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Esan O, Wierzbicki AS. Volanesorsen in the Treatment of Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome or Hypertriglyceridaemia: Design, Development and Place in Therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2623-2636. [PMID: 32753844 PMCID: PMC7351689 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s224771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis-induced diabetes. Familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism characterised by high levels of triglycerides (TGs) due to failure of chylomicron clearance. It causes repeated episodes of severe abdominal pain, fatigue and attacks of acute pancreatitis. There are few current options for its long-term management. The only universal long-term therapy is restriction of total dietary fat intake to <10-15% of daily calories (15 to 20g per day). Many patients have been treated with fibrates and statins with a variable response, but many remain susceptible to pancreatitis. Other genetic syndromes associated with hypertriglyceridaemia include familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD). Targeting apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3) offers the ability to increase clearance of chylomicrons and other triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Volanesorsen is an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitor of apoC3, which reduces TG levels by 70–80% which has been shown also to reduce rates of pancreatitis and improve well-being in FCS and reduce TGs and improve insulin resistance in FPLD. It is now undergoing licensing and payer reviews. Further developments of antisense technology including small interfering RNA therapy to apoC3 as well as other approaches to modulating triglycerides are in development for this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwayemisi Esan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anthony S Wierzbicki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Hoa Chung L, Qi Y. Lipodystrophy - A Rare Condition with Serious Metabolic Abnormalities. Rare Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Lipid droplet growth and adipocyte development: mechanistically distinct processes connected by phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1273-1283. [PMID: 28668300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes is accompanied by the growth and formation of a giant, unilocular lipid droplet (LD). Mechanistically however, LD growth and adipogenesis are two different processes. Recent studies have uncovered a number of proteins that are able to regulate both LD dynamics and adipogenesis, such as SEIPIN, LIPIN and CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthases. It appears that phospholipids, phosphatidic acid in particular, play a critical role in both LD budding/growth and adipocyte development. This review summarizes recent advances, and aims to provide a better understanding of LD growth as well as adipogenesis, two critical aspects in mammalian fat storage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Muniyappa R, Abel BS, Asthana A, Walter MF, Cochran EK, Remaley AT, Skarulis MC, Gorden P, Brown RJ. Metreleptin therapy lowers plasma angiopoietin-like protein 3 in patients with generalized lipodystrophy. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:543-550. [PMID: 28502512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced triglyceride clearance due to impaired lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis contributes to severe hypertriglyceridemia in lipodystrophy. Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) impair clearance of triglycerides by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase. Whether circulating ANGPTL3/4 levels are altered in lipodystrophy and the effects of leptin replacement on these ANGPTLs are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine if ANGPTL3/4 levels are elevated in patients with generalized lipodystrophy and assess the effects of leptin replacement on these ANGPTLs. METHODS Preleptin treatment plasma levels of ANGPTLs in patients with generalized lipodystrophy (n = 22) were compared with healthy controls (n = 39) using a post hoc case-control study design. In a prospective open-label study, we studied the effects of metreleptin therapy (16-32 weeks) on plasma ANGPTL3/4 in patients with generalized lipodystrophy. RESULTS Plasma ANGPTL3 (geometric mean [95% confidence interval]; 223 [182-275] vs 174 ng/mL [160-189], P = .02) but not ANGPTL4 levels (55 [37-81] vs 44 ng/mL [37-52], P = .26) were higher in patients with lipodystrophy compared with healthy controls. There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) levels following metreleptin therapy. After metreleptin, ANGPTL3 concentrations decreased significantly (223 [182-275] vs 175 ng/mL [144-214], P = .01) with no change in ANGPTL4 (55 [37-81] vs 48 ng/mL [32-73], P = .11). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that elevated plasma levels of ANGPTL3 in leptin-deficient states is attenuated with leptin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent S Abel
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asha Asthana
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary F Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elaine K Cochran
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica C Skarulis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Phillip Gorden
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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