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Hunter TR, Chiew BA, McDonald S, Adhikari K. The Prevalence of Maternal Depression and Anxiety Beyond 1 Year Postpartum: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J 2024; 28:1283-1307. [PMID: 38861188 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-024-03930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression and anxiety occurring beyond the 1-year postpartum period can lead to significant suffering for both mother and child. This study aimed to systematically review and synthesize studies reporting the prevalence and incidence of maternal depression and anxiety beyond 1 year post-childbirth. METHODS A systematic literature review of the PsycINFO, Medline, and Embase databases identified studies reporting on the prevalence and/or incidence of depression and/or anxiety among mothers between 1 and 12 years post-childbirth. The quality of the included studies was assessed. Findings were synthesized qualitatively. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies reported the prevalence of depression, with 31 estimates ranging from 6.6% at 3 to 11 years post-childbirth to 41.4% at 3 to 4 years post-childbirth. Five of these studies also reported the prevalence of depression in subgroups (e.g., ethnic origin, income, marital status). Four studies reported the prevalence of anxiety, with nine estimates ranging from 3.7% at 5 years post-childbirth to 37.0% at 3 to 4 years post-childbirth. Only one study reported incidence. The quality of the included studies was variable, with most studies scoring above 7/9. CONCLUSION Maternal anxiety and depression remain prevalent beyond the first year postpartum, particularly in marginalized subgroups. Current observational studies lack consistency and produce highly variable prevalence rates, calling for more standardized measures of depression and anxiety. Clinical practice and research should consider the prevalence of maternal anxiety and depression beyond this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Raina Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Sheila McDonald
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Provincial Population and Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kamala Adhikari
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Provincial Population and Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Glover K, Gartland D, Leane C, Nikolof A, Weetra D, Clark Y, Giallo R, Brown SJ. Development, acceptability and construct validity of the Aboriginal Women's Experiences of Partner Violence Scale (AEPVS): a co-designed, multiphase study nested within an Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander birth cohort. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059576. [PMID: 36008073 PMCID: PMC9422811 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies employ culturally safe approaches to understanding Indigenous women's experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to develop a brief, culturally safe, self-report measure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women's experiences of different types of IPV. DESIGN Multistage process to select, adapt and test a modified version of the Australian Composite Abuse Scale using community discussion groups and pretesting. Revised draft measure tested in Wave 2 follow-up of an existing cohort of Aboriginal families. Psychometric testing and revision included assessment of the factor structure, construct validity, scale reliability and acceptability to create the Aboriginal Women's Experiences of Partner Violence Scale (AEPVS). SETTING South Australia, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 14 Aboriginal women participated in discussion groups, 58 women participated in pretesting of the draft version of the AEPVS and 216 women participating in the Aboriginal Families Study completed the revised draft version of the adapted measure. RESULTS The initial version of the AEPVS based on item review and adaptation by the study's Aboriginal Advisory Group comprised 31 items measuring physical, emotional and financial IPV. After feedback from community discussion groups and two rounds of testing, the 18-item AEPVS consists of three subscales representing physical, emotional and financial IPV. All subscales had excellent construct validity and internal consistency. The AEPVS had high acceptability among Aboriginal women participating in the Aboriginal Families Study. CONCLUSIONS The AEPVS is the first co-designed, multidimensional measure of Aboriginal women's experience of physical, emotional and financial IPV. The measure demonstrated cultural acceptability and construct validity within the setting of an Aboriginal-led, community-based research project. Validation in other settings (eg, primary care) and populations (eg, other Indigenous populations) will need to incorporate processes for community governance and tailoring of research processes to local community contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Glover
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathy Leane
- South Australian Government, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Arwen Nikolof
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donna Weetra
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Clark
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gartland D, Hegarty K, Papadopoullos S, Brown S. Patterns of health service utilisation of mothers experiencing mental health problems and intimate partner violence: Ten-year follow-up of an Australian prospective mother and child cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269626. [PMID: 35704627 PMCID: PMC9200341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Few studies have investigated health service use of mothers experiencing mental health problems or intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to investigate health service utilisation of mothers experiencing mental health problems and intimate partner violence ten years after having a first baby. Methods Prospective cohort of 1507 first-time mothers recruited in Melbourne, Australia. Follow-up at ten years incorporated: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Composite Abuse Scale. Results At ten years postpartum, one in four mothers (26.1%) reported depressive, anxiety or posttraumatic stress symptoms, and almost one in five (19.4%) reported recent IPV. Two-fifths of mothers reporting clinically significant mental health symptoms had experienced recent IPV (Odds Ratio = 5.6, 95% CI 3.9–8.1). Less than half of mothers experiencing mental health problems at ten-year follow-up had discussed their mental health with a general practitioner and around one in three had talked to a mental health professional. Two-thirds of mothers experiencing recent IPV had not disclosed this to a general practitioner or mental health professional. Conclusions The findings highlight the extent to which many women deal with IPV and mental health problems without the support that primary health care and mental health care could provide and point to the need for more concerted efforts to strengthen health system responses to these frequently related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra Papadopoullos
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Brown SJ, Gartland D, Woolhouse H, Giallo R, McDonald E, Seymour M, Conway L, FitzPatrick KM, Cook F, Papadopoullos S, MacArthur C, Hegarty K, Herrman H, Nicholson JM, Hiscock H, Mensah F. The maternal health study: Study design update for a prospective cohort of first-time mothers and their firstborn children from birth to age ten. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:612-625. [PMID: 33956353 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal health is critical to the health and well-being of children and families, but is rarely the primary focus of pregnancy and birth cohort studies. Globally, poor maternal health and the exposure of women and children to family violence contribute to the perpetuation and persistence of intergenerational health inequalities. OBJECTIVES The Maternal Health Study was designed to investigate the contribution of social and obstetric risk factors to common maternal physical and psychological morbidities. Over time, our focus has expanded to include mother-child pairs and investigation of intergenerational trauma and family violence. POPULATION A total of 1507 first-time mothers were recruited in early pregnancy from six public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003-2005. METHODS Women completed questionnaires or telephone interviews in early pregnancy (≤24 weeks); at 32 weeks' gestation; at three, six, nine, 12 and 18 months postpartum; and at four and ten years. At ten years, women and children were invited to participate in face-to-face interviews, which included direct assessment of children's cognitive and language development. A wide range of obstetric, social and contextual factors have been measured, including exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) (1-year, 4-year and 10-year follow-up). RESULTS 1507 eligible women were recruited at a mean gestation of 15 weeks. At one year, four years and ten years postpartum, 90.0%, 73.1% and 63.2% of the original cohort took part in follow-up. One in three women in the study (34.5%) reported exposure to IPV in the first ten years of motherhood: 19% in the first 12 months postpartum, 20% in the year prior to four-year follow-up and 18.3% in the year prior to ten-year follow-up. CONCLUSION The study affords a unique opportunity to examine patterns of maternal and child health and health service use associated with exposure to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Hannah Woolhouse
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ellie McDonald
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Monique Seymour
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Laura Conway
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kelly M FitzPatrick
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Fallon Cook
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sandra Papadopoullos
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christine MacArthur
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Helen Herrman
- Orygen and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jan M Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Intimate partner violence and maternal mental health ten years after a first birth: An Australian prospective cohort study of first-time mothers. J Affect Disord 2020; 262:247-257. [PMID: 31732279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal mental health ten years after a first birth METHODS: 1507 first-time mothers completed questionnaires at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months postpartum and 4 and ten years post the index birth. Exposure to IPV was assessed using the Composite Abuse Scale at 1, 4 and ten years. Standardised measures of depressive (CES-D), anxiety (BAI) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PCL-C) were completed at ten-year follow-up. RESULTS One in three (34%) women experienced IPV between the birth of their first child and their child turning 10. For the one in six women (18.6%) who experienced IPV in the year prior to ten-year follow-up, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 38.9% compared with 14.2% for women who never reported IPV (adjusted odds ratio [AdjOR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-4.5). Prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 28.1% compared with 8.5% (AdjOR 3.4, 95% CI 2.0-5.9); and prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms was 41.9% compared with 11.3% (AdjOR 4.9, 95% CI 3.0-7.9). LIMITATIONS Mental health symptoms and exposure to IPV were assessed by self-report and may be subject to misclassification bias as a result of non-disclosure. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of mental health symptoms among women exposed to IPV in the ten years after giving birth coupled with the extent of post-traumatic stress symptoms and co-morbid mental health symptoms reinforce the need to provide appropriate care and referral pathways to women in the decade after having a baby. Recognition of the context of IPV and nature of mental health concerns is needed in tailoring responses.
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