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Lalle G, Lautraite R, Bouherrou K, Plaschka M, Pignata A, Voisin A, Twardowski J, Perrin-Niquet M, Stéphan P, Durget S, Tonon L, Ardin M, Degletagne C, Viari A, Belgarbi Dutron L, Davoust N, Postler TS, Zhao J, Caux C, Caramel J, Dalle S, Cassier PA, Klein U, Schmidt-Supprian M, Liblau R, Ghosh S, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB subunits RelA and c-Rel selectively control CD4+ T cell function in multiple sclerosis and cancer. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231348. [PMID: 38563819 PMCID: PMC10986815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The outcome of cancer and autoimmunity is often dictated by the effector functions of CD4+ conventional T cells (Tconv). Although activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway has long been implicated in Tconv biology, the cell-autonomous roles of the separate NF-κB transcription-factor subunits are unknown. Here, we dissected the contributions of the canonical NF-κB subunits RelA and c-Rel to Tconv function. RelA, rather than c-Rel, regulated Tconv activation and cytokine production at steady-state and was required for polarization toward the TH17 lineage in vitro. Accordingly, RelA-deficient mice were fully protected against neuroinflammation in a model of multiple sclerosis due to defective transition to a pathogenic TH17 gene-expression program. Conversely, Tconv-restricted ablation of c-Rel impaired their function in the microenvironment of transplanted tumors, resulting in enhanced cancer burden. Moreover, Tconv required c-Rel for the response to PD-1-blockade therapy. Our data reveal distinct roles for canonical NF-κB subunits in different disease contexts, paving the way for subunit-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Lalle
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaëlle Lautraite
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Khaled Bouherrou
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Plaschka
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aurora Pignata
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UMR INSERM 1291, CNRS 5051, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Allison Voisin
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Twardowski
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Perrin-Niquet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Stéphan
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Durget
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Maude Ardin
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Cyril Degletagne
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, Gilles Thomas Bioinformatics Platform, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Davoust
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1293, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas S. Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingyao Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Caux
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Caramel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe A. Cassier
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UMR INSERM 1291, CNRS 5051, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Labex DEV2CAN, Institut Convergence Plascan, Centre Léon Bérard, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Rodriguez BN, Huang H, Chia JJ, Hoffmann A. The noncanonical NFκB pathway: Regulatory mechanisms in health and disease. WIREs Mech Dis 2024:e1646. [PMID: 38634218 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The noncanonical NFκB signaling pathway mediates the biological functions of diverse cell survival, growth, maturation, and differentiation factors that are important for the development and maintenance of hematopoietic cells and immune organs. Its dysregulation is associated with a number of immune pathologies and malignancies. Originally described as the signaling pathway that controls the NFκB family member RelB, we now know that noncanonical signaling also controls NFκB RelA and cRel. Here, we aim to clarify our understanding of the molecular network that mediates noncanonical NFκB signaling and review the human diseases that result from a deficient or hyper-active noncanonical NFκB pathway. It turns out that dysregulation of RelA and cRel, not RelB, is often implicated in mediating the resulting pathology. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benancio N Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer J Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Boutboul D, Picard C, Latour S. Inborn errors of immunity underlying defective T-cell memory. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:491-499. [PMID: 37797193 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T-cell memory is a complex process not well understood involving specific steps, pathways and different T-cell subpopulations. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) represent unique models to decipher some of these requirements in humans. More than 500 different IEIs have been reported to date, and recently a subgroup of monogenic disorders characterized by memory T-cell defects has emerged, providing novel insights into the pathways of T-cell memory generation and maintenance, although this new knowledge is mostly restricted to peripheral blood T-cell memory populations. RECENT FINDINGS This review draws up an inventory of the main and recent IEIs associated with T-cell memory defects and their mice models, with a particular focus on the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway, including the scaffold protein capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 2 (CARMIL2) and the T-cell co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and OX-40. Besides NF-κB, IKZF1 (IKAROS), a key transcription factor of haematopoiesis and STAT3-dependent interleukin-6 signals involving the transcription factor ZNF341 also appear to be important for the generation of T cell memory. Somatic reversion mosaicism in memory T cells is documented for several gene defects supporting the critical role of these factors in the development of memory T cells with a potential clinical benefit. SUMMARY Systematic examination of T-cell memory subsets could be helpful in the diagnosis of IEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boutboul
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute
- Haematology department, Hospital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)
- Université de Paris Cité
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
- Université de Paris Cité
- Centre de références des déficits immunitaires Héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute
- Université de Paris Cité
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Sato Y, Osada E, Manome Y. Non-canonical NFKB signaling endows suppressive function through FOXP3-dependent regulatory T cell program. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22911. [PMID: 38125410 PMCID: PMC10730750 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in modulating adaptive immune responses in humans and mice. The precise biological role of non-canonical nuclear factor 'κ-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B cells (NFKB) signaling in human Tregs has yet to be fully elucidated. To gain insight into this process, a Treg-like cell line (MT-2) was genetically modified using CRISPR/Cas9. Interestingly, NFKB2 knockout MT-2 cells exhibited downregulation of FOXP3, while NFKB1 knockout did not. Additionally, mRNA expression of FOXP3-dependent molecules was significantly reduced in NFKB2 knockout MT-2 cells. To better understand the functional role of the NFKB signaling, the NFKB1/NFKB2 loci of human primary Tregs were genetically edited using CRISPR/Cas9. Similar to MT-2 cells, NFKB2 knockout human Tregs displayed significantly reduced FOXP3 expression. Furthermore, NFKB2 knockout human Tregs showed downregulation of FOXP3-dependent molecules and a diminished suppressive function compared to wild-type and NFKB1 knockout Tregs. These findings indicate that non-canonical NFKB signaling maintains a Treg-like phenotype and suppressive function in human Tregs through the FOXP3-dependent regulatory T cell program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sato
- Corresponding author. 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshinobu Manome
- Core Research Facilities, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Miceli M, Failla P, Saccuzzo L, Galesi O, Amata S, Romano C, Bonaglia MC, Fichera M. Trait - driven analysis of the 2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome suggests a complex pattern of interactions between candidate genes. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:491-505. [PMID: 36807877 PMCID: PMC10027778 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with the 2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome share a complex phenotype including neurodevelopmental delay, brain malformations, microcephaly, and autistic behavior. The analysis of the shortest region of overlap (SRO) between deletions in ~ 40 patients has led to the identification of two critical regions and four strongly candidate genes (BCL11A, REL, USP34 and XPO1). However, the delineation of their role in the occurrence of specific traits is hampered by their incomplete penetrance. OBJECTIVE To better delineate the role of hemizygosity of specific regions in selected traits by leveraging information both from penetrant and non - penetrant deletions. METHODS Deletions in patients that do not present a specific trait cannot contribute to delineate the SROs. We recently developed a probabilistic model that, by considering also the non - penetrant deletions, allows a more reliable assignment of peculiar traits to specific genomic segments. We apply this method adding two new patients to the published cases. RESULTS Our results delineate an intricate pattern of genotype - phenotype correlation where BCL11A emerges as the main gene for autistic behavior while USP34 and/or XPO1 haploinsufficiency are mainly associated with microcephaly, hearing loss and IUGR. BCL11A, USP34 and XPO1 genes are broadly related with brain malformations albeit with distinct patterns of brain damage. CONCLUSIONS The observed penetrance of deletions encompassing different SROs and that predicted when considering each single SRO as acting independently, may reflect a more complex model than the additive one. Our approach may improve the genotype/phenotype correlation and may help to identify specific pathogenic mechanisms in contiguous gene syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Miceli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Saccuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Corrado Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Bonaglia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
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Ogishi M, Yang R, Rosain J, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Inborn errors of human transcription factors governing IFN-γ antimycobacterial immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102296. [PMID: 36867972 PMCID: PMC10023504 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) delineate redundant and essential defense mechanisms in humans. We review 15 autosomal-dominant (AD) or -recessive (AR) IEI involving 11 transcription factors (TFs) and impairing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) immunity, conferring a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. We consider three mechanism-based categories: 1) IEI mainly affecting myeloid compartment development (AD GATA2 and AR and AD IRF8 deficiencies), 2) IEI mainly affecting lymphoid compartment development (AR FOXN1, AR PAX1, AR RORγ/RORγT, AR T-bet, AR c-Rel, AD STAT3 gain-of-function (GOF), and loss-of-function (LOF) deficiencies), and 3) IEI mainly affecting myeloid and/or lymphoid function (AR and AD STAT1 LOF, AD STAT1 GOF, AR IRF1, and AD NFKB1 deficiencies). We discuss the contribution of the discovery and study of inborn errors of TFs essential for host defense against mycobacteria to molecular and cellular analyses of human IFN-γ immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; The David Rockefeller Graduate Program, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
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Cohn IS, Henrickson SE, Striepen B, Hunter CA. Immunity to Cryptosporidium: Lessons from Acquired and Primary Immunodeficiencies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2261-2268. [PMID: 36469846 PMCID: PMC9731348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite that infects gut epithelial cells and causes self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunocompromised hosts with global defects in T cell function, this infection can result in chronic, life-threatening disease. In addition, there is a subset of individuals with primary immunodeficiencies associated with increased risk for life-threatening cryptosporidiosis. These patients highlight MHC class II expression, CD40-CD40L interactions, NF-κB signaling, and IL-21 as key host factors required for resistance to this enteric pathogen. Understanding which immune deficiencies do (or do not) lead to increased risk for severe Cryptosporidium may reveal mechanisms of parasite restriction and aid in the identification of novel strategies to manage this common pathogen in immunocompetent and deficient hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Cohn
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. NF-κB Mutations in Germinal Center B-Cell Lymphomas: Relation to NF-κB Function in Normal B Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102450. [PMID: 36289712 PMCID: PMC9599362 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cell lymphomas arise from the oncogenic transformation of B cells that have undergone the germinal center (GC) reaction of the T cell-dependent immune response, where high-affinity memory B cells and plasma cells are generated. The high proliferation of GC B cells coupled with occasional errors in the DNA-modifying processes of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination put the cell at a risk to obtain transforming genetic aberrations, which may activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumour suppressor genes. Several subtypes of GC lymphomas harbor genetic mutations leading to constitutive, aberrant activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In normal B cells, NF-κB has crucial biological roles in development and physiology. GC lymphomas highjack these activities to promote tumour-cell growth and survival. It has become increasingly clear that the separate canonical and non-canonical routes of the NF-κB pathway and the five downstream NF-κB transcription factors have distinct functions in the successive stages of GC B-cell development. These findings may have direct implications for understanding how aberrant NF-κB activation promotes the genesis of various GC lymphomas corresponding to the developmentally distinct GC B-cell subsets. The knowledge arising from these studies may be explored for the development of precision medicine approaches aimed at more effective treatments of the corresponding tumours with specific NF-κB inhibitors, thus reducing systemic toxicity. We here provide an overview on the patterns of genetic NF-κB mutations encountered in the various GC lymphomas and discuss the consequences of aberrant NF-κB activation in those malignancies as related to the biology of NF-κB in their putative normal cellular counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (U.K.)
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (U.K.)
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9
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Lecerf K, Koboldt DC, Kuehn HS, Jayaraman V, Lee K, Mihalic Mosher T, Yonkof JR, Mori M, Hickey SE, Franklin S, Drew J, Akoghlanian S, Sivaraman V, Rosenzweig SD, Wilson RK, Abraham RS. Case report and review of the literature: immune dysregulation in a large familial cohort due to a novel pathogenic RELA variant. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:347-359. [PMID: 35412596 PMCID: PMC9960492 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore and define the molecular cause(s) of a multi-generational kindred affected by Bechet's-like mucocutaneous ulcerations and immune dysregulation. METHODS Whole genome sequencing and confirmatory Sanger sequencing were performed. Components of the NFκB pathway were quantified by immunoblotting, and function was assessed by cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Detailed immunophenotyping of T-cell and B-cell subsets was performed in four patients from this cohort. RESULTS A novel variant in the RELA gene, p. Tyr349LeufsTer13, was identified. This variant results in premature truncation of the protein before the serine (S) 536 residue, a key phosphorylation site, resulting in enhanced degradation of the p65 protein. Immunoblotting revealed significantly decreased phosphorylated [p]p65 and pIκBα. The decrease in [p]p65 may suggest reduced heterodimer formation between p50/p65 (NFκB1/RelA). Immunophenotyping revealed decreased naïve T cells, increased memory T cells, and expanded senescent T-cell populations in one patient (P1). P1 also had substantially higher IL-6 and TNF-α levels post-stimulation compared with the other three patients. CONCLUSION Family members with this novel RELA variant have a clinical phenotype similar to other reported RELA cases with predominant chronic mucocutaneous ulceration; however, the clinical phenotype broadens to include Behçet's syndrome and IBD. Here we describe the clinical, immunological and genetic evaluation of a large kindred to further expand identification of patients with autosomal dominant RELA deficiency, facilitating earlier diagnosis and intervention. The functional impairment of the canonical NFκB pathway suggests that this variant is causal for the clinical phenotype in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lecerf
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vijayakumar Jayaraman
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristy Lee
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH,Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA
| | | | - Mari Mori
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine
| | | | - Samuel Franklin
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Joanne Drew
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Vidya Sivaraman
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Correspondence to: Roshini S. Abraham, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH-43205, USA. E-mail:
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10
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Shen Y, Boulton APR, Yellon RL, Cook MC. Skin manifestations of inborn errors of NF-κB. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1098426. [PMID: 36733767 PMCID: PMC9888762 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 400 single gene defects have been identified as inborn errors of immunity, including many arising from genes encoding proteins that affect NF-κB activity. We summarise the skin phenotypes in this subset of disorders and provide an overview of pathogenic mechanisms. NF-κB acts cell-intrinsically in basal epithelial cells during differentiation of skin appendages, influences keratinocyte proliferation and survival, and both responses to and amplification of inflammation, particularly TNF. Skin phenotypes include ectodermal dysplasia, reduction and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and aberrant recruitment of inflammatory cells, which often occur in combination. Phenotypes conferred by these rare monogenic syndromes often resemble those observed with more common defects. This includes oral and perineal ulceration and pustular skin disease as occurs with Behcet's disease, hyperkeratosis with microabscess formation similar to psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, these genotype-phenotype relations provide diagnostic clues for this subset of IEIs, and also provide insights into mechanisms of more common forms of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne P R Boulton
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Yellon
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Latour S. Inherited immunodeficiencies associated with proximal and distal defects in T cell receptor signaling and co-signaling. Biomed J 2022; 45:321-333. [PMID: 35091087 PMCID: PMC9250091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), also called inborn errors of immunity (IEI), are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or disruption in the regulation of an immunologic pathway. This review summarizes and highlights the new IEI disorders in the IUIS 2019 report and 2020 interim report and discusses the directions for the future management of PIDs. RECENT FINDINGS Since 2017, the International Union of Immunologic Societies (IUIS) IEI committee has updated the IUIS classification of IEIs with 88 new gene defects and 75 new immune disorders. The increased utilization of genetic testing and advances in the strategic evaluation of genetic variants have identified, not only novel IEI disorders, but additional genetic causes for known IEI disorders. Investigation of potential immune susceptibilities during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic suggests that defects in Type I interferon signalling may underlie more severe disease. SUMMARY The rapid discovery of new IEIs reflects the growing trend of applying genetic testing modalities as part of medical diagnosis and management.In turn, elucidating the pathophysiology of these novel IEIs have enhanced our understanding of how genetic mutations can modulate the immune system and their consequential effect on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Demirdag
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ramsay Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joyce E Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
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13
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The c-Rel transcription factor limits early interferon and neuroinflammatory responses to prevent herpes simplex encephalitis onset in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21171. [PMID: 34707143 PMCID: PMC8551191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the predominant cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a condition characterized by acute inflammation and viral replication in the brain. Host genetics contribute to HSE onset, including monogenic defects in type I interferon signaling in cases of childhood HSE. Mouse models suggest a further contribution of immune cell-mediated inflammation to HSE pathogenesis. We have previously described a truncating mutation in the c-Rel transcription factor (RelC307X) that drives lethal HSE in 60% of HSV-1-infected RelC307X mice. In this study, we combined dual host-virus RNA sequencing with flow cytometry to explore cell populations and mechanisms involved in RelC307X-driven HSE. At day 5 postinfection, prior to HSE clinical symptom onset, elevated HSV-1 transcription was detected together with augmented host interferon-stimulated and inflammatory gene expression in the brainstems of high-responding RelC307X mice, predictive of HSE development. This early induction of host gene expression preceded pathological infiltration of myeloid and T cells in RelC307X mice at HSE onset by day 7. Thus, we establish c-Rel as an early regulator of viral and host responses during mouse HSE. These data further highlight the importance of achieving a balanced immune response and avoiding excess interferon-driven inflammation to promote HSE resistance.
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14
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Seth N, Tuano KS, Chinen J. Inborn errors of immunity: Recent progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1442-1450. [PMID: 34688776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) have been wide in scope, including progress in mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, and management. New gene defects affecting the immune response continue to be reported, as many as 26 in the year 2020. It was noted that the presentation of IEIs might not include recurrent infections in 9% of cases, and that current diagnostic methods can identify molecular causes in 92% of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Progress in immunopathogenesis explained mechanisms leading to symptoms of autosomal-recessive hyper-IgE syndrome. There was an emphasis on research in primary antibody deficiencies. The benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the frequency of infections was demonstrated in these patients. The regimen of rituximab and azathioprine or mycophenolate was proven effective for chronic granulocytic interstitial pneumonia. The efficacy and adverse events of hematopoietic stem cell transplant in different IEI conditions were reported, as well as different strategies to improve outcomes, supporting its use in immunodeficiency and immunodysregulatory syndromes. The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 affected patients with IEIs, in particular those with deficiency in the interferon-mediated activation of the immune response. Initial data suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines might elicit anti-coronavirus disease 2019-neutralizing antibody responses in some patients with IEI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Seth
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Woodlands, Tex
| | - Karen S Tuano
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Woodlands, Tex
| | - Javier Chinen
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Woodlands, Tex.
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15
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Bainter W, Lougaris V, Wallace JG, Badran Y, Hoyos-Bachiloglu R, Peters Z, Wilkie H, Das M, Janssen E, Beano A, Farhat KB, Kam C, Bercich L, Incardona P, Villanacci V, Bondioni MP, Meini A, Baronio M, Abarzua P, Parolini S, Tabellini G, Maio S, Schmidt B, Goldsmith JD, Murphy G, Hollander G, Plebani A, Chou J, Geha RS. Combined immunodeficiency with autoimmunity caused by a homozygous missense mutation in inhibitor of nuclear factor 𝛋B kinase alpha (IKKα). Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabf6723. [PMID: 34533979 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Bainter
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jacqueline G Wallace
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yousef Badran
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zachary Peters
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hazel Wilkie
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdallah Beano
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Khaoula Ben Farhat
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christy Kam
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luisa Bercich
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Incardona
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Villanacci
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Bondioni
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Meini
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Phammela Abarzua
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Maio
- Department of Paediatrics, the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Birgitta Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg Hollander
- Department of Paediatrics, the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Pediatrics Clinic, Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Lévy R, Langlais D, Béziat V, Rapaport F, Rao G, Lazarov T, Bourgey M, Zhou YJ, Briand C, Moriya K, Ailal F, Avery DT, Markle J, Lim AI, Ogishi M, Yang R, Pelham S, Emam M, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Habib T, Saraiva LR, Moussa EA, Guennoun A, Boisson B, Belkaya S, Martinez-Barricarte R, Rosain J, Belkadi A, Breton S, Payne K, Benhsaien I, Plebani A, Lougaris V, Di Santo JP, Neven B, Abel L, Ma CS, Bousfiha AA, Marr N, Bustamante J, Liu K, Gros P, Geissmann F, Tangye SG, Casanova JL, Puel A. Inherited human c-Rel deficiency disrupts myeloid and lymphoid immunity to multiple infectious agents. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150143. [PMID: 34623332 DOI: 10.1172/jci150143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a child with severe viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases, who was homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation of REL, encoding c-Rel, which is selectively expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells. The patient had low frequencies of NK, effector memory cells reexpressing CD45RA (Temra) CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells, including Th1 and Th1*, Tregs, and memory B cells, whereas the counts and proportions of other leukocyte subsets were normal. Functional deficits of myeloid cells included the abolition of IL-12 and IL-23 production by conventional DC1s (cDC1s) and monocytes, but not cDC2s. c-Rel was also required for induction of CD86 expression on, and thus antigen-presenting cell function of, cDCs. Functional deficits of lymphoid cells included reduced IL-2 production by naive T cells, correlating with low proliferation and survival rates and poor production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines by memory CD4+ T cells. In naive CD4+ T cells, c-Rel is dispensable for early IL2 induction but contributes to later phases of IL2 expression. The patient's naive B cells displayed impaired MYC and BCL2L1 induction, compromising B cell survival and proliferation and preventing their differentiation into Ig-secreting plasmablasts. Inherited c-Rel deficiency disrupts the development and function of multiple myeloid and lymphoid cells, compromising innate and adaptive immunity to multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Franck Rapaport
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yu J Zhou
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Coralie Briand
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Janet Markle
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon Pelham
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mehdi Emam
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Belkadi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Breton
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Alessandro Plebani
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Bénédicte Neven
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Nico Marr
- Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Kang Liu
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J. Mycobacterial diseases in patients with inborn errors of immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:262-271. [PMID: 34315005 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical disease caused by the agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and by less virulent mycobacteria, such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines and environmental mycobacteria, can result from inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). IEIs underlie more than 450 conditions, each associated with an impairment of the development and/or function of hematopoietic and/or non-hematopoietic cells involved in host defense. Only a minority of IEIs confer predisposition to mycobacterial disease. The IEIs underlying susceptibility to bona fide tuberculosis are less well delineated than those responsible for susceptibility to less virulent mycobacteria. However, all these IEIs share a defining feature: the impairment of immunity mediated by interferon gamma (IFN-γ). More profound IFN-γ deficiency is associated with a greater vulnerability to weakly virulent mycobacteria, whereas more selective IFN-γ deficiency is associated with a more selective predisposition to mycobacterial disease. We review here recent progress in the study of IEIs underlying mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, EU, France.
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18
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Vicioso Y, Wong DP, Roy NK, Das N, Zhang K, Ramakrishnan P, Parameswaran R. NF-κB c-Rel Is Dispensable for the Development but Is Required for the Cytotoxic Function of NK Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652786. [PMID: 33995369 PMCID: PMC8116710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes critical to the innate immune system. We found that germline deficiency of NF-κB c-Rel results in a marked decrease in cytotoxic function of NK cells, both in vitro and in vivo, with no significant differences in the stages of NK cell development. We found that c-Rel binds to the promoters of perforin and granzyme B, two key proteins required for NK cytotoxicity, and controls their expression. We generated a NK cell specific c-Rel conditional knockout to study NK cell intrinsic role of c- Rel and found that both global and conditional c-Rel deficiency leads to decreased perforin and granzyme B expression and thereby cytotoxic function. We also confirmed the role of c-Rel in perforin and granzyme B expression in human NK cells. c-Rel reconstitution rescued perforin and granzyme B expressions in c-Rel deficient NK cells and restored their cytotoxic function. Our results show a previously unknown role of c-Rel in transcriptional regulation of perforin and granzyme B expressions and control of NK cell cytotoxic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorleny Vicioso
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Derek P. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nand K. Roy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nayanika Das
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keman Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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19
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Lalle G, Twardowski J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe? Cells 2021; 10:355. [PMID: 33572260 PMCID: PMC7914614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (G.L.); (J.T.)
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20
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Blanchett S, Boal-Carvalho I, Layzell S, Seddon B. NF-κB and Extrinsic Cell Death Pathways - Entwined Do-or-Die Decisions for T cells. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:76-88. [PMID: 33246882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signaling is required at multiple stages of T cell development and function. The NF-κB pathway integrates signals from many receptors and involves diverse adapters and kinases. Recent advances demonstrate that kinases controlling NF-κB activation, such as the IKK complex, serve dual independent functions because they also control cell death checkpoints. Survival functions previously attributed to NF-κB are in fact mediated by these upstream kinases by novel mechanisms. This new understanding has led to a refined view of how NF-κB and cell death signaling are interlinked and how they regulate cell fate. We discuss how NF-κB activation and control of cell death signaling by common upstream triggers cooperate to regulate different aspects of T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Blanchett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Ines Boal-Carvalho
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Scott Layzell
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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21
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The many-sided contributions of NF-κB to T-cell biology in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:245-300. [PMID: 34074496 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells (or T lymphocytes) exhibit a myriad of functions in immune responses, ranging from pathogen clearance to autoimmunity, cancer and even non-lymphoid tissue homeostasis. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms orchestrating their specification, function and gene expression pattern is critical not only for our comprehension of fundamental biology, but also for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Among the master regulators of T-cell identity, the functions of the NF-κB family of transcription factors have been under scrutiny for several decades. However, a more precise understanding of their pleiotropic functions is only just emerging. In this review we will provide a global overview of the roles of NF-κB in the different flavors of mature T cells. We aim at highlighting the complex and sometimes diverging roles of the five NF-κB subunits in health and disease.
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22
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Deenick EK, Lau A, Bier J, Kane A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying defective antibody responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:467-479. [PMID: 32348596 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary immune deficiency is caused by genetic mutations that result in immune dysfunction and subsequent susceptibility to infection. Over the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of genetically defined causes of immune deficiency including those which affect B-cell function. This has not only identified critical nonredundant pathways that control the generation of protective antibody responses but also revealed that immunodeficiency and autoimmunity are often closely linked. Here we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of these rare monogenic conditions that disrupt antibody production, which also have implications for understanding the causes of more common polygenic immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Deenick
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alisa Kane
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Immunology and HIV, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Allergy and HIV, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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23
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de Jesús TJ, Ramakrishnan P. NF-κB c-Rel Dictates the Inflammatory Threshold by Acting as a Transcriptional Repressor. iScience 2020; 23:100876. [PMID: 32062419 PMCID: PMC7031323 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors plays a central role in initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses. Here, we identified a function of the NF-κB subunit c-Rel as a transcriptional repressor of inflammatory genes. Genetic deletion of c-Rel substantially potentiates the expression of several TNF-α-induced RelA-dependent mediators of inflammation. v-Rel, the viral homologue of c-Rel, but not RelB, also possesses this repressive function. Mechanistically, we found that c-Rel selectively binds to the co-repressor HDAC1 and competitively binds to the DNA mediating HDAC1 recruitment to the promoters of inflammatory genes. A specific point mutation at tyrosine25 in c-Rel's DNA-binding domain, for which a missense single nucleotide variation (Y25H) exists in humans, completely abrogated its ability to bind DNA and repress TNF-α-induced, RelA-mediated transcription. Our findings reveal that the transactivator NF-κB subunit c-Rel also plays a role as a transcriptional repressor in the maintenance of inflammatory homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan James de Jesús
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 6526, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 6526, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Regulation of B-cell function by NF-kappaB c-Rel in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3325-3340. [PMID: 32130429 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells mediate humoral immune response and contribute to the regulation of cellular immune response. Members of the Nuclear Factor kappaB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors play a major role in regulating B-cell functions. NF-κB subunit c-Rel is predominantly expressed in lymphocytes, and in B cells, it is required for survival, proliferation, and antibody production. Dysregulation of c-Rel expression and activation alters B-cell homeostasis and is associated with B-cell lymphomas and autoimmune pathologies. Based on its essential roles, c-Rel may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current understanding of the multifaceted role of c-Rel in B cells and B-cell diseases.
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25
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Boisson-Dupuis S. The monogenic basis of human tuberculosis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1001-1009. [PMID: 32055999 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) remains poorly understood, as no more than 5-10% of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis go on developing clinical disease. The contribution of human genetics to TB pathogenesis has been amply documented by means of classic genetics since the turn of the twentieth century. Over the last 20 years, following-up on the study of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), monogenic disorders have been found to underlie TB in some patients. Rare inborn errors of immunity, such as autosomal recessive, complete IL-12Rβ1 and TYK2 deficiencies, impairing the IL-12- and IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-γ, were initially identified in a few patients. More recently, homozygosity for a common variant of TYK2 (P1104A) that selectively disrupts cellular responses to IL-23 was found in two cohorts of TB patients. It shows high penetrance in areas endemic for TB and appears to be responsible for about 1% of TB cases in populations of European descent. Both rare and common genetic etiologies of TB affect IFN-γ immunity, providing a rationale for novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for TB control, including the use of recombinant IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. .,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, New York, USA.
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26
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Tangye SG, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Chatila T, Cunningham-Rundles C, Etzioni A, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Ochs HD, Oksenhendler E, Picard C, Puck J, Torgerson TR, Casanova JL, Sullivan KE. Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:24-64. [PMID: 31953710 PMCID: PMC7082301 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the updated classification of Inborn Errors of Immunity/Primary Immunodeficiencies, compiled by the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. This report documents the key clinical and laboratory features of 430 inborn errors of immunity, including 64 gene defects that have either been discovered in the past 2 years since the previous update (published January 2018) or were characterized earlier but have since been confirmed or expanded upon in subsequent studies. The application of next-generation sequencing continues to expedite the rapid identification of novel gene defects, rare or common; broaden the immunological and clinical phenotypes of conditions arising from known gene defects and even known variants; and implement gene-specific therapies. These advances are contributing to greater understanding of the molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of disease, thereby enhancing immunological knowledge while improving the management of patients and their families. This report serves as a valuable resource for the molecular diagnosis of individuals with heritable immunological disorders and also for the scientific dissection of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying inborn errors of immunity and related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- King Hassan II University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, d'Inflammation et d'Allergy LICIA at Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Infectiouse Disease Department, Children's Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Talal Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amos Etzioni
- Ruth's Children's Hospital-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jose Luis Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, APHP, Paris, France
- Paris University, Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris University, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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