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Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Mohammadi Tofigh A, Jahangiri L, Nikniaz Z, Nikniaz L. Sugar-sweetened beverages intake and the risk of obesity in children: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12914. [PMID: 35466543 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased worldwide and has reached alarming proportions. Contradictive results from studies and reviews have fuelled an endless debate on the role of SSBs in the development of childhood obesity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake on body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), and waist circumference (WC) among children. METHODS Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched up to August 2021. Observational studies reporting the relation between SSBs intake and BMI, BFP, and WC were included. STATA version 15 was used to analyse the data. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, 33 studies with 121 282 subjects were included. Excessive SSBs intake was associated with 0.75 kg/m2 increase in BMI in children and adolescents (WMD: 0.75; CI 0.35-1.15; p < 0.001). In addition, high SSBs intake was significantly associated with higher WC (WMD: 2.35 cm; 95% CI, 1.34, 3.37; p = 0.016) and BFP (WMD: 2.81; CI 2.21-3.41; p < 0.001). No departure from linearity was detected in dose-response meta-analysis between SSBs consumption and changes in BMI, WC, and BFP. CONCLUSION High SSBs consumption was associated with increased BMI, WC, and BFP among children and adolescents. Further large prospective long-term interventions are recommended to confirm the observed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Mohammadi Tofigh
- Department of general surgery, school of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jahangiri
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Balantekin KN, Moore AM, Ruggiero CF, Savage JS. A synthesis of early antecedents of eating behavior and weight status in girls: The legacy of girls' NEEDS project. Appetite 2022; 175:106052. [PMID: 35483476 PMCID: PMC9913538 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Leann Birch, an innovator in the field of children's eating behavior, was the first scientist to synergize the fields of developmental psychology and nutrition science. One of Leann's groundbreaking projects was the Girls' NEEDS Project (GNP), an NIH-funded observational study of the longitudinal development of eating and weight-related behaviors of girls across middle childhood and adolescence. At the time of GNP, obesity prevalence during childhood had roughly doubled during the previous two decades, research interest in dieting had increased as societal expectations of the 'thin ideal' got even thinner, and little was known about how environmental factors such as parenting influenced the development of maladaptive eating and weight-related behaviors. GNP resulted in over 70 publications, covering a range of topics from girls' dietary intake and physical activity to parental influences on girls' eating behavior, thus laying the groundwork for many topics in the obesity, food parenting, and dieting literature today. Therefore, this narrative review aims to summarize and synthesize the literature that resulted from the GNP and provide implications for future work building from this foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, 355 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Amy M Moore
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Cara F Ruggiero
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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3
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Trends in Total, Added, and Natural Phosphorus Intake in Adult Americans, NHANES 1988-1994 to NHANES 2015-2016. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072249. [PMID: 34210102 PMCID: PMC8308364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phosphorus intake in the USA has been consistently greater than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) with several studies reporting associations between intake and health risks as well as all-cause mortality within healthy subjects and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current study utilized a novel approach to calculate added phosphorus content in foods to determine sources (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 2001–2016, n = 39,796) and trends in consumption (NHANES 1988–1994, 2001–2016, n = 55,744) of total, naturally occurring, and added phosphorus. Among adults (19+ years), the mean intake of total and natural phosphorus (mg/day) in 1988–1994 as compared with 2015–2016 increased (total: 1292 ± SE 11 vs. 1398 ± SE 17; natural: 1113 ± SE 10 vs. 1243 ± SE 16 mg/day); in contrast, added phosphorus intake decreased during this time (178 ± SE 2.9 vs. 155 ± SE 4.1 mg/day). Added phosphorus as a percent of total ranged from about 14.6% in 1988–1994 to about 11.6% in 2015–2016. The top five sources of total and naturally occurring phosphorus, representing approximately 20% of intake, were cheese, pizza, chicken (whole pieces), reduced-fat milk, and eggs/omelets. The top five sources of added phosphorus were cheese, soft drinks, cakes/pies, rolls/buns, and cookies/brownies, representing 45% of added phosphorus in the diet. Consumption of added phosphorus has decreased over the past few decades, possibly due to increased demand for foods with less additives/ingredients but may also be due to inaccurate phosphorus values in nutrition databases. Further studies are needed to validate the added phosphorus calculations utilized in this study and nutrition databases should consider providing added phosphorus content.
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The potential nutrition-, physical- and health-related benefits of cow's milk for primary-school-aged children. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 35:50-69. [PMID: 33902780 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242100007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cow's milk is a naturally nutrient-dense foodstuff. A significant source of many essential nutrients, its inclusion as a component of a healthy balanced diet has been long recommended. Beyond milk's nutritional value, an increasing body of evidence illustrates cow's milk may confer numerous benefits related to health. Evidence from adult populations suggests that cow's milk may have a role in overall dietary quality, appetite control, hydration and cognitive function. Although evidence is limited compared with the adult literature, these benefits may be echoed in recent paediatric studies. This article, therefore, reviews the scientific literature to provide an evidence-based evaluation of the associated health benefits of cow's milk consumption in primary-school-aged children (4-11 years). We focus on seven key areas related to nutrition and health comprising nutritional status, hydration, dental and bone health, physical stature, cognitive function, and appetite control. The evidence consistently demonstrates cow's milk (plain and flavoured) improves nutritional status in primary-school-aged children. With some confidence, cow's milk also appears beneficial for hydration, dental and bone health and beneficial to neutral concerning physical stature and appetite. Due to conflicting studies, reaching a conclusion has proven difficult concerning cow's milk and cognitive function; therefore, a level of caution should be exercised when interpreting these results. All areas, however, would benefit from further robust investigation, especially in free-living school settings, to verify conclusions. Nonetheless, when the nutritional-, physical- and health-related impact of cow's milk avoidance is considered, the evidence highlights the importance of increasing cow's milk consumption.
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Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:3189-3199. [PMID: 31112114 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and examine associations with diet quality and BMI. DESIGN Children's weight and height were measured. Participants/adult proxies completed multiple 24 h dietary recalls. Snack occasions were self-identified. Snack patterns were derived for each sample using exploratory factor analysis. Associations of snacking characteristics and patterns with Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score and BMI were examined using multivariable linear regression models. SETTING Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium, USA: NET-Works, GROW, GOALS and IMPACT studies. PARTICIPANTS Predominantly low-income, racial/ethnic minorities: NET-Works (n 534, 2-4-year-olds); GROW (n 610, 3-5-year-olds); GOALS (n 241, 7-11-year-olds); IMPACT (n 360, 10-13-year-olds). RESULTS Two snack patterns were derived for three studies: a meal-like pattern and a beverage pattern. The IMPACT study had a similar meal-like pattern and a dairy/grains pattern. A positive association was observed between meal-like pattern adherence and HEI-2010 score (P for trend < 0⋅01) and snack occasion frequency and HEI-2010 score (β coefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, 0⋅14 (0⋅04, 0⋅23); GROW, 0⋅12 (0⋅02, 0⋅21)) among younger children. A preference for snacking while using a screen was inversely associated with HEI-2010 score in all studies except IMPACT (β coefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, -3⋅15 (-5⋅37, -0⋅92); GROW, -2⋅44 (-4⋅27, -0⋅61); GOALS, -5⋅80 (-8⋅74, -2⋅86)). Associations with BMI were almost all null. CONCLUSIONS Meal-like and beverage patterns described most children's snack intake, although patterns for non-Hispanic Blacks or adolescents may differ. Diets of 2-5-year-olds may benefit from frequent meal-like pattern snack consumption and diets of all children may benefit from decreasing screen use during eating occasions.
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Puschner B, Gallego SM. Chemical hazards associated with milk and dairy. CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-877-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 149 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven M. Gallego
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services, 2135 Civic Center Drive, Redding, CA 96001, USA
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Wang J, Fielding-Singh P. How Food Rules at Home Influence Independent Adolescent Food Choices. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:219-226. [PMID: 29779673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of unhealthy dietary behaviors among adolescents is high. We examined the effect of having health-oriented food rules at home on the healthiness of adolescents' independent food choices, and the necessity of parental oversight for such rules to be effective. METHODS We surveyed a socioeconomically and racially diverse San Francisco Bay Area public high school in May 2017 (N = 1,246). We used ordinal logistic regressions to assess the relationships between adolescent-reported presence of health-oriented food rules at home and the healthiness of snacks selected by adolescents in a raffle, which included a randomized controlled experiment to manipulate the level of parental approval students needed to pick up their snacks. RESULTS Adolescents reporting at least one health-oriented food rule at home were significantly more likely to choose healthier snacks in the raffle (adjusted odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-2.45). Telling adolescents that a parent needed to approve the snacks did not have a significant effect on snack choice healthiness relative to a no-approval baseline condition (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI .55-1.86). Post hoc analyses suggest that rules may affect adolescent food-related attitudes and perceptions of parental reactions; for example, adolescents with rules reported that their parents would be more disappointed (adjusted mean difference on five-point scale, .5; 95% CI .36-.64) if they made an unhealthy food choice. CONCLUSIONS Having health-oriented food rules at home is associated with healthier snack choices. Findings suggest that adolescents with rules also hold beliefs that may correspond to healthier independent dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wang
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Gui ZH, Zhu YN, Cai L, Sun FH, Ma YH, Jing J, Chen YJ. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Risks of Obesity and Hypertension in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A National Cross-Sectional Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121302. [PMID: 29189729 PMCID: PMC5748752 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and its association with obesity and hypertension in a national sample of children and adolescents in China, where many low- and middle-income families live. Data were obtained from a 2014 national intervention program against obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–17 years. Height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Information of SSB consumption, socioeconomic status, dietary intake, screen time, and physical activity were self-reported. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of SSB consumption with obesity and hypertension. A total of 66.6% of the 53,151 participants reported consuming SSB. The per capita and per consumer SSB intake were 2.84 ± 5.26 servings/week and 4.26 ± 5.96 servings/week, respectively. Boys, older children, and adolescents, and individuals with long screen time or high physical activity or low parental education level were more likely to consume SSB. Participants who were high SSB consumers had a higher odds ratio (1.133, 95% CI: 1.054–1.217) than non-consumers for having abdominal obesity after adjustment for age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status, diet, screen time, and physical activity. However, SSB consumption was not associated with general obesity or hypertension in children and adolescents. In conclusion, more than half of the children and adolescents in China consumed SSB, which was independently related to a high risk of abdominal obesity. The results of this study indicated that SSB reduction strategies and policies may be useful in preventing obesity among Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Huan Gui
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Yan-Na Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Feng-Hua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po 99907, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying-Hua Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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9
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Luna RE, Polk S, Thompson DA. Understanding the Use of Whole Milk and Flavored Powders in Children of Low-Income, Immigrant Latina Mothers: A Descriptive Study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:480-484. [PMID: 27507808 PMCID: PMC5299072 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816661505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubi E. Luna
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Sarah Polk
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
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10
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Ludwa IA, Falk B, Ward WE, Gammage KL, Klentrou P. Mechanical, biochemical, and dietary determinants of the functional model of bone development of the radius in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:780-787. [PMID: 28273428 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the degree to which various mechanical, biochemical, and dietary factors are related to nonweight bearing bone properties in 172 healthy peri-pubertal children (age, 11.7 ± 2.0 years). Dominant radial speed of sound (rSOS) was measured by transaxial quantitative ultrasound at distal radius. Potential modulating factors included somatic maturity offset (years from age of peak height velocity), grip strength, forearm lean cross-sectional area (CSA), physical activity, nutritional intake, and amino-terminal cross-linking propeptide (NTx), reflecting bone resorption. In a hierarchical regression, grip strength adjusted for CSA was the second most important predictor of rSOS after the maturity offset (β = 0.22 and β = 0.33, respectively; R2 = 0.16). When relative grip strength was added to the model the contribution of sex was no longer significant. Calcium intake was a significant predictor of rSOS only after NTx was accounted for in the model (β = 0.17, R2 = 0.21). This may suggest that calcium's effects on the muscle-bone unit may be modulated through bone resorption. In the final model, relative grip strength together with maturity offset, dietary calcium, and NTx explained up to 21% of the variance in rSOS in this cohort of children. Therefore, during the peri-pubertal stage, size-adjusted forearm muscle strength is related to radial bone strength after controlling for maturity, with calcium intake having a potential indirect association through NTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella A Ludwa
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Kimberley L Gammage
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Metabolic, endocrine and appetite-related responses to acute and daily milk snack consumption in healthy, adolescent males. Appetite 2017; 108:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Fayet-Moore F. Effect of flavored milk vs plain milk on total milk intake and nutrient provision in children. Nutr Rev 2015; 74:1-17. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Green BP, Turner L, Stevenson E, Rumbold PLS. Short communication: Patterns of dairy consumption in free-living children and adolescents. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3701-5. [PMID: 25795492 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
According to national survey data, dairy food consumption has fallen in recent years and declines further with age, especially from childhood to adolescence. Dietary surveys typically rely on retrospective dietary assessment methods and use broad age groupings (4-10 yr; 11-18 yr), making it challenging to differentiate between middle-childhood and adolescence. Consequently, there is a need to assess dairy food consumption during middle-childhood and adolescence using more robust dietary assessment tools. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare patterns of dairy consumption throughout middle-childhood and adolescence. Dairy food consumption was assessed during school term-time over 4 consecutive days, including 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days, in a sample of free-living children (9-11 yr, n=40) and adolescents (15-18 yr, n=35). For children, free-living dairy intake was evaluated through parental-weighed food records, and for adolescents, a combined weighed self-reported food record and 24-h dietary recall technique was utilized. Food records were explored to determine types, amounts, and frequency of dairy food consumption, and were analyzed for differences between middle-childhood and adolescence using a between group 2×2 (age×sex) ANOVA. Descriptive data suggested that milk was the most popular dairy product consumed by both children and adolescents. Statistical analysis revealed a main effect for sex on total milk consumption (mL) and number of daily milk portions consumed. No interaction or main effect was present for any other variable. The present study indicates that independent of age, boys consumed greater amounts of milk compared with girls. Contrary to existing literature, findings suggest no difference in milk-based dairy consumption between middle-childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Green
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Louise Turner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Penny L S Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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14
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Omidvar N, Neyestani TR, Hajifaraji M, Eshraghian MR, Rezazadeh A, Armin S, Haidari H, Zowghi T. Calcium Intake, Major Dietary Sources and Bone Health Indicators in Iranian Primary School Children. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015. [PMID: 26199684 PMCID: PMC4505966 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adequate calcium intake may have a crucial role with regards to prevention of many chronic diseases, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, different types of cancer, obesity and osteoporosis. In children, sufficient calcium intake is especially important to support the accelerated growth spurt during the preteen and teenage years and to increase bone mineral mass to lay the foundation for older age. Objectives: This study aimed to assess daily calcium intake in school-age children to ensure whether they fulfill the FGP dairy serving recommendations, the recommended levels of daily calcium intake and to assess the relationship between dietary calcium intake and major bone health indicators. Patients and Methods: A total of 501 Iranian school-age children were randomly selected. Calcium intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone health indicators were also assessed. Results: Dairy products contributed to 69.3% of the total calcium intake of the children. Daily adequate intake of calcium was achieved by 17.8% of children. Only 29.8% met the Food guide pyramid recommendations for dairy intake. Dietary calcium intake was not significantly correlated with serum calcium and other selected biochemical indicators of bone health. Conclusions: The need for planning appropriate nutrition strategies for overcoming inadequate calcium intake in school age children in the city of Tehran is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Omidvar
- Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Nasrin Omidvar, Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
| | | | - Majid Hajifaraji
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Programming Research, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Eshraghian
- National Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Arezoo Rezazadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Saloumeh Armin
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Homa Haidari
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Telma Zowghi
- Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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15
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Dror DK, Allen LH. Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a review of association with health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:68-81. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna K Dror
- Allen Laboratory; US Department of Agriculure, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center; Davis California USA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Allen Laboratory; US Department of Agriculure, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center; Davis California USA
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16
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Oza-Frank R, Zavodny M, Cunningham SA. Beverage displacement between elementary and middle school, 2004-2007. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:1390-1396. [PMID: 22818245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweetened beverages of low nutritional quality might be displacing more nutritious beverages, such as 100% fruit juice and milk, from children's diets. However, previous research has not examined changes in beverage intake over time using nationally representative longitudinal data. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine changes in sweetened beverage, milk, and juice consumption between 5th and 8th grade. DESIGN We used a longitudinal analysis of self-reported beverage consumption. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Data were from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Cohort 1998-1999 (ECLS-K), a nationally representative study of children followed from kindergarten through 8th grade. This analysis used data from Spring 2004 and 2007, when most children were in 5th and 8th grade, respectively (n=7,445). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures were changes in consumption of sweetened beverages, milk, and 100% fruit juice last week. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Survey-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate longitudinal relationships between servings of milk, sweetened beverages, and 100% fruit juice, controlling for child and family characteristics and food consumption. RESULTS Children's milk consumption decreased between 5th and 8th grade, and these decreases were larger among children who drank sweetened beverages daily. However, after controlling for demographic characteristics, changes in children's milk consumption were not significantly related to changes in their consumption of sweetened beverages over time (β=.005; P=0.81), while changes in milk consumption were positively related to changes in juice consumption (β=.087; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Observed decreases in average milk consumption from 5th to 8th grade were not related to changes in sweetened-beverage consumption. They were positively related to changes in fruit juice consumption, so not indicating displacement. Caloric beverages generally tended to increase or decrease in tandem, so focus must be placed on their role in children's entire diet and on balancing them with food and total beverage intake.
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Benbenek MM, Garwick AW. Enablers and barriers to dietary practices contributing to bone health among early adolescent Somali girls living in Minnesota. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2012; 17:205-14. [PMID: 22734874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2012.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the dietary factors that contribute to bone health among first generation Somali girls and to determine the social and cultural contexts that shape these health behaviors. DESIGN AND METHODS Findings presented are from a larger, descriptive qualitative study that used a series of focus groups with four cohorts of 11- to 14-year-old Somali girls (n= 39) living in two Minnesota communities. RESULTS Cultural tradition, developmental stage, acculturation, and environment were major factors contributing to the intake of calcium and vitamin D-rich foods. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Findings provide the foundation for the development of culturally relevant promotion of foods rich in calcium and vitamin D.
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Rangan AM, Flood VM, Denyer G, Webb K, Marks GB, Gill TP. Dairy Consumption and Diet Quality in a Sample of Australian Children. J Am Coll Nutr 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Noel SE, Ness AR, Northstone K, Emmett P, Newby PK. Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat in children from ages 10 to 13 years. J Nutr 2011; 141:2035-41. [PMID: 21940511 PMCID: PMC3192461 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.143420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies report conflicting results for the relationship between milk intake and adiposity in children. We examined prospective and cross-sectional associations between milk intake and percent body fat among 2245 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Cross-sectional analyses were performed at age 13 y between total, full-fat, and reduced-fat milk intake assessed using 3-d dietary records and body fat from DXA. Prospective analyses were conducted between milk intakes at age 10 y and body fat at 11 and 13 y. Models were adjusted for age, sex, height, physical activity, pubertal status, maternal BMI, maternal education, and intakes of total fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, 100% fruit juice, and ready-to-eat cereals; baseline BMI was added to prospective models. Subset analyses were performed for those with plausible dietary intakes. Mean milk consumption at 10 and 13 y was (mean ± SD) 0.90 ± 0.73 and 0.85 ± 0.78 servings/d [1 serving = 8 oz of milk (244 g of plain and 250 g flavored milk)], respectively. Cross-sectional results indicated an inverse association between full-fat milk intake and body fat [β = -0.47 (95% CI = -0.76, -0.19); P = 0.001]. Milk intake at age 10 y was inversely associated with body fat at 11 y [β = -0.16 g/d (95%CI = -0.28, -0.04); P = 0.01], but not among those with plausible dietary intakes, suggesting that this association was influenced by dietary measurement errors. Milk intake was not associated with body fat at age 13 y after adjustment. Although our prospective results corroborate other findings of a null associations between milk intake and adiposity, our inconsistent findings across analyses suggest further investigation is needed to clarify the relation, and accounting for dietary reporting errors is an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E. Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kate Northstone
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Pauline Emmett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - P. K. Newby
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rafferty K, Watson P, Lappe JM. The selection and prevalence of natural and fortified calcium food sources in the diets of adolescent girls. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 43:96-102. [PMID: 21392712 PMCID: PMC3056143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of calcium-fortified food and dairy food on selected nutrient intakes in the diets of adolescent girls. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial, secondary analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Adolescent girls (n = 149) from a midwestern metropolitan area participated in randomized controlled trials of bone physiology from 1997 to 2008. INTERVENTION Subjects randomly assigned to a high-calcium (HC) diet supplying 1,500 mg calcium/d, or their usual diet (UC). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary intake was assessed from 3-day food records and calcium intakes categorized by food source. Food group composites, representing calcium-fortified and dairy food categories, were examined for their relative nutrient contributions. Student t tests were used to evaluate differences in selected nutrient intakes between the 2 study groups. RESULTS Dairy food contributed 68% of the total mean 1,494 mg calcium/d in the HC group, and calcium-fortified food contributed 304 mg calcium. In the UC group, dairy food contributed 69% of the total mean 765 mg calcium/d and calcium-fortified food contributed 50 mg calcium. Nutrient profiles of the dairy composites differed significantly from the calcium-fortified composites (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Dairy food was the primary source of calcium selected by these adolescent girls; calcium-fortified food augmented calcium intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rafferty
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Girls' early sweetened carbonated beverage intake predicts different patterns of beverage and nutrient intake across childhood and adolescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:543-50. [PMID: 20338280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information is limited on persistence of early beverage patterns throughout childhood and adolescence and their influence on long-term dietary intake. OBJECTIVE To describe changes in beverage intake during childhood and assess beverage and nutrient intake from ages 5 to 15 years among girls who were consuming or not consuming sweetened carbonated beverages (soda) at age 5 years. DESIGN/SUBJECTS Participants were part of a longitudinal study of non-Hispanic white girls and their parents (n=170) assessed biennially from age 5 to 15 years starting fall 1996. STATISTICAL ANALYSES At each assessment, intakes of beverages (milk, fruit juice, fruit drinks, soda, and tea/coffee), energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients were assessed using three 24-hour recalls. Analyses of longitudinal changes and the interaction between beverage type and age were conducted using a mixed modeling approach. Girls were categorized as either soda consumers or nonconsumers at age 5 years. A mixed modeling approach was used to assess longitudinal differences and patterns of change in beverage and nutrient intake between soda consumption groups. RESULTS Early differences in soda intake were predictive of later soda and milk intake and of differences in selected nutrients. Relative to girls who were not consuming soda beverages at age 5 years, soda consumers at age 5 years had higher subsequent soda intake, lower milk intake, higher intake of added sugars, lower protein, fiber, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium from ages 5 to 15 years. CONCLUSIONS Soda consumption at age 5 years predicted patterns of nutrient intake that persisted during childhood and into adolescence. Diets of soda consumers were higher in added sugars and lower in protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium. Findings provide a more complex picture regarding the emergence of early beverage patterns and their predictive effects on nutrient intake across childhood and adolescence.
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St-Onge MP, Goree LLT, Gower B. High-milk supplementation with healthy diet counseling does not affect weight loss but ameliorates insulin action compared with low-milk supplementation in overweight children. J Nutr 2009; 139:933-8. [PMID: 19321584 PMCID: PMC2714393 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk consumption has decreased in children over the past years. This may play a role in the prevalence of pediatric obesity, because clinical studies have found a beneficial effect of milk consumption for weight management. The objectives of this study were to test whether high-milk consumption leads to greater weight loss and improvements in metabolic risk factors than low milk consumption during a 16-wk healthy eating diet. Overweight children aged 8-10 y were randomized to either high (4 x 236 mL/d) or low (1 x 236 mL/d) milk consumption. Children were provided dietary counseling on healthy eating at baseline and at wk 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. Serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured in fasting children at baseline and wk 8 and 16. An oral glucose tolerance test and body composition assessment by magnetic resonance imaging were conducted at baseline and endpoint. Body weight changes during the 16-wk study not differ between the high-milk (1.3 +/- 0.3 kg) and low-milk (1.1 +/- 0.3 kg) groups. There was no beverage x week interaction on any of the body composition and metabolic variables studied (blood pressure, serum lipids, glucose, and insulin). There was a beverage x week interaction (P = 0.044) on insulin area under the curve showing a trend toward reduced insulin output with a glucose challenge after high-milk consumption (P = 0.062). These data suggest that in overweight children, high-milk consumption in conjunction with a healthy diet does not lead to greater weight loss but may ameliorate insulin action compared with low-milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | - Laura Lee T. Goree
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10025 and Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Barbara Gower
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10025 and Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Smith MB, Signal L. Global influences on milk purchasing in New Zealand--implications for health and inequalities. Global Health 2009; 5:1. [PMID: 19152688 PMCID: PMC2672082 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic changes and policy reforms, consistent with economic globalization, in New Zealand in the mid-1980s, combined with the recent global demand for dairy products, particularly from countries undergoing a 'nutrition transition', have created an environment where a proportion of the New Zealand population is now experiencing financial difficulty purchasing milk. This situation has the potential to adversely affect health. DISCUSSION Similar to other developed nations, widening income disparities and health inequalities have resulted from economic globalization in New Zealand; with regard to nutrition, a proportion of the population now faces food poverty. Further, rates of overweight/obesity and chronic diseases have increased in recent decades, primarily affecting indigenous people and lower socio-economic groups. Economic globalization in New Zealand has changed the domestic milk supply with regard to the consumer and may shed light on the link between globalization, nutrition and health outcomes. This paper describes the economic changes in New Zealand, specifically in the dairy market and discusses how these changes have the potential to create inequalities and adverse health outcomes. The implications for the success of current policy addressing chronic health outcomes is discussed, alternative policy options such as subsidies, price controls or alteration of taxation of recommended foods relative to 'unhealthy' foods are presented and the need for further research is considered. SUMMARY Changes in economic ideology in New Zealand have altered the focus of policy development, from social to commercial. To achieve equity in health and improve access to social determinants of health, such as healthy nutrition, policy-makers must give consideration to health outcomes when developing and implementing economic policy, both national and global.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira B Smith
- HePPRU: Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit & HIA Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Mein St, Newtown, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Louise Signal
- HePPRU: Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit & HIA Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, Mein St, Newtown, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand
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Harris JE, Boushey C, Bruemmer B, Archer SL. Publishing nutrition research: a review of nonparametric methods, part 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:1488-96. [PMID: 18755321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.06.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This is the third article in a periodic five-part series on publishing nutrition research. These monographs are designed to assist in the interpretation of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association author guidelines and provide guidance in publishing and interpreting nutrition-related research articles. This installment focuses on the use of nonparametric statistical methods. The rationale for their use, their advantages and disadvantages, nonparametric alternatives to parametric tests, nonparametric statistical analysis, examples of their use, and helpful resources for further study are topics and issues addressed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Department of Health, Sturzebecker Health Sciences Center, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA.
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Smith C, Richards R. Dietary intake, overweight status, and perceptions of food insecurity among homeless Minnesotan youth. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:550-63. [PMID: 18491407 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth, 9-18 years (n = 202), living in homeless shelters in Minneapolis, Minnesota, were assessed for height, weight, dietary intake, and perceptions of food insecurity. Perceptions of food security were measured by asking youth to respond to the statements (1) "There are times when we do not have enough food in the house," (2) "I go to bed hungry at night," (3) "I do not get enough to eat at home," and (4) "Have you ever had to miss a meal (or not been able to eat) because there was no food at home?" Additionally, questions evaluated coping mechanisms used by children to ward off hunger. Fifty-five percent of the children reported not enough food in the house and 25% reported going to bed hungry. Youth had inadequate intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and potassium and the majority consumed less than the estimated average requirements (EAR) for vitamins A, C, and E, phosphorus, folate, and zinc. Fruits, vegetables, and dairy were also consumed below recommended levels. Forty-five percent of boys and 50% of girls were at risk-for-overweight or were overweight. Overeating, eating anything, eating disliked foods, and eating at the homes of family and friends were identified as strategies to cope with food insecurity. Overeating when food is available may explain why we see a hunger-obesity paradigm to the magnitude that we do among the poorest Americans. These strategies protect children from the immediate negative associations of poverty and hunger, but they may contribute to long-term weight problems currently found in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chery Smith
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55108-6099, USA.
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Murphy MM, Douglass JS, Johnson RK, Spence LA. Drinking Flavored or Plain Milk Is Positively Associated with Nutrient Intake and Is Not Associated with Adverse Effects on Weight Status in US Children and Adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:631-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Langevin DD, Kwiatkowski C, McKay MG, Maillet JO, Touger-Decker R, Smith JK, Perlman A. Evaluation of diet quality and weight status of children from a low socioeconomic urban environment supports "at risk" classification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1973-7. [PMID: 17964318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated diet quality and weight status in 248 randomly selected low-income urban children, aged 7 to 13 years, who were participating in a larger study on the effectiveness of multivitamin supplementation on school performance. Food frequency questionnaires were used to determine intake of total calories and food groups, selected micronutrients, and amount and percent of calories from sweets. Results were compared to age-appropriate recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid and to the Dietary Reference Intakes. Height, weight, and ages obtained from current-year student health records were used to calculate body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) percentile for age. Of 193 participants with usable food frequencies and available weight, height, sex, and age, 22% (n=43) were at risk for overweight and 36% (n=69) were overweight. More than 75% of participants failed to meet recommended servings for grains, vegetables, dairy, and fruit groups, and mean intake of each of these food groups was significantly less than recommendations (P<0.001). Twenty-five percent or more of subjects did not meet Recommended Dietary Allowances for iron and folate. Mean intake of calcium was below the Adequate Intake for calcium and 76% of children 8 years old and younger and 93% of children 9 years old and older did not meet the Adequate Intake for calcium. Mean calorie intake was 1,723 kcal (standard deviation+/-924) and mean percent of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat was 57%, 13%, and 32%, respectively. No correlation was found between total calories, total dietary sugar, or percent of calories from sweets and body mass index. Results of this study suggest that these urban children may be "at risk," based on the high percentage who are overweight and have insufficient food group consumption and micronutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise D Langevin
- Dietetic Internship Program, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-School of Health Related Professions, Scotch Plains, NH 07076, USA.
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St-Onge MP, Claps N, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB, Kosteli A. Greater resting energy expenditure and lower respiratory quotient after 1 week of supplementation with milk relative to supplementation with a sugar-only beverage in children. Metabolism 2007; 56:1699-707. [PMID: 17998024 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked overweight to lower milk and calcium consumption and have proposed a role of milk consumption on energy expenditure (EE). The goal of this study was to compare EE and food intake after a meal of either mixed-nutrient or single-nutrient beverage and examine whether supplementation with that beverage for 1 week will impact EE. This was a randomized, controlled crossover study testing the effect of 2 beverages, milk or fruit-flavored beverage, before and after a supplementation period of 1 week on EE. Food intake at a meal after a snack intake of each beverage was assessed at the end of each measurement period. Ten children, aged 9 to 10 years, participated in all of the testing sessions in the study. There was a significant beverage by testing day interaction on daily EE and thermic effect of food (TEF), whereby EE was greater with milk consumption relative to the fruit-flavored beverage on day 8 (P = .0014) and with fruit-flavored beverage consumption on day 1 vs day 8 (P = .01). Similarly, the TEF was greater with milk compared with fruit-flavored beverage consumption on day 8 (P = .0007) and with fruit-flavored beverage consumption on day 1 relative to day 8 (P = .0097). The TEF declined more rapidly during 6 hours after a fruit-flavored beverage than a milk meal (P = .0018). Food intake did not differ after snack consumption of each beverage before and after milk and fruit-flavored beverage supplementation periods. Over the longer term, consumption of milk beverages may have more favorable effects on energy balance in children than consumption of fruit-flavored beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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van der Pols JC, Bain C, Gunnell D, Smith GD, Frobisher C, Martin RM. Childhood dairy intake and adult cancer risk: 65-y follow-up of the Boyd Orr cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1722-9. [PMID: 18065592 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy consumption affects biological pathways associated with carcinogenesis. Evidence for a link between cancer risk and dairy consumption in adulthood is increasing, but associations with childhood dairy consumption have not been studied adequately. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether dairy consumption in childhood is associated with cancer incidence and mortality in adulthood. DESIGN From 1937 through 1939, some 4,999 children living in England and Scotland participated in a study of family food consumption, assessed from 7-d household food inventories. The National Health Service central register was used to ascertain cancer registrations and deaths between 1948 and 2005 in the 4,383 traced cohort members. Per capita household intake estimates for dairy products and calcium were used as proxy for individual intake. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 770 cancer registrations or cancer deaths occurred. High childhood total dairy intake was associated with a near-tripling in the odds of colorectal cancer [multivariate odds ratio: 2.90 (95% CI: 1.26, 6.65); 2-sided P for trend = 0.005] compared with low intake, independent of meat, fruit, and vegetable intakes and socioeconomic indicators. Milk intake showed a similar association with colorectal cancer risk. High milk intake was weakly inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (P for trend = 0.11). Childhood dairy intake was not associated with breast and stomach cancer risk; a positive association with lung cancer risk was confounded by smoking behavior during adulthood. CONCLUSIONS A family diet rich in dairy products during childhood is associated with a greater risk of colorectal cancer in adulthood. Confirmation of possible underlying biological mechanisms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolieke C van der Pols
- Longitudinal Studies Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Birch L, Savage JS, Ventura A. Influences on the Development of Children's Eating Behaviours: From Infancy to Adolescence. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2007; 68:s1-s56. [PMID: 19430591 PMCID: PMC2678872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leann Birch
- Dr. Leann Birch is Distinguished Professor of Human Development and Nutritional Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, and Director of the Center for Childhood Obesity Research. Dr. Birch is a developmental psychologist, and she is internationally recognized for her research on how early experience and family environments shape children's developing food preferences, eating behaviors, and weight status. She obtained her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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