet radiation appears to have beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis, we utilized the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Injection of mBD14 into mice before immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein caused amelioration of the disease with less central nervous system inflammation and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic T cells. The beneficial effect was due to Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells because it was lost on in vivo depletion of regulatory T cells. mBD14, however, also acts in a therapeutic setting, because injection of mBD14 into mice with clinical features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduced the clinical score significantly. Human β-defensin-3, the human orthologue of mBD14, induced in vitro regulatory T cell-specific markers in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, shifting these nonregulatory cells into a regulatory phenotype with suppressive features. Thus, defensins may represent candidates worth being further pursued for the therapy of multiple sclerosis.
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Abstract
The health benefits of natural sunlight have been noted since the rise of civilization, even without the knowledge of its mechanisms of action. Currently, phototherapy remains an effective and widely used treatment for a variety of skin diseases. Ultraviolet radiation, from either the sun or artificial light sources, has a profound immunomodulatory effect that is responsible for its beneficial clinical outcomes. Ultraviolet radiation mostly induces the innate while suppressing the adaptive immune system, leading to both local and systemic effects. It is antigen specific, acts on both effector and regulatory T cells, alters antigen-presenting cell function, and induces the secretion of cytokines and soluble mediators. This review provides an overview of the immunologic mechanisms by which ultraviolet radiation is responsible for the therapeutic effects of phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Academic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands.
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Schweintzger N, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Reginato E, Bambach I, Quehenberger F, Byrne SN, Wolf P. Levels and function of regulatory T cells in patients with polymorphic light eruption: relation to photohardening. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:519-26. [PMID: 26032202 PMCID: PMC4564948 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the immunological abnormalities seen in patients with polymorphic light eruption (PLE). Objectives To investigate the number and suppressive function of peripheral Tregs in patients with PLE compared with healthy controls. Methods Blood sampling was done in 30 patients with PLE [seeking or not seeking 311‐nm ultraviolet (UV)B photohardening] as well as 19 healthy controls at two time points: TP1, March to June (before phototherapy); and TP2, May to August (after phototherapy). We compared the number of CD4+CD25highCD127−FoxP3+ Tregs by flow cytometry and their function by assessing FoxP3 mRNA levels and effector T cell/Treg suppression assays. Results Tregs isolated from healthy controls significantly suppressed the proliferation of effector T cells at TP1 by 68% (P = 0·0156). In contrast, Tregs from patients with PLE entirely lacked the capacity to suppress effector T‐cell proliferation at that time point. The medical photohardening seen in 23 patients with PLE resulted in a significant increase in the median percentage of circulating Tregs [both as a proportion of all lymphocytes; 65 6% increase (P = 0·0049), and as a proportion of CD4+ T cells; 32.5% increase (P = 0·0049)]. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression of FoxP3 mRNA (P = 0·0083) and relative immunosuppressive function of Tregs (P = 0·083) comparing the two time points in representative subsets of patients with healthy controls tested. Seven patients with PLE not receiving 311‐nm UVB also exhibited an increase in the number of Tregs but this was not statistically significant. No significant differences in Treg numbers were observed in healthy subjects between the two time points. Conclusions An impaired Treg function is likely to play a role in PLE pathogenesis. A UV‐induced increase in the number of Tregs (either naturally or therapeutically) may be a compensatory mechanism by which the immune system counteracts the susceptibility to PLE. What's already known about this topic? Patients with polymorphic light eruption (PLE) display immunological abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that they are resistant to the immune suppressive effects of sunlight.
What does this study add? We found that the number and suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in the pathogenesis of PLE. An increase in Treg levels (after photohardening) might be a compensatory mechanism by which the immune system intends to counteract the susceptibility to PLE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schweintzger
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - A Gruber-Wackernagel
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - E Reginato
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - I Bambach
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - F Quehenberger
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
| | - S N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The Charles Perkins Centre Hub at The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - P Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Schweintzger NA, Bambach I, Reginato E, Mayer G, Limón-Flores AY, Ullrich SE, Byrne SN, Wolf P. Mast cells are required for phototolerance induction and scratching abatement. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:491-6. [PMID: 25776520 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermal mast cells protect the skin from inflammatory effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are required for UV-induced immune suppression. We sought to determine a potential mechanistic role of mast cells in reducing the sensitivity to UV radiation (i.e. phototolerance induction) through photohardening. We administered single UV exposures as well as a chronic UV irradiation regime to mast cell-deficient Kit(W-Sh/W-Sh) mice and their controls. The chronic irradiation protocol was similar to that given for prophylaxis in certain photodermatoses in humans. Compared to controls, UV-exposed Kit(W-Sh/W-Sh) mice were more susceptible to epidermal hyperplasia and dermal oedema which was linked to blood vessel dilation. Unexpectedly, Kit(W-Sh/W-Sh) mice exhibited an excessive scratching behaviour following broadband UVB plus UVA or solar simulated UV irradiation at doses far below their minimal skin-swelling dose. Protection from this UV-induced scratching phenotype was dependent on mast cells, as engraftment of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells abated it entirely. Kit(W-Sh/W-Sh) mice were entirely resistant to phototolerance induction by photohardening treatment. Compared to controls, these mice also showed reduced numbers of regulatory T cells and neutrophils in the skin 24 h after UV irradiation. While it is well known that mast cell-deficient mice are resistant to UV-induced immune suppression, we have discovered that they are prone to develop photo-itch and are more susceptible to UV-induced epidermal hyperplasia and skin oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Schweintzger
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Bambach
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonora Reginato
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Mayer
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alberto Y Limón-Flores
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The Charles Perkins Centre Hub at The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Hope CM, Coates PTH, Carroll RP. Immune profiling and cancer post transplantation. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:41-56. [PMID: 25664246 PMCID: PMC4317627 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Half of all long-term (> 10 year) australian kidney transplant recipients (KTR) will develop squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or solid organ cancer (SOC), making cancer the leading cause of death with a functioning graft. At least 30% of KTR with a history of SCC or SOC will develop a subsequent SCC or SOC lesion. Pharmacological immunosuppression is a major contributor of the increased risk of cancer for KTR, with the cancer lesions themselves further adding to systemic immunosuppression and could explain, in part, these phenomena. Immune profiling includes; measuring immunosuppressive drug levels and pharmacokinetics, enumerating leucocytes and leucocyte subsets as well as testing leucocyte function in either an antigen specific or non-specific manner. Outputs can vary from assay to assay according to methods used. In this review we define the rationale behind post-transplant immune monitoring assays and focus on assays that associate and/or have the ability to predict cancer and rejection in the KTR. We find that immune monitoring can identify those KTR of developing multiple SCC lesions and provide evidence they may benefit from pharmacological immunosuppressive drug dose reductions. In these KTR risk of rejection needs to be assessed to determine if reduction of immunosuppression will not harm the graft.
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Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is best known for its ability to cause skin cancer, it is also associated with protection against a range of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the precise mechanism by which sunlight affords protection from MS remains to be determined, some have hypothesised that UV immunosuppression explains the "latitude-gradient effect" associated with MS. By stimulating the release of soluble factors in exposed skin, UV activates immune suppressive pathways that culminate in the induction of regulatory cells in distant tissues. Each and every one of the immune suppressive cells and molecules activated by UV exposure are potential targets for treating and preventing MS. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved is therefore required if we are to realise the therapeutic potential of photoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Level 5 (East), The Charles Perkins Centre Hub (D17), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Yamazaki S, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, Ohkura N, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Taguchi O, Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Homeostasis of thymus-derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is controlled by ultraviolet B exposure in the skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5488-97. [PMID: 25348622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that immunological tolerance induced by Ag administration together with UVB irradiation is dependent on Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, the mechanisms by which UVB controls Treg cells in the skin are currently unclear. In this study, we have shown that exposure to UVB induced expansion of Treg cells up to 50-60% of the CD4(+) T cells in the irradiated skin. The Treg cell expansion in the skin lasted for 2 wk after exposure, which contributed to homeostasis of Treg cells in the periphery later. UVB-expanded Treg cells formed clusters with dendritic cells and proliferated in situ. Furthermore, the expanded Treg cells appeared to derive from neuropilin 1(+) thymus-derived Treg (tTreg) cells in the periphery because UVB-expanded Treg cells possessed Treg cell-specific CpG hypomethylation pattern, as seen in tTreg cells. These results collectively indicate that homeostasis of tTreg cells is controlled by UVB exposure in the skin. UVB therapy may be useful for not only inflammatory skin disorders, but also autoimmunity, transplantation, and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Akiko Nishioka
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saori Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; and
| | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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35
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Skobowiat C, Slominski AT. UVB Activates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in C57BL/6 Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1638-1648. [PMID: 25317845 PMCID: PMC4398592 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that ultraviolet B (UVB) can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the shaved back skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to 400 mJ/cm2 of UVB or was shame irradiated. After 12 and 24 h of exposure, plasma, skin, brain, and adrenals were collected and processed to measure corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin (Ucn), β-endorphin (β-END), ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) or brain was fixed for immunohistochemical detection of CRH. UVB stimulated plasma levels of CRH, Ucn, β-END, ACTH and CORT, and increased skin expression of Ucn, β-END and CORT at the gene and protein/peptide levels. UVB stimulated CRH gene and protein expression in the brain that was localized to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In adrenal glands it increased mRNAs of melanocortin receptor type 2, StAR and CYP11B1. Hypophysectomy abolished UVB stimulation of plasma but not of skin CORT levels, and had no effect on UVB stimulation of CRH and Ucn levels in the plasma, demonstrating the requirement of an intact pituitary for the systemic effect. In conclusion, we identify mechanism of the regulation of body homeostasis by UVB through activation of the HPA axis that originates in the skin and requires pituitary for the systemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The discipline that investigates the biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the immune system is called photoimmunology. Photoimmunology evolved from an interest in understanding the role of the immune system in skin cancer development and why immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients are at a greatly increased risk for cutaneous neoplasms. In addition to contributing to an understanding of the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the knowledge acquired about the immunologic effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure has provided an understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of other photodermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, UAB Skin Diseases Research Center, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
| | - Cather M Cala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, UAB Skin Diseases Research Center, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EFH 414, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA
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Stockfleth E, Meyer T. Sinecatechins (Polyphenon E) ointment for treatment of external genital warts and possible future indications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.913564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jatana S, DeLouise LA. Understanding engineered nanomaterial skin interactions and the modulatory effects of ultraviolet radiation skin exposure. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 6:61-79. [PMID: 24123977 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of engineered nanomaterials for the development of technological applications, nanomedicine, and nano-enabled consumer products is an ever-expanding discipline as is the concern over the impact of nanotechnology on human environmental health and safety. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of nanomaterial skin interactions with a specific emphasis on the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) skin exposure. Skin is the largest organ of the body and is typically exposed to UVR on a daily basis. This necessitates the need to understand how UVR skin exposure can influence nanomaterial skin penetration, alter nanomaterial systemic trafficking, toxicity, and skin immune function. We explore the unique dichotomy that UVR has on inducing both deleterious and therapeutic effects in skin. The subject matter covered in this review is broadly informative and will raise awareness of potential increased risks from nanomaterial skin exposure associated with specific occupational and life style choices. The UVR-induced immunosuppressive response in skin raises intriguing questions that motivate future research directions in the nanotoxicology and nanomedicine fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Jatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Lehtimäki S, Lahesmaa R. Regulatory T Cells Control Immune Responses through Their Non-Redundant Tissue Specific Features. Front Immunol 2013; 4:294. [PMID: 24069022 PMCID: PMC3780303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are needed in the control of immune responses and to maintain immune homeostasis. Of this subtype of regulatory lymphocytes, the most potent are Foxp3 expressing CD4+ T cells, which can be roughly divided into two main groups; natural Treg cells (nTreg), developing in the thymus, and induced or adaptive Treg cells (iTreg), developing in the periphery from naïve, conventional T cells. Both nTreg cells and iTreg cells have their own, non-redundant roles in the immune system, with nTreg cells mainly maintaining tolerance toward self-structures, and iTreg developing in response to externally delivered antigens or commensal microbes. In addition, Treg cells acquire tissue specific features and are adapted to function in the tissue they reside. This review will focus on some specific features of Treg cells in different compartments of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Lehtimäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
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40
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Curzytek K, Kubera M, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Szczepanik M, Marcińska K, Ptak W, Duda W, Leśkiewicz M, Basta-Kaim A, Budziszewska B, Lasoń W, Maes M. Inhibition of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity reaction by antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is involved in UVR-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2763-2770. [PMID: 23652795 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UVR suppresses the immune system through the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). UVR-induced DNA damage has been recognized as the major molecular trigger involved, as reduction of DNA damage by enhanced repair prevents the compromise to the immune system by UVR. Nevertheless, other signaling events may also be involved. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was identified as another target for UVR, as UVR activates the AhR and certain UVR effects were not detected in AhR-deficient cells. We studied whether the AhR is involved in UVR-induced local immunosuppression and whether similar effects can be induced by AhR agonists. The AhR antagonist 3-methoxy-4-nitroflavone reduced UVR-mediated immunosuppression and the induction of Tregs in murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Conversely, activation of the AhR by the agonist 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) suppressed the induction of CHS and induced antigen-specific Tregs similar to UVR. This was further confirmed in AhR knockout mice in which UVR- and NP-induced immunosuppression were significantly reduced. Together, this indicates that the AhR is involved in mediating UVR-induced immunosuppression. Activation of the AhR might represent an alternative to modulate the immune system in a similar manner like UVR but without causing the adverse effects of UVR, including DNA damage.
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Hubo M, Trinschek B, Kryczanowsky F, Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Jonuleit H. Costimulatory molecules on immunogenic versus tolerogenic human dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:82. [PMID: 23565116 PMCID: PMC3615188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are sentinels of immunity, essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. Both functions of DC, initiation of antigen-specific T cell immunity and maintenance of tissue-specific tolerance originate from distinct stages of differentiation, immunogenic versus tolerogenic. Dependent on local micro milieu and inflammatory stimuli, tissue resident immature DC with functional plasticity differentiate into tolerogenic or immunogenic DC with stable phenotypes. They efficiently link innate and adaptive immunity and are ideally positioned to modify T cell-mediated immune responses. Since the T cell stimulatory properties of DC are significantly influenced by their expression of signal II ligands, it is critical to understand the impact of distinct costimulatory pathways on DC function. This review gives an overview of functional different human DC subsets with unique profiles of costimulatory molecules and outlines how different costimulatory pathways together with the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 bias immunogenic versus tolerogenic DC functions. Furthermore, we exemplarily describe protocols for the generation of two well-defined monocyte-derived DC subsets for their clinical use, immunogenic versus tolerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hubo
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
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Furuhashi T, Saito C, Torii K, Nishida E, Yamazaki S, Morita A. Photo(chemo)therapy reduces circulating Th17 cells and restores circulating regulatory T cells in psoriasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54895. [PMID: 23365685 PMCID: PMC3554687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photo(chemo)therapy is widely used to treat psoriasis, the pathogenesis of which might be caused by an imbalance of Th17 cells/regulatory T cells (Treg). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of photo(chemo)therapy on the Th17/Treg balance and Treg function. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained from psoriasis patients treated with bath-psoralen ultraviolet A (UVA, n = 50) or narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB, n = 18), and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 20). CD3+CD4+IL-17A+ or CD4+CD25+Foxp3+cells were analyzed to estimate Th17 or Treg number by fluorescence–activated cell sorting. Moreover, CD4+ CD25− T cells from patients treated with PUVA(n = 14) were incubated in CFSE and activated with or without CD4+ CD25+T cells, and the suppressive function of CD4+ CD25+T cells were analyzed. Results Photo(chemo)therapy significantly reduced Th17 levels from 5.66±3.15% to 2.96±2.89% in patients with increased Th17 (Th17/CD4>3.01% [mean+SD of controls]). In contrast, photo(chemo)therapy significantly increased Treg levels from 2.77±0.75 to 3.40±1.88% in patients with less than 4.07% Treg level, defined as the mean of controls. Furthermore, while Treg suppressed the CD4+CD25− T cell proliferation to a greater extent in controls (Treg Functional Ratio 94.4±4.28%) than in patients (70.3±25.1%), PUVA significantly increased Treg Functional Ratio to 88.1±6.47%. Th17 levels in severe patients (>30 PASI) were significantly higher as compared to controls. Th17 levels that were left after treatment in the patients not achieving PASI 50 (3.78±4.18%) were significantly higher than those in the patients achieving PASI 75 (1.83±1.87%). Treg levels in patients achieving PASI 90 (4.89±1.70%) were significantly higher than those in the patients not achieving PASI 90 (3.90±1.66%). Treg levels prior to treatment with Th17 high decreased group (5.16±2.20%) was significantly higher than that with Th17 high increased group (3.33±1.39%). Conclusion These findings indicate that Treg is dysfunctional in psoriasis patients, and photochemotherapy restores those dysfunctional Treg. Photo(chemo)therapy resolved the Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Furuhashi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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de Oca EPM. Antimicrobial peptide elicitors: New hope for the post-antibiotic era. Innate Immun 2012; 19:227-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or host defense peptides are fundamental components of human innate immunity. Recent and growing evidence suggests they have a role in a broad range of diseases, including cancer, allergies and susceptibility to infection, including HIV/AIDS. Antimicrobial peptide elicitors (APEs) are physical, biological or chemical agents that boost human antimicrobial peptide expression. The current knowledge of APEs and their potential use in the treatment of human infectious diseases are reviewed, and a classification system for APEs is proposed. The efficient use of APEs in clinical practice could mark the beginning of the urgently needed post-antibiotic era, but further trials assessing their efficacy and safety are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biosecurity Area, CIATEJ – National Council of Science and Technology, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- In silico Laboratory, Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology Unit, CIATEJ – National Council of Science and Technology, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Jeevan A, Formichella CR, Russell KE, Dirisala VR. Guinea pig skin, a model for epidermal cellular and molecular changes induced by UVR in vivo and in vitro: effects on Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:189-98. [PMID: 22882532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that ultraviolet B-radiation (UVR) suppressed Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs (GP). Herein, we investigated the cellular and molecular changes within the irradiated GP epidermis and the in vivo effect of supernatants from UV-irradiated (200 J m(-2)) epidermal cells (UV-sup) on M. bovis BCG vaccination. UVR increased the number of nucleated keratinocytes in the skin, but caused a decrease in the proportions of CD25(+)T cells. In the spleen, UVR resulted in a decrease in the proportions of T-cell subsets including CD25(+)T cells, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) and CD14(+) cells. Similarly, significant up-regulation of several cytokine mRNAs including IL-10 was also observed. Furthermore, UV-sup significantly reduced the MHC class II expression in peritoneal cells and reduced T-cell proliferation to ConA. The proliferation to purified protein derivative (PPD) was restored to normal levels by anti-IL-10 antibody. The UV-sup when injected into BCG-vaccinated GP significantly diminished the skin test response and T-cell proliferation to PPD and up-regulated the expression of IL-10, IL-4, IL-1β and Foxp3 mRNAs in the lymph node or spleen. Thus, whole body UVR induces profound cellular and molecular changes and injection of UV-sup from epidermal cells mimics the effect of whole body UVR in BCG-vaccinated GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amminikutty Jeevan
- Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.
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Martin SF. Allergic contact dermatitis: xenoinflammation of the skin. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:720-9. [PMID: 22980498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic chemicals cause sterile inflammation. This xenoinflammation is often induced by protein reactive contact allergens resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Recent findings reveal that these chemicals mimick infection by triggering innate immune responses via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and endogenous danger signals. The emerging cellular responses in ACD are mediated by various innate effector cells. Here, an important role for mast cells has now been recognized. Eventually, chemical specific T cells such as CD8+ and CD4+ Tc1/Th1 as well as Tc17/Th17 cells are activated. Langerhans cells may serve a tolerogenic function. The mechanisms of tolerance induction by ultraviolet irradiation or by very low doses of contact allergen are now understood in much greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hauptstrasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Schwarz A, Navid F, Sparwasser T, Clausen BE, Schwarz T. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D exerts similar immunosuppressive effects as UVR but is dispensable for local UVR-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2762-9. [PMID: 22854622 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose UV radiation (UVR) inhibits the induction of contact hypersensitivity and induces regulatory T cells (Tregs), which because of their antigen specificity harbor therapeutic potential. Topical application of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) is known to induce Tregs as well, which implies that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) might be involved in UVR-induced immunosuppression. It was the aim of this study to clarify this issue, to further characterize 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced Tregs and to determine whether they differ from UVR-induced Tregs. Our data demonstrate that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced Tregs act in an antigen-specific manner and belong to the Foxp3-expressing subtype of Tregs as demonstrated by diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated depletion of Foxp3(+) Tregs in DEREG (depletion of Tregs) mice. Using Langerin-DTR (DT receptor) knock-in mice, it was shown that Langerhans cells (LCs) are required for the induction of Tregs by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), as depletion of LCs but not Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells abrogated the induction of Tregs. Taken together, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) affects the immune system in a similar manner as UVR, probably using the same pathways. However, vitamin D receptor knockout mice were equally susceptible to UVR-induced immunosupppression as wild-type controls. This indicates that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exerts similar immunosuppressive effects as UVR but is dispensable for local UVR-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Gros
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - N. Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn; Germany
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Sicherer SH, Leung DYM. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:76-85. [PMID: 22196526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the research advances in anaphylaxis; hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects; and allergic skin diseases that were reported in the Journal in 2011. Food allergy appears to be increasing in prevalence and carries a strong economic burden. Risk factors can include dietary ones, such as deficiency of vitamin D and timing of complementary foods, and genetic factors, such as filaggrin loss-of-function mutations. Novel mechanisms underlying food allergy include the role of invariant natural killer T cells and influences of dietary components, such as isoflavones. Among numerous preclinical and clinical treatment studies, promising observations include the efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy, a Chinese herbal remedy showing promising in vitro results, the potential immunotherapeutic effects of having children ingest foods with baked-in milk if they tolerate it, and the use of anti-IgE with or without concomitant immunotherapy. Studies of allergic skin diseases, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity to drugs and insect venom are elucidating cellular mechanisms, improved diagnostics, and potential targets for future treatment. The role of skin barrier abnormalities, as well as the modulatory effects of the innate and adaptive immune responses, are major areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Sicherer
- Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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