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Rahman RS, Wesemann DR. Whence and wherefore IgE? Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39041740 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the near ubiquitous presence of Ig-based antibodies in vertebrates, IgE is unique to mammals. How and why it emerged remains mysterious. IgE expression is greatly constrained compared to other IgH isotypes. While other IgH isotypes are relatively abundant, soluble IgE has a truncated half-life, and IgE plasma cells are mostly short-lived. Despite its rarity, IgE is consequential and can trigger life-threatening anaphylaxis. IgE production reflects a dynamic steady state with IgG memory B cells feeding short-lived IgE production. Emerging evidence suggests that IgE may also potentially be produced in longer-lived plasma cells as well, perhaps as an aberrancy stemming from its evolutionary roots from an antibody isotype that likely functioned more like IgG. As a late derivative of an ancient systemic antibody system, the benefits of IgE in mammals likely stems from the antibody system's adaptive recognition and response capability. However, the tendency for massive, systemic, and long-lived production, common to IgH isotypes like IgG, were likely not a good fit for IgE. The evolutionary derivation of IgE from an antibody system that for millions of years was good at antigen de-sensitization to now functioning as a highly specialized antigen-sensitization function required heavy restrictions on antibody production-insufficiency of which may contribute to allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat S Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Udoye CC, Ehlers M, Manz RA. The B Cell Response and Formation of Allergenic and Anti-Allergenic Antibodies in Food Allergy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1501. [PMID: 38132327 PMCID: PMC10740584 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are a growing public health concern worldwide, especially in children and young adults. Allergen-specific IgE plays a central role in the pathogenesis of food allergies, but their titers poorly correlate with allergy development. Host immune systems yield allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG subclasses with low or high affinities and differential Fc N-glycosylation patterns that can affect the allergic reaction to food in multiple ways. High-affinity IgE is required to induce strong mast cell activation eventually leading to allergic anaphylaxis, while low-affinity IgE can even inhibit the development of clinically relevant allergic symptoms. IgA and IgG antibodies can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation through various mechanisms, thereby protecting IgE-positive individuals from allergy development. The production of IgE and IgG with differential allergenic potential seems to be affected by the signaling strength of individual B cell receptors, and by cytokines from T cells. This review provides an overview of the diversity of the B cell response and the diverse roles of antibodies in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Udoye
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Morinaga T, Yamamoto T, Sugimoto Y. A mouse model of food allergy permitting skin and nasal symptoms. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:372-378. [PMID: 37797366 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developing experimental animal models that show clinical symptoms and methods for quantitative and objective evaluation are important for understanding food allergies. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of food allergy and a useful method to evaluate the symptoms of food allergy. MATERIAL/METHODS Mice were sensitized via intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Subsequently, local sensitization was performed once weekly by oral administration of OVA. Itching and nasal symptoms were observed after oral administration of the antigen. First, we examined the dose-dependency of the antigen. Symptoms were checked weekly. In order to confirm food allergy symptoms, the effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonist was examined. Finally, we measured antigen-specific IgE antibody levels in the serum. RESULTS Scratching behavior, sneezing and nasal rubbing were increased. Both itching and rhinitis symptoms increased steadily, after which, the number of symptoms remained almost constant. No difference was observed between the results of 3- and 5-week-old mice. Cetirizine inhibited these symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, antigen-specific IgE antibodies were produced in both 3- and 5-week-old mice. CONCLUSIONS This method may be useful for evaluating the symptoms of skin and rhinitis that could not be assessed in the conventional food allergy model and could be induced with a low dose of antigen. In particular, the developed method, which measures the number of itching and nasal symptoms, may enable quantitative, objective, and noninvasive evaluation of food allergy severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Morinaga
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukio Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
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Bisdemethoxycurcumin attenuates OVA‑induced food allergy by inhibiting the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:401. [PMID: 35619631 PMCID: PMC9115631 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is an important ingredient derived from turmeric in addition to curcumin. It has been reported that BDMC can be used to treat mast cell-mediated allergic diseases. In the present study, a food allergy (FA) murine model sensitized by intraperitoneal injection followed by oral challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) was established. BDMC was orally administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg for 11 days in the challenge phase to treat OVA-induced FA mice. FA symptoms such as diarrhea score, anaphylactic symptom score and rectal temperature were recorded. Intestinal tissue was also observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, other allergic indicators were also analyzed by ELISA and western blot analysis. The present study demonstrated that BDMC could suppress the decreases in rectal temperature, diarrhea and anaphylactic symptoms in FA mice. BDMC could also ameliorate the inflammation of intestinal tissues in FA mice. BDMC not only decreased the production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (OVA-sIg)E, IgG1, histamine, mouse mast cell protease-1, diamine oxidase, cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) but increased cytokines interferon-γ production. The protein expression results showed that the levels of Gata-3 were decreased but T-bet levels were increased. Furthermore, compared with the OVA group, phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-NF-κBp65 levels were decreased and p-IκBα level was increased. In conclusion, the results showed that BDMC possessed a protective effect on FA. Furthermore, BDMC was able to regulate the T-helper cells (Th)1/Th2 immune balance and inhibit the activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in FA mice.
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5
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Udoye CC, Rau CN, Freye SM, Almeida LN, Vera-Cruz S, Othmer K, Korkmaz RÜ, Clauder AK, Lindemann T, Niebuhr M, Ott F, Kalies K, Recke A, Busch H, Fähnrich A, Finkelman FD, Manz RA. B-cell receptor physical properties affect relative IgG1 and IgE responses in mouse egg allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1375-1388. [PMID: 36114245 PMCID: PMC9705252 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutated and unmutated IgE and IgG play different and partly opposing roles in allergy development, but the mechanisms controlling their relative production are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed the IgE-response in murine food allergy. Deep sequencing of the complementary-determining region (CDR) repertoires indicated that an ongoing unmutated extrafollicular IgE response coexists with a germinal center response, even after long-lasting allergen challenges. Despite overall IgG1-dominance, a significant proportion of clonotypes contained several-fold more IgE than IgG1. Clonotypes with differential bias to either IgE or IgG1 showed distinct hypermutation and clonal expansion. Hypermutation rates were associated with different physiochemical binding properties of individual B-cell receptors (BCR). Increasing BCR signaling strength inhibited class switching from IgG1 to IgE in vitro, preferentially constraining IgE formation. These data indicate that antigen-binding properties of individual BCRs determine differential IgE hypermutation and IgE versus IgG1 production on the level of single B-cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Udoye
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina N. Rau
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah M. Freye
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Larissa N. Almeida
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Vera-Cruz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kai Othmer
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rabia Ü. Korkmaz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Lindemann
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Niebuhr
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Recke
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University off Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- grid.239573.90000 0000 9025 8099Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Enterocytes in Food Hypersensitivity Reactions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092713. [PMID: 34573679 PMCID: PMC8466009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypersensitivity to food, affecting both animals and humans, is increasing. Until a decade ago, it was thought that enterocytes, the most abundant constituent of the intestinal surface mucosa layer, served only to absorb digested food and prevent foreign and non-digested substances from passing below the intestinal layer. Growing evidence supports the involvement of enterocytes in immunological responses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the new roles of enterocytes in food hypersensitivity conducted in animal models in order to better understand complicated immune pathological conditions. In addition, resources for further work in this area are suggested, along with a literature overview of the specific roles of enterocytes in maintaining oral tolerance. Lastly, it will be beneficial to investigate the various animal models involved in food hypersensitivity to reach the needed momentum necessary for the complete and profound understanding of the mechanisms of the ever-growing number of food allergies in animal and human populations. Abstract Food hypersensitivity reactions are adverse reactions to harmless dietary substances, whose causes are hidden within derangements of the complex immune machinery of humans and mammals. Until recently, enterocytes were considered as solely absorptive cells providing a physical barrier for unwanted lumen constituents. This review focuses on the enterocytes, which are the hub for innate and adaptive immune reactions. Furthermore, the ambiguous nature of enterocytes is also reflected in the fact that enterocytes can be considered as antigen-presenting cells since they constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Taken together, it becomes clear that enterocytes have an immense role in maintaining oral tolerance to foreign antigens. In general, the immune system and its mechanisms underlying food hypersensitivity are still unknown and the involvement of components belonging to other anatomical systems, such as enterocytes, in these mechanisms make their elucidation even more difficult. The findings from studies with animal models provide us with valuable information about allergic mechanisms in the animal world, while on the other hand, these models are used to extrapolate results to the pathological conditions occurring in humans. There is a constant need for studies that deal with this topic and can overcome the glitches related to ethics in working with animals.
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Bruhns P, Chollet-Martin S. Mechanisms of human drug-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1133-1142. [PMID: 33832695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced anaphylaxis is a hyperacute reaction affecting multiple organs that can be of fatal consequence. Its incidence is increasing, consistent with a global increased sensitization to various allergens and drugs in the population. Few risk factors and mechanisms have been identified from human studies due to the rarity of anaphylactic events and their unpredictability. This systemic reaction is caused by the rapid release of a large range of functionally diverse mediators, including histamine and platelet-activating factor as the main drivers identified. Mechanisms defined from models of experimental anaphylaxis identify drug-specific antibodies of the IgE and IgG class that link the drug to antibody receptors on multiple cell types, causing their activation and mediator release. In the case of drugs with peculiar chemical structures, antibodies may not be necessary because drug-binding receptors, such as Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member X2, have been identified. This review describes the complex reaction leading to drug-induced anaphylaxis that can involve various antibody classes, various cell types-including mast cells, neutrophils, platelets, basophils, macrophages, and monocytes-and their mediators and receptors that, importantly, can be activated alone or in association to participate in the severity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR 1222 INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; DHU FIRE, Labex Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Chollet-Martin
- Department "Auto-immunité et Hypersensibilités," DMU BioGeM, APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; "Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance" INSERM UMR 996, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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8
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Ptaschinski C, Rasky AJ, Fonseca W, Lukacs NW. Stem Cell Factor Neutralization Protects From Severe Anaphylaxis in a Murine Model of Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:604192. [PMID: 33786039 PMCID: PMC8005333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a growing public health problem with ~15 million people affected in the United States. In allergic food disease, IgE on mast cells bind to ingested antigens leading to the activation and degranulation of mast cells. Stem cell factor (SCF) is mast cell growth and activation factor that is required for peripheral tissue mast cells. We targeted a specific isoform of SCF, the larger 248 amino acid form, that drives peripheral tissue mast cell differentiation using a specific monoclonal antibody in a model of food allergy. Ovalbumin sensitized and intragastrically challenged mice were monitored for symptoms of anaphylaxis including respiratory distress, diarrhea, and a reduction in body temperature. During the second week of challenges, allergic mice were injected with an antibody to block SCF248 or given IgG control. Mice treated with α-SCF248 had a decreased incidence of diarrhea and no reduction in body temperature suggesting a reduction in anaphylaxis compared to IgG control treated animals. Re-stimulated mesenteric lymph nodes indicated that α-SCF248 treated mice had decreased OVA-specific Th2 cytokine production compared to IgG control treated allergic animals. The reduction of food induced anaphylaxis was accompanied by a significant reduction in gut leak. The mesenteric lymph node cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and showed a decrease in the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in mice injected with α-SCF248. Morphometric enumeration of esterase+ mast cells demonstrated a significant reduction throughout the small intestine. Using a more chronic model of persistent food-induced anaphylaxis, short term therapeutic treatment with α-SCF248 during established disease effectively blocked food induced anaphylaxis. Together, these data suggest that therapeutically blocking SCF248 in food allergic animals can reduce the severity of food allergy by reducing mast cell mediated disease activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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9
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Link CW, Rau CN, Udoye CC, Ragab M, Korkmaz RÜ, Comdühr S, Clauder AK, Lindemann T, Frehse B, Hofmann K, Almeida LN, Laumonnier Y, Beidaq AE, Finkelman FD, Manz RA. IL-2-Agonist-Induced IFN-γ Exacerbates Systemic Anaphylaxis in Food Allergen-Sensitized Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596772. [PMID: 33362780 PMCID: PMC7759672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are common, costly and potentially life-threatening disorders. They are driven by Th2, but inhibited by Th1 reactions. There is also evidence indicating that IL-2 agonist treatment inhibits allergic sensitization through expansion of regulatory T cells. Here, we tested the impact of an IL-2 agonist in a novel model for food allergy to hen´s egg in mice sensitized without artificial adjuvants. Prophylactic IL-2 agonist treatment expanded Treg populations and inhibited allergen-specific sensitization. However, IL-2 agonist treatment of already sensitized mice increased mast cell responses and allergic anaphylaxis upon allergen re-challenge. These effects depended on allergen-specific IgE and were mediated through IFN-γ, as shown by IgE transfer and blockade of IFN-γ with monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that although shifting the allergic reaction toward a Treg/Th1 response inhibits allergic sensitization, the prototypic Th1 cytokine IFN-γ promotes mast cell activation and allergen-induced anaphylaxis in individuals that are already IgE-sensitized. Hence, while a Th1 response can prevent the development of food allergy, IFN-γ has the ability to exacerbate already established food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina N. Rau
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christopher C. Udoye
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mohab Ragab
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rabia Ü. Korkmaz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sara Comdühr
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Lindemann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofmann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Larissa N. Almeida
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Asmaa El Beidaq
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kanagaratham C, El Ansari YS, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603050. [PMID: 33362785 PMCID: PMC7759531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health issue, affecting the lives of 8% of U.S. children and their families. There is an urgent need to identify the environmental and endogenous signals that induce and sustain allergic responses to ingested allergens. Acute reactions to foods are triggered by the activation of mast cells and basophils, both of which release inflammatory mediators that lead to a range of clinical manifestations, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory reactions as well as systemic anaphylaxis. Both of these innate effector cell types express the high affinity IgE receptor, FcϵRI, on their surface and are armed for adaptive antigen recognition by very-tightly bound IgE antibodies which, when cross-linked by polyvalent allergen, trigger degranulation. These cells also express inhibitory receptors, including the IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, that suppress their IgE-mediated activation. Recent studies have shown that natural resolution of food allergies is associated with increasing food-specific IgG levels. Furthermore, oral immunotherapy, the sequential administration of incrementally increasing doses of food allergen, is accompanied by the strong induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in both human subjects and murine models. These can deliver inhibitory signals via FcγRIIb that block IgE-induced immediate food reactions. In addition to their role in mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells and basophils serve separate but critical functions as adjuvants for type 2 immunity in food allergy. Mast cells and basophils, activated by IgE, are key sources of IL-4 that tilts the immune balance away from tolerance and towards type 2 immunity by promoting the induction of Th2 cells along with the innate effectors of type 2 immunity, ILC2s, while suppressing the development of regulatory T cells and driving their subversion to a pathogenic pro-Th2 phenotype. This adjuvant effect of mast cells and basophils is suppressed when inhibitory signals are delivered by IgG antibodies signaling via FcγRIIb. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunoregulatory effects of mast cells and basophils and how these functions are modulated by IgE and IgG antibodies. Understanding these pathways could provide important insights into innovative strategies for preventing and/or reversing food allergy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yasmeen S. El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Owen L. Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C. Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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12
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Reyes-Pavón D, Cervantes-García D, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Quintanar-Stephano A, Jiménez M, Salinas E. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on Food Allergy with Gastrointestinal Manifestations in a Rat Model through Down-Regulation of Type 2 Immune Response. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102942. [PMID: 32992996 PMCID: PMC7601722 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide derived from milk κ-casein with immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Food allergy (FA) is an adverse immune reaction with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Allergen intake induces persistent intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. In this study, the anti-allergic activity of GMP was evaluated using a rat ovalbumin (OVA)-induced FA model with gastrointestinal manifestation. Rats were orally GMP treated from 3 days prior and during FA development. The severity of food anaphylaxis and diarrheal episodes, antibody production and histamine level were measured. Histopathological changes, inflammation and predominant cytokine profile at intestine were analyzed. Oral GMP intake decreased clinical signs and diarrhea severity induced by allergen, with a significant reduction in intestinal edema and expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α. Prophylaxis with GMP also diminished serum anti-OVA IgE and IgG1, and histamine levels. GMP treatment markedly decreased eosinophil infiltration, mast cell and goblet cell hyperplasia, total IgE expression in intestine, and prevented histological changes in villi, crypts and internal muscularis layer. The treatment effectively suppressed IL-5, IL-13 and GATA3 expression and skewed the intestinal cytokine profile toward type 1 and regulatory. These results suggest that GMP may protect against FA through down-regulating the type 2 inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Reyes-Pavón
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, 03940 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (E.S.); Tel.: +52-(449)-910-8424 (E.S.)
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (E.S.); Tel.: +52-(449)-910-8424 (E.S.)
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13
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Lin YH, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Nagai K, Yoshikawa S, Kubo M, Shibayama S, Karasuyama H, Shibuya A. Selective suppression of oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis by Allergin-1 on basophils in mice. Int Immunol 2019; 32:213-219. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a critical role in oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis. However, the contribution of basophils to the anaphylaxis remains unclear. The inhibitory immunoreceptor Allergin-1 is highly expressed on MCs and basophils and inhibits FcεRI-mediated signaling in MCs. Here, we show that Allergin-1-deficient (Milr1−/−) mice developed more severe hypothermia, a higher mortality rate and a greater incidence of diarrhea than did wild-type (WT) mice in an oral ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy model. MC-deficient Mas–TRECK mice, which had been reconstituted with either WT or Milr1−/− bone marrow-derived cultured MCs, did not develop hypothermia in this food allergy model. On the other hand, depletion of basophils by injection of anti-CD200R3 antibody rescued Milr1−/− mice from lethal hypothermia but not from diarrhea. In vitro analyses demonstrated that Allergin-1 inhibits IgE-dependent activation of both human and mouse basophils. Thus, Allergin-1 on basophils selectively suppresses oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoko Tahara-Hanaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), and R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Nagai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, ONO Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), and R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Jiang S, Da Y, Han S, He Y, Che H. Notch ligand Delta-like1 enhances degranulation and cytokine production through a novel Notch/Dok-1/MAPKs pathway in vitro. Immunol Res 2019; 66:87-96. [PMID: 29181775 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy includes sensitization phase and effect phase, and effect cells degranulate and secrete cytokines in the effect phase, causing allergic clinical symptoms. We have demonstrated that Notch signaling plays an important role in the sensitization phase, but its role in effect phases still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch signaling in degranulation and cytokine production of the effect phase response. A RBL-2H3 cell model was used and Notch signaling was induced by priming with Notch ligands. Our results showed after priming with Notch ligand, Delta-like1(Dll1)-Fc, β-hexosaminidase release, and cytokines production, including TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, were increased significantly, and the enhancement was abolished after DAPT treatment, a γ-secretase inhibitor, indicating that Dll1 Notch signaling enhanced RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and cytokine production. Western blot analysis showed that Dll1 Notch signaling augmented high-affinity IgE receptors-mediated phosphorylation of MAPKs through suppressing the expression of downstream tyrosine kinases 1 (Dok-1). Besides, a passive systemic anaphylaxis mouse model was used to confirm the role of Notch signaling. And our data showed that allergic clinical features of mice were alleviated, and the level of degranulation was decreased significantly after inhibiting Notch signaling in vivo. Therefore, we demonstrated Notch ligand Dll1 enhanced RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and cytokine production through a novel Notch/Dok-1/MAPKs pathway, suggesting Notch signaling played a key role in the effect phase of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Da
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Escribese MM, Rosace D, Chivato T, Fernández TD, Corbí AL, Barber D. Alternative Anaphylactic Routes: The Potential Role of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28533777 PMCID: PMC5421149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening, multisystem syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mediators from effector cells. There are two potential pathways for anaphylaxis. The first one, IgE-dependent anaphylaxis, is induced by antigen (Ag) cross-linking of Ag-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. The second one, IgG-dependent anaphylaxis is induced by Ag cross-linking of Ag-specific IgG bound to IgG receptors (FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIC, and FcγRIIIA) on macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils. Macrophages exhibit a huge functional plasticity and are capable of exerting their scavenging, bactericidal, and regulatory functions under a wide variety of tissue conditions. Herein, we will review their potential role in the triggering and development of anaphylaxis. Thereby, macrophages, among other immune cells, play a role in both anaphylactic pathways (1) by responding to anaphylactic mediators secreted by mast cells after specific IgE cross-linking or (2) by acting as effector cells in the anaphylactic response mediated by IgG. In this review, we will go over the cellular and molecular mechanisms that take place in the above-mentioned anaphylactic pathways and will discuss the clinical implications in human allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Escribese
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA Applied Molecular Medicine Institute, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences Department, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Rosace
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA Applied Molecular Medicine Institute, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Chivato
- Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences Department, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tahia D Fernández
- Allergy Unit, Málaga Regional University Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Angel L Corbí
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Barber
- Faculty of Medicine, IMMA Applied Molecular Medicine Institute, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Robinson MJ, Prout M, Mearns H, Kyle R, Camberis M, Forbes-Blom EE, Paul WE, Allen CDC, Le Gros G. IL-4 Haploinsufficiency Specifically Impairs IgE Responses against Allergens in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1815-1822. [PMID: 28115531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes involved in IL-4 responses segregate with allergic disease risk and correlate with IgE levels in humans, and IL-4 promotes IgE and IgG1 Ab production against allergens in mice. We report that mice with only one intact Il4 gene copy are significantly impaired in their ability to make specific IgE responses against allergens, whereas IgG1 responses to allergens remain unaffected. Il4-hemizygosity also resulted in a modest but detectable drop in IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells isolated from lymph nodes and prevented IgE-dependent oral allergen-induced diarrhea. We conclude that a state of haploinsufficiency for the Il4 gene locus is specifically relevant for IL-4-dependent IgE responses to allergens with the amount of IL-4 produced in the hemizygous condition falling close to the threshold required for switching to IgE production. These results may be relevant for how polymorphisms in genes affecting IL-4 responses influence the risk of IgE-mediated allergic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Helen Mearns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - William E Paul
- Laboratories of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand;
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17
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Gregory JA, Shepley-McTaggart A, Umpierrez M, Hurlburt BK, Maleki SJ, Sampson HA, Mayfield SP, Berin MC. Immunotherapy using algal-produced Ara h 1 core domain suppresses peanut allergy in mice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1541-50. [PMID: 26801740 PMCID: PMC5066676 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated adverse reaction to a subset of proteins found in peanuts. Immunotherapy aims to desensitize allergic patients through repeated and escalating exposures for several months to years using extracts or flours. The complex mix of proteins and variability between preparations complicates immunotherapy studies. Moreover, peanut immunotherapy is associated with frequent negative side effects and patients are often at risk of allergic reactions once immunotherapy is discontinued. Allergen-specific approaches using recombinant proteins are an attractive alternative because they allow more precise dosing and the opportunity to engineer proteins with improved safety profiles. We tested whether Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, two major peanut allergens, could be produced using chloroplast of the unicellular eukaryotic alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. C. reinhardtii is novel host for producing allergens that is genetically tractable, inexpensive and easy to grow, and is able to produce more complex proteins than bacterial hosts. Compared to the native proteins, algal-produced Ara h 1 core domain and Ara h 2 have a reduced affinity for IgE from peanut-allergic patients. We further found that immunotherapy using algal-produced Ara h 1 core domain confers protection from peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Gregory
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Shepley-McTaggart
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Umpierrez
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry K Hurlburt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Soheila J Maleki
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen P Mayfield
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Galand C, Leyva-Castillo JM, Yoon J, Han A, Lee MS, McKenzie ANJ, Stassen M, Oyoshi MK, Finkelman FD, Geha RS. IL-33 promotes food anaphylaxis in epicutaneously sensitized mice by targeting mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1356-1366. [PMID: 27372570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous exposure to food allergens predisposes to food allergy, which is commonly associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Levels of the epithelial cytokine IL-33 are increased in skin lesions and serum of patients with AD. Mast cells (MCs) play a critical role in food-induced anaphylaxis and express the IL-33 receptor ST2. The role of IL-33 in patients with MC-dependent food anaphylaxis is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role and mechanism of action of IL-33 in patients with food-induced anaphylaxis in a model of IgE-dependent food anaphylaxis elicited by oral challenge of epicutaneously sensitized mice. METHODS Wild-type, ST2-deficient, and MC-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged orally with OVA. Body temperature was measured by means of telemetry, Il33 mRNA by means of quantitative PCR, and IL-33, OVA-specific IgE, and mouse mast cell protease 1 by means of ELISA. Bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) degranulation was assessed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS Il33 mRNA expression was upregulated in tape-stripped mouse skin and scratched human skin. Tape stripping caused local and systemic IL-33 release in mice. ST2 deficiency, as well as ST2 blockade before oral challenge, significantly reduced the severity of oral anaphylaxis without affecting the systemic TH2 response to the allergen. Oral anaphylaxis was abrogated in KitW-sh/W-sh mice and restored by means of reconstitution with wild-type but not ST2-deficient BMMCs. IL-33 significantly enhanced IgE-mediated degranulation of BMMCs in vitro. CONCLUSION IL-33 is released after mechanical skin injury, enhances IgE-mediated MC degranulation, and promotes oral anaphylaxis after epicutaneous sensitization by targeting MCs. IL-33 neutralization might be useful in treating food-induced anaphylaxis in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Galand
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Juan Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Juhan Yoon
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex Han
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Margaret S Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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19
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Finkelman FD, Khodoun MV, Strait R. Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1674-1680. [PMID: 27130857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing, life-threatening, generalized or systemic allergic reaction that is classically elicited by antigen crosslinking of antigen-specific IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI on mast cells and basophils. This initiates signals that induce cellular degranulation with release and secretion of vasoactive mediators, enzymes, and cytokines. However, IgE-independent mechanisms of anaphylaxis have been clearly demonstrated in experimental animals. These include IgG-dependent anaphylaxis, which involves the triggering of mediator release by IgG/antigen complex crosslinking of FcγRs on macrophages, basophils, and neutrophils; anaphylaxis mediated by binding of the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a to their receptors on mast cells, basophils, and other myeloid cells; and direct activation of mast cells by drugs that interact with receptors on these cells. Here we review the mechanisms involved in these IgE-independent forms of anaphylaxis and the clinical evidence for their human relevance. We conclude that this evidence supports the existence of all 3 IgE-independent mechanisms as important causes of human disease, although practical and ethical considerations preclude their demonstration to the degree of certainty possible with animal models. Furthermore, we cite evidence that different clinical situations can suggest different mechanisms as having a primal role in anaphylaxis and that IgE-dependent and distinct IgE-independent mechanisms can act together to increase anaphylaxis severity. As specific agents become available that can interfere with mechanisms involved in the different types of anaphylaxis, recognition of specific types of anaphylaxis is likely to become important for optimal prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Marat V Khodoun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Richard Strait
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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20
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Antigen exposure in the late light period induces severe symptoms of food allergy in an OVA-allergic mouse model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14424. [PMID: 26419283 PMCID: PMC4588575 DOI: 10.1038/srep14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock controls many physiological processes that include immune responses and allergic reactions. Several studies have investigated the circadian regulation of intestinal permeability and tight junctions known to be affected by cytokines. However, the contribution of circadian clock to food allergy symptoms remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of the circadian clock in determining the severity of food allergies. We prepared an ovalbumin food allergy mouse model, and orally administered ovalbumin either late in the light or late in the dark period under light-dark cycle. The light period group showed higher allergic diarrhea and weight loss than the dark period group. The production of type 2 cytokines, IL-13 and IL-5, from the mesenteric lymph nodes and ovalbumin absorption was higher in the light period group than in the dark period group. Compared to the dark period group, the mRNA expression levels of the tight junction proteins were lower in the light period group. We have demonstrated that increased production of type 2 cytokines and intestinal permeability in the light period induced severe food allergy symptoms. Our results suggest that the time of food antigen intake might affect the determination of the severity of food allergy symptoms.
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21
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Smit JJ, Noti M, O’Mahony L. The use of animal models to discover immunological mechanisms underpinning sensitization to food allergens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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23
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Tunis MC, Marshall JS. Toll-like receptor 2 as a regulator of oral tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:606383. [PMID: 25309051 PMCID: PMC4182894 DOI: 10.1155/2014/606383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy, other adverse immune responses to foods, inflammatory bowel disease, and eosinophilic esophagitis have become increasingly common in the last 30 years. It has been proposed in the "hygiene hypothesis" that dysregulated immune responses to environmental microbial stimuli may modify the balance between tolerance and sensitization in some patients. Of the pattern recognition receptors that respond to microbial signals, toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent the most investigated group. The relationship between allergy and TLR activation is currently at the frontier of immunology research. Although TLR2 is abundant in the mucosal environment, little is known about the complex relationship between bystander TLR2 activation by the commensal microflora and the processing of oral antigens. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between TLR2 and oral tolerance, with an emphasis on regulatory T cells, eosinophils, B cells, IgA, intestinal regulation, and commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Tunis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5
- Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5
| | - Jean S. Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5
- Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5
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24
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Burton OT, Logsdon SL, Zhou JS, Medina-Tamayo J, Abdel-Gadir A, Noval Rivas M, Koleoglou KJ, Chatila TA, Schneider LC, Rachid R, Umetsu DT, Oettgen HC. Oral immunotherapy induces IgG antibodies that act through FcγRIIb to suppress IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1310-1317.e6. [PMID: 25042981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-induced anaphylaxis is triggered by specific IgE antibodies. Paradoxically, some subjects with significant IgE levels can ingest allergenic foods without incident. Similarly, subjects completing oral immunotherapy (OIT) tolerate food challenges despite persistent high-titer food-specific IgE. OBJECTIVE We sought to test whether IgG antibodies induced by food immunotherapy prevent food-induced anaphylaxis and whether this occurs through the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. METHODS Food allergy-susceptible Il4raF709 mice were enterally sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA). Similarly sensitized IgE-deficient (IgE(-/-)) Il4raF709 mice, which can ingest OVA without anaphylaxis, were subjected to a high-dose enteral OVA desensitization protocol (OIT). Sera from both groups were tested for the ability to activate or inhibit bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs) exposed to allergen or to passively transfer allergy to naive hosts. In parallel experiments sera obtained from patients with peanut allergy before and after undergoing OIT were interrogated for their ability to enhance or suppress peanut-induced activation in an indirect assay by using basophils from nonallergic donors. RESULTS Il4raF709 mice exhibited strong OVA-specific IgE responses. Their sera efficiently sensitized BMMCs for activation by antigen challenge. Sera from Il4raF709/IgE(-/-) mice subjected to OVA OIT suppressed BMMC responses. This inhibition was IgG mediated and FcγRIIb dependent. Similarly, pre-OIT but not post-OIT sera from patients efficiently sensitized basophils for peanut-induced activation. IgG antibodies in post-OIT sera suppressed basophil activation by pre-OIT sera. This inhibition was blocked by antibodies against FcγRII. CONCLUSION Food-specific IgG antibodies, such as those induced during OIT, inhibit IgE-mediated reactions. Strategies that favor IgG responses might prove useful in the management of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Stephanie L Logsdon
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Joseph S Zhou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jaciel Medina-Tamayo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Azza Abdel-Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kyle J Koleoglou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Lynda C Schneider
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Rima Rachid
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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25
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Abstract
Food allergies are increasing in prevalence at a higher rate than can be explained by genetic factors, suggesting a role for as yet unidentified environmental factors. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge about the healthy immune response to antigens in the diet and the basis of immune deviation that results in immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization and allergic reactivity to foods. The intestinal epithelium forms the interface between the external environment and the mucosal immune system, and emerging data suggest that the interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal dendritic cells is of particular importance in determining the outcome of immune responses to dietary antigens. Exposure to food allergens through non-oral routes, in particular through the skin, is increasingly recognized as a potentially important factor in the increasing rate of food allergy. There are many open questions on the role of environmental factors, such as dietary factors and microbiota, in the development of food allergy, but data suggest that both have an important modulatory effect on the mucosal immune system. Finally, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of immune mechanisms of clinical manifestations of food allergy. New experimental tools, particularly in the field of genomics and the microbiome, are likely to shed light on factors responsible for the growing clinical problem of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Box 1198, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Wisniewski J, Agrawal R, Woodfolk JA. Mechanisms of tolerance induction in allergic disease: integrating current and emerging concepts. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:164-76. [PMID: 23331558 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopy and allergic disease continues to escalate worldwide. Defining immune mechanisms that suppress the underlying Th2-driven inflammatory process is critical for the rational design of new treatments to prevent or attenuate disease. Allergen immunotherapy has provided a useful framework for evaluating changes in the immune response that occur during the development of tolerance. Despite this, elucidating the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory cells, has proven challenging in humans with allergic disease. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the immune pathways that orchestrate allergen tolerance, with an emphasis on emerging concepts related to human disease. A variety of regulatory cell types, including IL-10-secreting T and B cells, play a pivotal role in suppressing allergic responses to inhaled, ingested and injected allergens. These cells may inhibit Th2 effectors directly, or else indirectly, through other cell types and mediators. Protective antibodies, including IgG4, Fc sialylated IgG, and IgA, have the capacity to modulate the response by preventing allergen binding to surface-bound IgE, or inhibiting dendritic cell maturation. Immune cell plasticity may augment suppression of Th2 cells by T regulatory cells, through mechanisms that involve T cell conversion, or else unconventional roles of classical effector cells. These actions depend upon external cues provided by the in vivo milieu. As such, specific anatomical sites may preferentially favour tolerance induction. Recent scientific advances now allow a global analysis of immune parameters that capture novel markers of tolerance induction in allergic patients. Such markers could provide new molecular targets for assessing tolerance, and for designing treatments that confer long-lasting protection in a safe and efficacious fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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Sicherer SH, Leung DYM. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23199604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the research advances in anaphylaxis; hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects; and allergic skin diseases that were reported in the Journal in 2012. Studies support an increase in peanut allergy prevalence in children and exposure to the antibacterial agent triclosan and having filaggrin (FLG) loss-of-function mutations as risk factors for food sensitization. The role of specific foods in causing eosinophilic esophagitis is elucidated by several studies, and microRNA analysis is identified as a possible noninvasive disease biomarker. Studies on food allergy diagnosis emphasize the utility of component testing and the possibility of improved diagnosis through stepped approaches, epitope-binding analysis, and bioinformatics. Treatment studies of food allergy show promise for oral immunotherapy, but tolerance induction remains elusive, and additional therapies are under study. Studies on anaphylaxis suggest an important role for platelet-activating factor and its relationship to the need for prompt treatment with epinephrine. Insights on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of non-IgE-mediated drug allergy are offered, with novel data regarding the interaction of drugs with HLA molecules. Numerous studies support influenza vaccination of persons with egg allergy using modest precautions. Evidence continues to mount that there is cross-talk between skin barrier defects and immune responses in patients with atopic dermatitis. Augmentation of the skin barrier with reduction in skin inflammatory responses will likely lead to the most effective intervention in patients with this common skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Sicherer
- Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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