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Oppenheim S, Webb L, Testa A, Fix RL, Clary L, Mendelson T, Jackson DB. Police Violence Exposure and Traumatic Stress Among Youth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241255735. [PMID: 38903028 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241255735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Youth exposure to violence increases the risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes lasting into adulthood. Traumatic stress is an outcome of particular concern as the physiological stress response impacts the developing brain. Recently, youth exposure to police violence has been conceptualized as an adverse childhood experience that may impact traumatic stress. To examine this possibility, we conducted a systematic review, drawing upon five databases to gather the existing quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed research on exposure to police violence and traumatic stress in youth. Searches yielded 27 relevant articles utilizing various study designs: thirteen quantitative, thirteen qualitative, and one mixed method. Twenty-six of the 27 studies found evidence of a relationship between police violence exposure and traumatic stress in youth. Police violence was associated with youth traumatic stress across three types of exposures: direct, vicarious, and anticipated. Studies also explored differential impacts by race and gender. The review revealed current gaps in the literature, such as a lack of data on select sociodemographic groups (e.g., rural youth, LGBTQ+ youth) and potential protective factors (e.g., resilience and school connectedness). In line with the findings, we put forth a research agenda as well as policy and practice recommendations to improve police interactions with youth and mental health services for youth who have been exposed to police violence. Recommendations include improving systematic data collection to track all types of police violence exposure, creating spaces for positive police interactions with youth, and training mental health practitioners to support youth exposed to police violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey Webb
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Rebecca L Fix
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Clary
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Testa A, Jackson DB, DeAngelis R, Heard-Garris N, Semenza DC, Johnson O. Historical Redlining and Contemporary Violent Victimization Over the Life Course. Am J Prev Med 2024:S0749-3797(24)00211-3. [PMID: 38906426 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses the relationship between living in historically redlined communities and the incidence of violent victimization and examines differences in this relationship across race and ethnicity. METHODS Data are from the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) from Waves I (1994-1995; ages 12-17), III (2001; ages 18-26), IV (2008-2009; ages 24-32), and V (2016-2018; ages 34-44). Multi-level, within-between regression models were used to assess the relationship between residence in historically redlined areas and violent victimization from adolescence to adulthood. The study includes 8,266 participants, and data analysis was conducted in 2024. RESULTS Respondents who lived in redlined areas throughout adolescence and adulthood reported a 4.8% higher average probability of violent victimization relative to those who never lived in redlined areas. Respondents who moved from a non-redlined to a redlined area across waves also reported a 2.2% higher probability of victimization, on average. Although Black and Hispanic respondents were significantly more likely than their White peers to live in a redlined area and report violent victimization at each stage of the life course, the probability of experiencing victimization while living in a redlined area was similar between racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the profound and enduring consequences of New Deal-era redlining policies for present-day safety, emphasizing the urgent need to confront and rectify historical injustices to enhance contemporary safety and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Reed DeAngelis
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Nia Heard-Garris
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics and Primary Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outreach, Research, and Evaluation Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ; New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Odis Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Salazar Flórez JE, Humberto Montoya W, Giraldo Cardona LS. Risk Factors Associated With Bullying in Context of a Territory Exposed to Armed Conflict: A Cross-sectional Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2552-2575. [PMID: 38149609 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231220026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
School violence and bullying are current and problematic events during adolescence. They are likely to have a marked presence in places highly exposed to armed conflict and violent environments, representing a double public health problem. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of different types of school violence perpetrated and experienced by school adolescents in a community with a history of exposure to armed conflict. Two thousand one hundred eighty-five school adolescents from a municipality in Colombia (males = 54.1%, 14-16 years = 38.6%) participated in the study. Nine educational institutions were included. A systematic random sampling was designed, with a proportional allocation of 35% within each school year from sixth to eleventh grade. The School Coexistence and Circumstances Affecting it-ECECA survey was applied. The prevalence and risks of bully and bullying were estimated. RRa were calculated with the 95% confidence interval adjusted for the other confounding variables. Analyses were constructed from generalized linear models, under the Poisson family and a logarithmic link function. We found a 9.3% of bullying victimization and a 3.5% prevalence of bully. A higher risk of bully was found among males, persons between 10 and 14 years of age, residents of rural or urban dispersed areas, residents of violent neighborhoods, alcohol consumers at school, and victims of aggression in childhood (RRa > 1.0, p-values <.05). The risk of victimization of bullying was higher in students younger than 15 years old, as residents of urban areas, having a history of childhood aggression, suffering abuse by a close person, and as alcohol users at school. This study provides evidence of risk factors for aggression and bullying that have implications for possible prevention measures in multiple social domains, including the individual, the family, and the school environment.
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Muñoz E, Hyun J, Diaz JA, Scott SB, Sliwinski MJ. Exposure to neighborhood violence, and laboratory-based and ambulatory cognitive task performance in adulthood. Soc Sci Med 2024; 348:116807. [PMID: 38569283 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to neighborhood violence may have negative implications for adults' cognitive functioning, but the ecological sensitivity of these effects has yet to be determined. We first evaluated the link between exposure to neighborhood violence and two latent constructs of cognitive function that incorporated laboratory-based and ambulatory, smartphone-based, cognitive assessments. Second, we examined whether the effect of exposure to violence was stronger for ambulatory assessments compared to in-lab assessments. METHODS We used data from 256 urban-dwelling adults between 25 and 65 years old (M = 46.26, SD = 11.07); 63.18% non-Hispanic Black, 9.21% non-Hispanic White, 18.41% Hispanic White, 5.02% Hispanic Black, and 4.18% other. Participants completed baseline surveys on neighborhood exposures, cognitive assessments in a laboratory/research office, and ambulatory smartphone-based cognitive assessments five-times a day for 14 days. RESULTS Exposure to neighborhood violence was associated with poorer performance in a latent working memory construct that incorporated in-lab and ambulatory assessments, but was not associated with the perceptual speed construct. The effect of exposure to neighborhood violence on the working memory construct was explained by its effect on the ambulatory working memory task and not by the in-lab cognitive assessments. CONCLUSION This study shows the negative effect that exposure to neighborhood violence may have on everyday working memory performance in urban-dwelling adults in midlife. Results highlight the need for more research to determine the sensitivity of ambulatory assessments to quantify the effects of neighborhood violence on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Muñoz
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Jinshil Hyun
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stacey B Scott
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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de Vries I, Baglivio M, Reid JA. Examining Individual and Contextual Correlates of Victimization for Juvenile Human Trafficking in Florida. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241243332. [PMID: 38567549 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241243332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite extant literature on individual-level risk factors for sex trafficking among children and adolescents, little is known about the impact of social and ecological contexts on risk of human trafficking victimization. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates signaling risk of human trafficking victimization at the individual, family, social, and community levels utilizing a sample of 40,531 justice-involved male and female youth, a small fraction of whom were suspected or verified victims of human trafficking between 2011 and 2015 (N = 801, including 699 female and 102 male youth). Using this sample, we examined differences across individual, family, social, and community characteristics of youth involved in the juvenile justice system who have a history of trafficking victimization and youth without such histories. Series of logistic regression analyses were conducted using varying control groups, created through exact matching and randomized matching groups to address sample imbalances. These analyses indicate that, at the individual level, youth who had experienced childhood adversities were more likely to report human trafficking victimization. Sex differences were found regarding risk factors pertaining to the family and broader socio-ecological contexts. Female youth who had witnessed family violence had an antisocial partner or antisocial friends, or resided in a community with a greater proportion of the population being foreign-born or speaking English less than very well were at heightened risk for human trafficking victimization. Little evidence was found for community-level risk factors of victimization in this specific sample of justice-involved youth. These findings encourage more research to unpack the multilevel correlates of victimizations at the individual, family, social, and community levels, recognizing potential differences between female and male youth regarding the factors that put them at heightened risk for juvenile sex trafficking victimizations. Practice and policy should direct awareness and prevention measures to social and ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Baglivio
- University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Youth Opportunity Investments, LLC, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joan A Reid
- University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA
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Deng L, Liu Y, Wang H, Yu J, Liao L. Resilience mediates the effect of peer victimization on quality of life in Chongqing adolescents: from a perspective of positive childhood experiences. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1186984. [PMID: 37564311 PMCID: PMC10410073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1186984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peer victimization is a harmful experience that contributed to one's psychological problems, physical health deterioration, and so on. Quality of life (QoL) is an important indicator of adolescent health assessment. To identify potential pathways of positive experiences in preventing peer victimization's detrimental effects and then provide intervention ideas for adolescent health, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between peer victimization and QoL in Chongqing adolescents and discover whether resilience plays a mediating role and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) act as a moderating role in the relationship. Methods Data were the first follow-up of a cohort study conducted in four complete middle schools in two districts of Chongqing, China. Self-designed peer victimization items, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Adolescent Quality of Life Scale, and the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale were used. We investigated the differences and correlations in peer victimization, QoL, and resilience between the two PCEs groups. Mplus version 8.3 was used to analyze the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of PCEs in peer victimization and QoL. Results Peer victimization, resilience, and QoL differed between the two PCEs groups (P < 0.001). Peer victimization negatively correlated with QoL and resilience, while resilience positively correlated with QoL (P < 0.001). In the models with total QOL as the dependent variable, the indirect effect was -0.431 (8.08% of the total effect) in the low-PCEs group vs. -2.077 (41.97% of the total effect) in the high-PCEs group. In the models with four dimensions of QOL as the dependent variable, the indirect effects ranged from -0.054 to -0.180 (6.07-12.95% of the total effects) in the low-PCEs group and from 0.295 to -0.823 in the high-PCEs group (35.89-68.76% of the total effects). Both total and indirect effects were significant (P < 0.05). In addition, the differences in indirect effects were significant between the two PCEs groups (P < 0.05), while differences in total and direct effects were almost not apparent. Conclusion Resilience partially mediated the effect of peer victimization on QoL in Chongqing adolescents, and PCEs moderated this mediation. Schools, families, and society should focus on resilience intervention and prioritize the enhancement of PCEs for improving adolescent QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Deng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping Liao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Boyce SC, Deardorff J, McGlone L, Minnis AM. Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors Longitudinally Associated with Dating Violence Perpetration among Non-Urban Mexican-American Adolescents. ADOLESCENTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:72-81. [PMID: 38405681 PMCID: PMC10888527 DOI: 10.3390/adolescents3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
To assess the longitudinal relationship between individual and interpersonal risk and protective factors and dating violence perpetration among non-urban Mexican-American youth. With data from a 24-month prospective cohort study (2015-2019; baseline recruitment spanned from 2015-2017; four follow-up interviews every 6 months) of Mexican-American youth (8th grade at baseline) living in an agricultural region (Salinas, California), we utilized multivariable modified Poisson general estimating equations stratified by gender (n = 489) to assess the relationships of religiosity, non-violent problem-solving skills, school connectedness, family cohesion, and bullying victimization with dating violence perpetration. Among girls, but not boys, non-violent problem-solving skills [adjusted relative risk (ARR): 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56-0.99] and family cohesion (ARR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.48-0.97) were negatively associated with dating violence perpetration, and frequency of bullying victimization was positively associated (ARR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.37-2.59). Non-urban Mexican-American female youth may benefit from multi-level dating violence prevention that strengthens family cohesion by building upon the Mexican-American cultural value of familismo and addresses common risk factors for bullying and dating violence perpetration. Additionally, results affirm etiological differences between girls' and boys' dating violence perpetration and the need for improved measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C. Boyce
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Linda McGlone
- Monterey County Health Department, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Minnis
- Women’s Global Health Imperative, RTI International, San Francisco, CA 94704, USA
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Harris KM, Halpern CT. Implications of Adolescence for Adult Well-Being: 25 Years of Add Health Research. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:S1-S5. [PMID: 36404014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Improving Adolescent and Young Adult Health Through Evidence From Add Health. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:660-661. [PMID: 36403990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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