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Dowgwillo EA, Ruchensky JR. The influence of trauma symptoms on interpersonal attributions in daily life. J Trauma Stress 2024; 37:410-421. [PMID: 38538306 DOI: 10.1002/jts.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
There is well-documented evidence that trauma exposure can disrupt relationships. However, limited research has examined whether posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) moderate interpersonal processes in daily life. To this end, undergraduates (N = 98) completed a measure of PTSS at baseline. They then completed smartphone-based surveys after every interpersonal interaction that lasted longer than 3 min. for 10 days. These surveys assessed perceptions of self and other agency and communion as well as feelings of rejection, neglect, abandonment, worthlessness, emptiness, guilt, and shame. Results of multilevel modeling suggest that interpersonal perception and PTSS predicted 10%-26% of the variance in outcomes. Regarding agency, more agentic participants reported higher levels of negative attributions, γs = .47-.56. Participants also reported higher rejection and guilt when they experienced their interaction partner as more agentic than usual, γs = .07, and PTSS did not moderate these associations. For communal perceptions, participants who experienced themselves and others as warmer than other participants reported fewer negative outcomes, γs = -.44--.58. Individuals also reported more negative outcomes when they experienced themselves and others as warmer than they usually did, γs = -.10--.28, and PTSS moderated these associations. The negative associations between self- and other communion ratings and feelings of neglect, abandonment, and shame were stronger in individuals with higher PTSS scores. Together, these findings support continued efforts to understand the ways in which trauma exposure and PTSS disrupt interpersonal dynamics in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Dowgwillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jared R Ruchensky
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
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Canty AR, Windsor TD, Nixon RDV. Using experience sampling methodology (ESM) to improve our understanding of day-to-day intrusion frequency and related distress in survivors of trauma. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 82:101921. [PMID: 37944379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that appraisals of traumatic sequelae and subsequent distress drive the development and maintenance of PTSD. Posttraumatic research has relied heavily on macro-longitudinal designs, with weeks or months between assessments of trauma-related cognitions and symptoms. The present study uses experience sampling methodology (ESM) better understand the day-to-day experiences of trauma exposed individuals. METHODS One-hundred trauma exposed adults reported their posttraumatic symptoms, interpretations, and behaviours four times a day over a 10-day ESM period. RESULTS As anticipated, within-person fluctuations in negative appraisals of intrusions and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., thought suppression) were significantly positively associated with intrusion frequency and related distress. In all cases, the associations for negative appraisals and maladaptive coping were stronger with intrusion related distress than intrusion frequency. LIMITATIONS The observed contemporaneous associations only demonstrate that variables reliably fluctuated together and cannot indicate causality. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that day-to-day fluctuations in trauma related perceptions and sequelae are significant and should be explored alongside broader individual differences to advance our understanding of the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Canty
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Tim D Windsor
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Reginald D V Nixon
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, Australia.
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Nehme A, Moussa S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Yakın E, Hallit S, Obeid S, Haddad G. Expressive suppression moderates the relationship between PTSD from COVID-19 and somatization and validation of the Arabic version of Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293081. [PMID: 38271356 PMCID: PMC10810523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lebanese adults have been crippled for years by several crises, including the lately COVID-19 pandemic. These massive civilian traumas have increased the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population. Extensive literature pointed to the association between PTSD and somatization; however, the nature of this relationship remains unknown. We sought to contribute further to work in this area by testing the moderating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between COVID-19- related PTSD and somatization. As a secondary objective, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the somatization measure Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) in terms of factorial validity and internal consistency before its use in the present study. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between September and October 2021. A total of 403 Lebanese adults residing in Lebanon were recruited. Eligible participants received an online link to the survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 was used to assess somatization, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version for PTSD and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for emotion regulation. RESULTS The results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a three-factor solution explaining 48.79% of the common variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis results of the three-factor model obtained in the EFA indicated a good fit with a significant CFI of 0.98, TLI 0.98 and a GFI of .97, a RMSEA of .04 [90% CI .01, .06]. Higher PTSD symptoms were associated with somatization. In addition, we found that one specific ER component, i.e. expressive suppression, significantly moderated the relationship between PTSD from the COVID pandemic and somatization. In particular, the interaction PTSD from the COVID-19 pandemic by expressive suppression was significantly associated with somatization; at low, medium and high levels of expressive suppression, higher PTSD from the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly associated with higher somatization scores. As for our secondary objective, findings revealed that the Arabic version of the PHQ-15 exhibited good psychometric properties. In particular, the scale yielded a three-factor structure, and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). CONCLUSION The moderating role of expressive suppression on the link between PTSD and somatization presents a novel finding in the field of trauma. Additionally, making a psychometrically sound Arabic version of the PHQ-15 available is a valuable addition to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nehme
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ecem Yakın
- Centre d’Études et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, UT2J, Toulouse, France
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Georges Haddad
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
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Strachan LP, Paulik G, Preece DA, McEvoy PM. Pathways from trauma to unusual perceptual experiences: Modelling the roles of insecure attachment, negative affect, emotion regulation and dissociation. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:934-951. [PMID: 37493351 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of traumas have been linked to voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) and unusual perceptual experiences (UPEs) in other perceptual-sensory domains. Models of PTSD and positive symptoms of psychosis are insufficient in explaining the relationship between trauma and voices. The trauma-related voices (TRV) model was developed to generate novel research in this area. AIMS This study aimed to investigate pathways from trauma to the frequency of UPEs based on a subset of hypothesised relationships in the TRV model. MATERIALS The PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5, State Adult Attachment Measure, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21, Perth Emotion and Regulation Competency Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Measure Oxford, and Multi-modality Unusual Perceptual Experiences Questionnaire. METHODS We used path analysis in a non-clinical sample (N = 528) to model indirect effects from diverse trauma experiences to the frequency of multi-sensory UPEs via a subset of mediators within the TRV model: insecure attachment, emotion regulation deficits, negative affect and dissociation. RESULTS Our model was an excellent fit to the data and accounted for 37.1% of variance in UPE frequency, and all direct (βs = .14-.61) and indirect pathways (βs = .01-.08) were significant (ps < .001). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that insecure attachment may link diverse trauma experiences to emotion regulation deficits and negative affect, which are linked to UPE frequency via dissociation. CONCLUSION Our findings provide preliminary evidence for a subset of relationships within the TRV model. Future studies are needed to gather stronger evidence of temporality and causation between these factors, and to test broader pathways within the TRV model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Strachan
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgie Paulik
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Perth Voices Clinic, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Preece
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter M McEvoy
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Strachan LP, Paulik G, Roberts L, McEvoy PM. Voice hearers' explanations of trauma-related voices and processes of change throughout imagery rescripting: A qualitative exploration. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:982-998. [PMID: 37638740 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-traumatic stress is common among people who hear voices (auditory verbal hallucinations), many of whom hear trauma-related voices, whereby voice content is related to past trauma. Preliminary evidence suggests that imagery rescripting (ImRs) may more effectively reduce post-traumatic stress and voices compared to treatments that are based on existing models of PTSD or positive symptoms. No known studies have explored the potential maintaining factors of trauma-related voices in relation to ImRs. We aimed to uncover insights into the factors that maintain trauma-related voices and how ImRs may influence such factors by exploring voice hearers' explanations of voices and experiences of change throughout ImRs. DESIGN Thematic analytical methodology was used due to the study's critical epistemological framework. METHODS Semi-structured interviews explored relationships between trauma and voices, and experiences of change and stability throughout ImRs in a transdiagnostic sample (N = 10) who underwent 10-18 weekly ImRs sessions. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes. RESULTS Two themes captured explanations of voices, which suggested voices may have counterproductive protective functions. Three themes captured psychological experiences during ImRs, which reflected concepts such as freedom to experience emotions, and experiences of justice, closure and grieving. Three themes described the outcomes of ImRs, reflecting concepts such as increased confidence, coping, perceived safety and voices becoming less powerful. CONCLUSIONS Trauma-related voices may have underlying protective functions and ImRs may support emotional expression, adaptive trauma re-appraisals and improve self-worth and coping self-efficacy. These change processes may have clinical implications in ImRs and other treatments for trauma-affected voice hearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Strachan
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgie Paulik
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Perth Voices Clinic, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lynne Roberts
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter M McEvoy
- Discipline of Psychology, Curtin School of Population Health & enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Coyne AE, Mattson E, Bagley JM, Klein AB, Shekhtman K, Payat S, Levine DS, Feeny NC, Zoellner LA. Within-patient association between emotion regulation and outcome in prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2023:2024-25675-001. [PMID: 37971811 PMCID: PMC11096267 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Difficulties with emotion regulation (ER) are a risk factor for the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Less is known about temporal relations between ER and PTSD symptom change during treatment, including whether ER may represent a more potent change ingredient for some patients relative to others. This study examined the association between within-patient changes in ER and next-session PTSD symptom change and whether this association was more pronounced for patients with poorer baseline ER, more severe depression, or higher borderline personality disorder symptoms. METHOD Data derived from a randomized controlled trial (NCT01600456) in which 149 adults with PTSD received up to 10 sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) or PE + sertraline. Patients rated difficulties with ER and PTSD symptoms repeatedly during treatment. Moderators were assessed at baseline. RESULTS Cross-lagged, dynamic structural equation models revealed that ER improvements were associated with next-session reductions in PTSD (standardized effect = 0.13). PTSD symptom reduction was also associated with next-session ER improvement (standardized effect = 0.34). Moderator analyses revealed that the within-person ER-PTSD symptoms association was stronger for patients with higher baseline depression (standardized effect = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS Reductions in PTSD symptoms may facilitate ER improvements during PE and PE augmented with sertraline rather than improvements in ER producing changes in PTSD symptoms. For patients with higher severity co-occurring depression, ER may represent a more active change ingredient. PE therapists could therefore consider placing particular emphasis on improving ER capabilities when working with this subgroup of patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Coyne
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Elsa Mattson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Jenna M. Bagley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | | | - Kathy Shekhtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Sinan Payat
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | | | - Norah C. Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
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O'Brien H, Kalokerinos EK, Felmingham K, Lau W, O'Donnell M. Emotion regulation strategy use in PTSD: A daily life study. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:365-372. [PMID: 37302510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is associated with emotion regulation difficulties. However, our understanding of these difficulties has been limited by the reliance of previous work on retrospective trait self-reports, which are unable to capture dynamic, ecologically-valid use of emotion regulation strategies. METHODS To address this issue, this study used an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to understand the impact of PTSD on emotion regulation in daily life. We conducted an EMA study in a trauma exposed sample with varying levels of PTSD severity (N = 70; 7 days; 423 observations). RESULTS We found that PTSD severity was linked to greater use of disengagement and perseverative-based strategies to manage negative emotions, regardless of emotional intensity. LIMITATIONS Study design did not allow investigation into the temporal use of emotion regulation strategies and small sample size. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of responding to emotions may interfere with engaging with the fear structure and thus impair emotion processing in current frontline treatments; clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Brien
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elise K Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Felmingham
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Winnie Lau
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Kaplan DM, Hughes CD, Schatten HT, Mehl MR, Armey MF, Nugent NR. Emotional change in its "natural habitat": Measuring everyday emotion regulation with passive and active ambulatory assessment methods. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY INTEGRATION 2023; 33:123-140. [PMID: 37588252 PMCID: PMC10427127 DOI: 10.1037/int0000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambulatory assessment methods have made it possible to study psychological phenomena in real-time, with translational potential for psychotherapy process research. This article uses case example data to demonstrate applications of ambulatory assessment to measuring emotion regulation, a process with relevance across diagnoses and treatment modalities that may be particularly important to measure in situ. Two methods are reviewed: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), which enables self-reported momentary assessments as people go about their days, and the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), an unobtrusive naturalistic observation methodology that collects short audio recordings from participants' moment-to-moment environments, capturing an acoustic diary of their social interactions, daily behaviors, and natural daily language use. Using case example data from research applying EMA and EAR methods in the context of adolescent self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, we illustrate how EMA can be used to measure emotion regulation over time and across contexts, and how EAR can assess the behaviors and social-environmental factors that interact with emotion regulation in clinically important ways. We suggest applications of this measurement approach for investigations of clients' emotional change over the course of psychotherapy, as well as potential clinical applications of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Kaplan
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Christopher D Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Heather T Schatten
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital
| | | | - Michael F Armey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Polizzi CP, Sleight FG, Aksen DE, McDonald CW, Lynn SJ. Mindfulness and COVID-19-Related Stress: Staying Present During Uncertain Times. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:1135-1147. [PMID: 37304660 PMCID: PMC10150345 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-023-02132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is recognized as a mass traumatic event in which COVID-19-related stress (CS) can indicate other trauma- and/or stressor-related disorder. The facets of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreacting) have been linked to reductions in stress-related symptoms and thus may protect against CS. We extended previous research by evaluating mindfulness facets as resilience skills negatively related to CS. Method Undergraduate students (n = 495) completed an online battery of questionnaires. A subsample of students endorsing clinically elevated CS (n = 165) was also evaluated. We utilized hierarchical regression to account statistically for the mindfulness facets in addition to indicators of psychological distress (e.g., negative affect, neuroticism, dissociation) and social desirability. We performed analyses twice, once in the overall sample, and once in the high CS subsample. Results Less observing and greater nonjudging related to reduced CS while other study variables were controlled for in the overall sample. In contrast, acting with awareness and nonjudging negatively related to CS in the subsample, but were not related to CS when we accounted for psychological-distress variables that positively related to CS in the analysis. Conclusions Although variables indicative of psychological distress robustly contribute to CS, observing, acting with awareness, and nonjudging may be mindfulness skills that can be targeted to buffer clinically significant CS. Preregistration This study was not pre-registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Polizzi
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Fiona G. Sleight
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, USA
| | - Damla E. Aksen
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, USA
| | | | - Steven Jay Lynn
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, USA
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Tipsword JM, Southward MW, Adams AM, Brake CA, Badour CL. Daily Associations Between Trauma-Related Mental Contamination and Use of Specific Coping Strategies: Results of a Daily Monitoring Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5699-5720. [PMID: 36184917 PMCID: PMC10145604 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221127205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mental contamination (MC)-a sense of dirtiness experienced without contacting an identifiable pollutant-is a distressing and enduring experience among many survivors of sexual trauma. MC has been linked to more frequent use of avoidant coping behaviors (e.g., washing behavior, substance use, binge eating) and approach coping. However, it is unclear if specific approach and avoidant coping strategies are more consistently related to perseverative experiences of trauma-related MC, if the use of certain strategies predicts changes in MC, and if fluctuations in MC predict the use of certain strategies. The present study evaluated contemporaneous and prospective relationships between sexual trauma-related MC and use of 11 specific coping strategies among 41 women with a history of sexual trauma using an experience sampling design. Women completed twice-daily assessments of coping strategy use and MC for 14 days. Between-persons, women reporting more intense MC on average reported more frequent use of distraction, denial, giving up, self-blame, thought suppression, washing behavior, emotional processing, and emotional expression than those experiencing less intense MC. Within-person increases in MC were associated with more frequent concurrent use of all coping strategies except seeking support. Lastly, within-person increases in MC predicted more frequent use of giving up, substance use, and seeking support at the next assessment and within-person increases in substance use predicted less severe MC at the next assessment. Future work should aim to identify factors influencing the selection and/or quality of use of these specific coping strategies among individuals experiencing MC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Alex Brake
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, RI, USA
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McCullen JR, Counts CJ, John-Henderson NA. Childhood adversity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of psychological stress and mental health in American Indian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion 2023; 23:805-813. [PMID: 35951388 PMCID: PMC9918611 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Life events, such as the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, elicit increases in psychological stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In turn, these outcomes have negative implications for mental health. Emotion regulation strategies and prior adversity may moderate the degree to which life events affect outcomes that are linked to mental health. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether childhood adversity and emotion regulation strategy use interactively informed changes in outcomes linked to mental health following the onset of the pandemic in American Indian (AI) adults. AI adults (N = 210) reported levels of childhood adversity, emotion regulation strategy use, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and psychological stress 1 month prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. One month following the declaration of the pandemic, they reported on their stress, symptoms of anxiety and depression once again. The interaction between expressive suppression and childhood adversity predicted changes in psychological stress and symptoms of depression (B = .26, t(198) = 4.43 p < .001, R² change = .06) and (B = .23 t(199) = 4.14, p < .001, R² change = .05) respectively. The findings indicate that expressive suppression may be a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy for AI adults who experienced high levels of childhood adversity. This work represents a first step in understanding the role of emotion regulation strategy use in predicting mental health-relevant outcomes in the context of a life event, in a community that is disproportionately affected by chronic mental health conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Meijer L, Finkenauer C, Blankers M, de Gee A, Kramer J, Shields-Zeeman L, Thomaes K. Study protocol: development and randomized controlled trial of a preventive blended care parenting intervention for parents with PTSD. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:102. [PMID: 36765312 PMCID: PMC9921412 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of parents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes. An important risk mechanism is impaired parental functioning, including negative parenting behavior, perceived incompetence, and lack of social support. Several parenting interventions for trauma-exposed parents and parents with psychiatric disorders exist, but none have specifically targeted parents with PTSD. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a blended care preventive parenting intervention for parents with PTSD. METHODS The intervention was adapted from an existing online intervention, KopOpOuders Self-Help. In co-creation with parents with PTSD and partners, the intervention was adapted into KopOpOuders-PTSD, by adding PTSD-specific content and three in-person-sessions with a mental health prevention professional. Effectiveness will be tested in a randomized controlled trial among N = 142 parents being treated for PTSD at Arkin Mental Health Care (control condition: treatment as usual, n = 71; intervention condition: treatment as usual + intervention, n = 71). Online questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and three-month follow-up and ecological momentary assessment at pretest and posttest will be used. Intervention effects on primary (parenting behavior) and secondary outcomes (perceived parenting competence, parental social support, parenting stress, child overall psychological problems and PTSD symptoms) will be analyzed using generalized linear mixed modeling. We will also analyze possible moderation effects of parental PTSD symptoms at pretest on primary and secondary outcomes. DISCUSSION This study protocol describes the randomized controlled trial of KopOpOuders-PTSD, a blended care preventive parenting intervention for parents with PTSD. Findings can contribute to understanding of the effectiveness of parenting support in clinical practice for PTSD. TRIAL REGISTRATION This protocol (Version 1) was registered on 11-02-2022 at ClinicalTrials.gov under identification number NCT05237999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurien Meijer
- Sinai Centrum / Arkin Mental Health Care, Laan van de Helende Meesters 2, 1186 AM, Amstelveen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Catrin Finkenauer
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- grid.491093.60000 0004 0378 2028Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.416017.50000 0001 0835 8259Trimbos Institute/Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk de Gee
- grid.416017.50000 0001 0835 8259Trimbos Institute/Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannet Kramer
- grid.416017.50000 0001 0835 8259Trimbos Institute/Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Shields-Zeeman
- grid.416017.50000 0001 0835 8259Trimbos Institute/Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Thomaes
- grid.491093.60000 0004 0378 2028Sinai Centrum / Arkin Mental Health Care, Laan van de Helende Meesters 2, 1186 AM Amstelveen, The Netherlands ,grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Rogier G, Zobel SB, Rizzi D, Velotti P. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Do Dissociation and Emotional Metacognitive Beliefs Mediate the Role of Emotion Dysregulation? Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:803-813. [PMID: 36327960 PMCID: PMC9633169 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the well-documented relationship between emotion dysregulation and both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder symptoms, no studies investigated this issue in the context of the outbreak. Moreover, additional research investigating the role of mediators intervening in these pathways is required. Dissociation and emotional beliefs are two factors that may explain such relationships. However, a poor number of studies empirically tested their role. METHODS A cross-sectional study on a sample of 719 community participants (32.5% males; Mage=34.36, standard deviation=14.38 years) was conducted. Participants fulfilled a battery of self-report questionnaires measuring levels of PTSD outbreak-related symptoms, alcohol use disorder, emotion dysregulation, emotional beliefs, and dissociation. RESULTS Partial r-Pearson correlations showed that PTSD symptoms' level was positively and significantly related to all variables investigated in the study whereas alcohol use disorder level was positively and significantly associated with emotion dysregulation and only some dimension of emotional beliefs and dissociation. Results drawn from a structural equation model highlight the mediating role of both emotional belief and dissociation in the relationship linking emotion dysregulation and alcohol use disorder whereas only dissociation, but not emotional beliefs, mediated the link between emotion dysregulation and PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION Most of the hypotheses have been supported stressing the relevance of both dissociation and emotional beliefs in PTSD and alcohol use disorder symptoms. These two variables appear important framework from which deepen the impact of emotion dysregulation in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyonne Rogier
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Beomonte Zobel
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Velotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Wolkenstein L, Sommerhoff A, Voss M. Positive Emotion Dysregulation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 86:102534. [PMID: 35114432 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although PTSD is associated with both emotion regulation (ER) difficulties and persistent difficulties experiencing positive emotions, research concerning positive ER in PTSD is still scarce. We aimed to clarify whether PTSD patients show dysfunctional responses to positive emotions and whether positive ER is associated with PTSD symptom severity. PTSD patients (N = 59) were compared to healthy controls (HC, N = 58) with respect to their self-reported regulation of positive and negative emotions. We used the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire to assess positive ER and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Response Styles Questionnaire to assess negative ER. PTSD patients showed deficient negative as well as deficient positive ER as compared to HC. Both dampening of positive emotions as well as positive rumination were associated with self-reported symptom severity. Furthermore, dampening contributed to the prediction of PTSD symptom severity beyond depressive symptoms and negative rumination. This study supports and expands previous findings of dysfunctional positive ER in PTSD. Further research is needed to clarify whether deficits in positive ER contribute to the onset and maintenance of PTSD. If so, therapeutic approaches should aim to help PTSD patients build up adequate skills to handle positive emotions in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Wolkenstein
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 München, Germany.
| | - Amanda Sommerhoff
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 München, Germany.
| | - Maria Voss
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 München, Germany.
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15
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Hendrikx LJ, Williamson C, Baumann J, Murphy D. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on treatment-seeking veterans in the United Kingdom with preexisting mental health difficulties: A longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:330-337. [PMID: 34655485 PMCID: PMC8662124 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with preexisting psychological difficulties are at risk of further deterioration of their mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. This longitudinal study, conducted during the period between two national lockdowns, aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on veterans in the United Kingdom with preexisting mental health difficulties. Treatment-seeking veterans with preexisting mental health difficulties (N = 95) were surveyed in two waves. Wave 1 was conducted at the end of the first lockdown (June 2020-July 2020), and Wave 2 took place during the second lockdown (November 2020). Participants completed measures to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); common mental health difficulties (CMDs), including anxiety and depression; anger; and alcohol use. Initial analyses revealed no significant changes in symptoms of PTSD, CMDs, anger, or alcohol use between the lockdowns, ps = .247-.986. However, veterans who experienced more COVID-19-related stressors were more likely to experience increases in PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 6.30, p = .002, and CMD symptoms, OR = 4.32, p = .025. Participants with lower levels of social support during the second lockdown were more likely to experience increased anger difficulties, OR = 0.91, p = .025. The findings suggest that although mental health among veterans in the United Kingdom may have remained relatively stable between the two lockdowns, those who reported more COVID-related stressors and lower levels of social support may have been particularly vulnerable to symptom exacerbation. Such findings hold important implications for tailoring support for veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Williamson
- Combat Stress, Research DepartmentTyrwhitt HouseLeatherheadSurreyUK,King's Centre for Military Health ResearchKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Julia Baumann
- Combat Stress, Research DepartmentTyrwhitt HouseLeatherheadSurreyUK
| | - Dominic Murphy
- Combat Stress, Research DepartmentTyrwhitt HouseLeatherheadSurreyUK,King's Centre for Military Health ResearchKing's College LondonLondonUK
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16
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Kim K, Kim SH, Kim S. Psychometric Properties of the Korean version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (K-ERQ) in a Clinical Sample. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:125-134. [PMID: 35124946 PMCID: PMC8898603 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is one of the widely used instruments to assess emotion regulation skills in many countries, including Korea. However, its psychometric properties have not been validated within this population. Also, the ERQ has increasingly been used in studies with psychiatric patients despite a general lack of validation in clinical settings. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the ERQ (K-ERQ) using a clinical sample in Korea. METHODS One hundred and ninety-three psychiatric patients completed a packet of self-report measures, including K-ERQ, K-BDI-II, K-ASI-3, PCL-5-K, AUDIT-K. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was administered to investigate the factor structure of the K-ERQ, and internal reliability and validity were examined. RESULTS Results of the CFA supported the two-factor structure, but only after the removal of one item. The K-ERQ showed good internal consistency reliability, and its concurrent validity was also confirmed. Cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with depression and alcohol use disorder-related symptoms, and expressive suppression was positively correlated with depression, anxiety sensitivity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms and alcohol use disorder-related symptoms. Significant group differences were found in the use of emotion regulation strategies; patients with PTSD reported the higher level of cognitive reappraisal than patients with depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSION The 9-itemed K-ERQ is a reliable and valid tool to assess the emotion regulation strategies in a Korean clinical sample. Our study also adds preliminary evidence on the usefulness of the ERQ in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Mental Health Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Winning The Game Against Depression: A Systematic Review of Video Games for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022; 24:23-35. [PMID: 35113313 PMCID: PMC8811339 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence about video game-based therapeutic intervention for people diagnosed with depressive disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Psychotherapy has been proved to reduce depressive symptoms and is a key element in the treatment of depressive disorders. However, geographical, economical and stigmatized concerns are barriers to access to psychotherapy. New technologies and videos games can overcome some of these barriers by providing teleconferencing evidence-based therapy as time as they may offer an interactive entertainment. Overall, video game-based interventions were useful and effective in reducing symptoms of depressive disorders. Seven of the studies were published in the last 5 years, which reflects the increased research interest in video game-based interventions for depression. Overall, when adherence was reported, rates of acceptability and feasibility were high.
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18
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Bettis AH, Burke TA, Nesi J, Liu RT. Digital Technologies for Emotion-Regulation Assessment and Intervention: A Conceptual Review. Clin Psychol Sci 2022; 10:3-26. [PMID: 35174006 PMCID: PMC8846444 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate emotions in response to stress is central to healthy development. While early research in emotion regulation predominantly employed static, self-report measurement, the past decade has seen a shift in focus toward understanding the dynamic nature of regulation processes. This is reflected in recent refinements in the definition of emotion regulation, which emphasize the importance of the ability to flexibly adapt regulation efforts across contexts. The latest proliferation of digital technologies employed in mental health research offers the opportunity to capture the state- and context-sensitive nature of emotion regulation. In this conceptual review, we examine the use of digital technologies (ecological momentary assessment; wearable and smartphone technology, physical activity, acoustic data, visual data, and geo-location; smart home technology; virtual reality; social media) in the assessment of emotion regulation and describe their application to interventions. We also discuss challenges and ethical considerations, and outline areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard T Liu
- Harvard Medical School
- Massachusetts General Hospital
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19
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Preston TJ, Gorday JY, Bedford CE, Mathes BM, Schmidt NB. A longitudinal investigation of trauma-specific rumination and PTSD symptoms: The moderating role of interpersonal trauma experience. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:142-148. [PMID: 34119870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal trauma (IPT) is one of the most commonly reported types of traumatic experiences and has the greatest likelihood of resulting in a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Relative to other types of trauma, victims of IPT report greater trauma-specific rumination, whereby they focus on negative consequences of the trauma on their life. Theoretical and empirical work suggest trauma-specific rumination leads to elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); however, there has been a dearth of research examining how trauma type may impact this association. Therefore, the current longitudinal study examined how the experience of IPT moderates the relationship between trauma-specific rumination and later PTSS. METHOD Participants (N = 204) enrolled in a clinical trial completed self-report measures of trauma experience, trauma-specific rumination, and PTSS at baseline and 1-month follow-up appointments. RESULTS Results revealed that IPT moderated the relationship between baseline rumination and 1-month trauma symptoms, even after covarying for participant age and sex, treatment condition, negative affect, and number of previously experienced traumas. Further, this moderation effect was specific to the PTSD numbing cluster. LIMITATIONS Major limitations include measurement of PTSS via PCL-C rather than the PCL-5, as well as a limited sample size, precluding moderation analyses of other trauma types. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides novel findings demonstrating specificity of index trauma type in the longitudinal relationship between rumination and PTSS. Future work is needed to examine how IPT impacts the development of pathways between rumination and PTSS.
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20
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Wooldridge JS, Herbert MS, Dochat C, Afari N. Understanding relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, binge-eating symptoms, and obesity-related quality of life: the role of experiential avoidance. Eat Disord 2021; 29:260-275. [PMID: 33459212 PMCID: PMC8285449 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1868062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, binge-eating symptoms, and PTSD symptoms commonly co-occur. Avoidance, a key feature of PTSD and proposed mechanism of binge-eating, is one potential mechanism for explaining this clinical overlap. The purpose of the current study was to: 1) examine the associations between PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist-Civilian; PCL-C) and measures of bingeeating symptoms (Binge Eating Scale; BES) and obesity-related quality of life (Obesity Related Well-Being Questionnaire-97; ORWELL-97) in a sample of veterans with overweight or obesity (N = 89), and 2) determine whether experiential avoidance (The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II; AAQ-II) explains the relationship between PTSD symptoms and binge-eating symptoms, and PTSD symptoms and obesity-related quality of life, respectively. Scores on the PCL-C, BES, ORWELL-97, and AAQ-II were all significantly correlated. Linear regression analyses indicated that higher PCL-C scores were related to higher scores on the BES and ORWELL-97 after controlling for potentially confounding factors (BMI and race). Effect sizes were in the medium-large range. Further, AAQ-II mediated the relationship between PCL-C and ORWELL-97, but did not mediate the relationship between PCL-C and BES. These findings suggest that experiential avoidance should be considered in interventions addressing co-occurring PTSD, binge-eating, and poor obesity-related well-being. Longitudinal research is needed to better understand directionality of these relationships and changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennalee S Wooldridge
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew S Herbert
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cara Dochat
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, California, San Diego, USA
| | - Niloofar Afari
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, California, USA
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21
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Khan AJ, Maguen S, Straus LD, Nelyan TC, Gross JJ, Cohen BE. Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in veterans with PTSD: Results from the mind your heart study. J Affect Disord 2021; 283:278-284. [PMID: 33578339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether expressive suppression (ES), a maladaptive regulation strategy, was more strongly associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptom clusters in veterans than cognitive reappraisal (CR), an adaptive regulation strategy. METHOD In a cohort study, 746 participants recruited from VHA facilities completed Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-IV, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Participants were categorized into groups: Current, Remitted/Lifetime, and Never PTSD. RESULTS One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between Current PTSD and both Remitted and Never PTSD for ES, but not CR. The Remitted and Never PTSD groups did not vary significantly from each other and were collapsed into one group for regressions. Adjusting for sex, race, employment, and comorbid depression, binary logistic regression showed ES, but not CR, was associated with increased likelihood of Current PTSD (p < .001, OR: 1.43). ES was also significantly associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for all symptom clusters (ps < 0.001). CR was not significantly associated with meeting criteria for Current PTSD or any symptom cluster. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design and use of self-report limit causality inferences that can be drawn. CONCLUSIONS ES is associated with increased odds of Current PTSD diagnosis and symptom clusters. Veterans in the Remitted and Never PTSD groups did not differ significantly. Greater suppression of emotional expression is more strongly linked with PTSD criteria in veterans than decreased cognitive reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Khan
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - S Maguen
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - L D Straus
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - T C Nelyan
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - J J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
| | - B E Cohen
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
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22
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Fernández-Fillol C, Pitsiakou C, Perez-Garcia M, Teva I, Hidalgo-Ruzzante N. Complex PTSD in survivors of intimate partner violence: risk factors related to symptoms and diagnoses. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:2003616. [PMID: 34925711 PMCID: PMC8682852 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, the World Health Organization proposed a new diagnosis entitled Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) in the ICD-11. It is a diagnosis that encompasses the classic symptoms of PTSD, along with symptoms of disturbances in self-organization (DSO). Although this disorder has been studied in several countries and populations, research on the population of women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) is scarce. OBJECTIVES 1) To analyse the prevalence of CPTSD and PTSD according to ICD-11 criteria; 2) To analyse the associations between CPTSD symptomatology and severity of violence, level of fear, resilience and strategies of emotion regulation; 3) To analyse which risk factors (severity of violence, level of fear, resilience and strategies of emotion regulation) may differ between female survivors with CPTSD or PTSD. METHOD 162 women IPV survivors who completed a socio-demographic and violence-related interview, as well as questionnaires to assess PTSD and CPTSD, severity of violence, resilience and emotion regulation strategies. RESULTS The results showed a higher prevalence of CPTSD (39.50%), compared to PTSD (17.90%). Moreover, a high level of fear was related to re-experiencing in the here and now, avoidance, current sense of threat and disturbances in relationships. Low levels of resilience and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies such as expressive suppression were related to affective dysregulation, negative self-concept and disturbances in relationships. Finally, the results showed that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies differentiated between meeting CPTSD and PTSD criteria in women survivors of IPV. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that CPTSD was twice as prevalent as PTSD within the sample. Moreover, maladaptive emotion regulation strategy as expressive suppression was the main variable related to experiencing CPTSD, in contrast to PTSD. These findings may have important implications for the design of specific treatments aimed at women survivors of IPV, who also suffer CPTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Fillol
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Pitsiakou
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Perez-Garcia
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I Teva
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - N Hidalgo-Ruzzante
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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23
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Macia KS, Moschetto JM, Wickham RE, Brown LM, Waelde LC. Cumulative Trauma Exposure and Chronic Homelessness Among Veterans: The Roles of Responses to Intrusions and Emotion Regulation. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:1017-1028. [PMID: 32662141 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Veterans with mental health problems and a history of interpersonal and military trauma exposure are at increased risk for chronic homelessness. Although studies have examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a predictor of homelessness, there is limited understanding of specific mechanisms related to cumulative trauma exposure. We sought to elucidate how cumulative interpersonal and military trauma exposure may be linked to homelessness chronicity by examining the role of factors that influence trauma recovery and functional impairment. Specifically, we examined the indirect association of cumulative trauma exposure with homelessness chronicity through distress and responses to trauma-related intrusions and emotion regulation problems in a sample of 239 veterans in community-based homeless programs. Participants completed measures of trauma exposure, responses to intrusions, intrusion distress, difficulties with emotion regulation, and duration and episodes of homelessness. Structural equation modeling was used to test a serial indirect effect model in which cumulative trauma exposure was indirectly associated with homelessness chronicity through distress from and responses to intrusions as well as emotion regulation problems. The results supported the hypothesized sequential indirect effect for episodes of homelessness, indirect effect odds ratio (IE ORs) = 1.12-1.13, but not for current episode duration, IE OR = 1.05. Overall, the present findings elucidate specific trauma-related factors that may be particularly relevant to episodic patterns of homelessness and interfere with efforts to remain housed. These findings represent an important step toward shaping policy and program development to better meet mental health care needs and improve housing outcomes among homeless veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Macia
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jenna M Moschetto
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Robert E Wickham
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lisa M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lynn C Waelde
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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24
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Schultebraucks K, Duesenberg M, Di Simplicio M, Holmes EA, Roepke S. Suicidal Imagery in Borderline Personality Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:546-564. [PMID: 30785849 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of suicidal behavior is important to detect suicidality in at-risk populations such as patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Suicidal tendencies are clinically assessed by verbal thoughts rather than by specifically asking about mental images. This study examines whether imagery and verbal thoughts about suicide occur and differ between patients with BPD with and without comorbid PTSD compared to patients with MDD (clinical controls). All patient groups experienced suicide-related images. Patients with BPD with comorbid PTSD reported significantly more vivid images than patients with MDD. Severity of suicidal ideation, number of previous suicide attempts, and childhood traumata were significantly associated with suicidal imagery across all patient groups. The authors demonstrate for the first time that suicide-related mental imagery occurs in BPD and is associated with suicidal ideation. This finding highlights the importance of assessing mental imagery related to suicide in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schultebraucks
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitäts-medizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Moritz Duesenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitäts-medizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Di Simplicio
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Psychiatry, Brain Sciences Division, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitäts-medizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Wilson NJ, Chen YW, Mahoney N, Buchanan A, Marks A, Cordier R. Experience sampling method and the everyday experiences of adults with intellectual disability: A feasibility study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1328-1339. [PMID: 32476225 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of people with intellectual disability are often reported by proxy, excluding the person's own perception. To assist people with intellectual disabilities ability to communicate their own experiences, the current study explored the feasibility, reliability and validity of experience sampling methods (ESMs) for people with intellectual disability. METHOD After a training session, 19 participants carried a mobile device for 7 consecutive days, answering a survey when prompted 7 times daily. Participants were interviewed at the end of data collection. RESULTS Excluding incomplete entries, the response rate was 33.8%, varying by living arrangement and employment. Split-half reliability and correlations among logically linked internal experiences demonstrated strong reliability and validity. Illustration of the context of responses supported face validity. Technological and content difficulties were discussed in interviews. CONCLUSIONS Experience sampling methods is feasible for some people with intellectual disability, providing valid and reliable information. Future research is needed to further improve feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha Mahoney
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angus Buchanan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anne Marks
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Naragon-Gainey K, McMahon TP, Park J. The contributions of affective traits and emotion regulation to internalizing disorders: Current state of the literature and measurement challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 73:1175-1186. [PMID: 30525799 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional affective processes are central to the experience of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, and related disorders). Specifically, extreme positive affect and elevated negative affect each have unique and robust patterns of associations with internalizing symptoms. This article examines affect as both an individual difference and a within-person dynamic process that unfolds over time. Recent research is reviewed that clarifies the hierarchical structure of affect and facet-level associations with symptoms, affect-laden traits that confer risk for internalizing psychopathology, models of emotion regulation, and how emotion regulation abilities and strategies contribute to or detract from psychological well-being. Several measurement challenges in this literature are identified and discussed, including possible conceptual and content overlap, mood-state distortion, naturalistic assessment in daily life, and the benefits and limitations of self-reported affective experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tierney P McMahon
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
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Biggs QM, Ursano RJ, Wang J, Krantz DS, Carr RB, Wynn GH, Adams DP, Dacuyan NM, Fullerton CS. Daily variation in post traumatic stress symptoms in individuals with and without probable post traumatic stress disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:56. [PMID: 30717731 PMCID: PMC6360743 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the extent to which post traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) vary from day to day in individuals with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined the variation of PTSS by day of the week, and whether daily or day of week variation differs between individuals with and without probable PTSD. METHODS Subjects (N = 80) were assessed for probable PTSD at enrollment. Using an ecological momentary assessment methodology, PTSS were assessed four times daily by self-report for 15 days. Linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship of PTSS and day of the week. RESULTS PTSS varied across the seven days of the week among participants with PTSD (p = .007) but not among those without PTSD (p = .559). Among those with PTSD, PTSS were lowest on Saturday. PTSS were higher on weekdays (Monday through Friday) versus weekends (Saturday and Sunday) in those with PTSD (p = .001) but there were no weekday/weekend differences among those without PTSD (p = .144). These variations were not explained by sleep medication, caffeine or alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with probable PTSD, post traumatic stress symptoms vary by the day of the week, with more symptoms on weekdays compared to weekends. Determination of the factors associated with the daily variation in PTSD symptoms may be important for further developing treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn M. Biggs
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Jing Wang
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - David S. Krantz
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Russell B. Carr
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0560 6544grid.414467.4Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gary H. Wynn
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Deborah Probe Adams
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Nicole M. Dacuyan
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Carol S. Fullerton
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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