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Bienfait A, Lagreula J, Blum MR, Rodondi N, Sallevelt BTGM, Knol W, O'Mahony D, Spinewine A, Boland B, Dalleur O. Antipsychotic prescribing and drug-related readmissions in multimorbid older inpatients: a post-hoc analysis of the OPERAM population. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:656-664. [PMID: 38367103 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on characteristics associated with antipsychotic use in multimorbid older adults. AIM Primary: to identify patient characteristics associated with antipsychotic prescribing in a multimorbid population of older inpatients with polypharmacy. Secondary: (1) to observe if antipsychotics use during an index hospitalisation was associated with a drug related admission (DRA) within one year, and (2) to describe these cases of antipsychotic-related readmissions. METHOD This was a secondary analysis of the OPERAM randomized controlled trial. Multivariate analysis assessed the association between characteristics and comorbidities with antipsychotic use. An expert team assessed DRA occurring during the one-year follow-up. RESULTS Antipsychotics were prescribed to 5.5% (n = 110) patients upon admission while 7.7% (n = 154) inpatients received antipsychotics at any time (i.e. upon admission, during hospitalisation, and/or at discharge). The most frequently prescribed antipsychotics were quetiapine (n = 152), haloperidol (n = 48) and risperidone (n = 22). Antipsychotic prescribing was associated with dementia (OR = 3.7 95%CI[2.2;6.2]), psychosis (OR = 26.2 [7.4;92.8]), delirium (OR = 6.4 [3.8;10.8]), mood disorders (OR = 2.6 [1.6;4.1]), ≥ 15 drugs a day (OR = 1.7 [1.1;2.6]), functional dependency (Activities of Daily Living score < 50/100) (OR = 3.9 [2.5;6.1]) and < 2 units of alcohol per week (OR = 2.2 [1.4;3.6]). DRA occurred in 458 patients (22.8%) within one year. Antipsychotic prescribing at any time was not associated with DRA (OR = 1.0 [0.3;3.9]) however contributed to 8 DRAs, including 3 falls. CONCLUSION In this European multimorbid polymedicated older inpatients, antipsychotics were infrequently prescribed, most often at low dosage. Besides neuro-psychiatric symptoms, risk factors for inhospital antipsychotic prescribing were lower functional status and polymedication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bienfait
- Pharmacy Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J Lagreula
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group-Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M R Blum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B T G M Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Knol
- Geriatric Department, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D O'Mahony
- Geriatric Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Spinewine
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group-Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL-Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Namur, Belgium
| | - B Boland
- Geriatric Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Dalleur
- Pharmacy Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group-Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Merrick E, Bloomfield K, Seplaki C, Shannon K, Wham C, Winnington R, Neville S, Bail K, Fry M, Turner M, MacFarlane J. A systematic review of reasons and risks for acute service use by older adult residents of long-term care. J Clin Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38616544 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify the reasons and/or risk factors for hospital admission and/or emergency department attendance for older (≥60 years) residents of long-term care facilities. BACKGROUND Older adults' use of acute services is associated with significant financial and social costs. A global understanding of the reasons for the use of acute services may allow for early identification and intervention, avoid clinical deterioration, reduce the demand for health services and improve quality of life. DESIGN Systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022326964) and reported following PRISMA guidelines. METHODS The search strategy was developed in consultation with an academic librarian. The strategy used MeSH terms and relevant keywords. Articles published since 2017 in English were eligible for inclusion. CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection were searched (11/08/22). Title, abstract, and full texts were screened against the inclusion/exclusion criteria; data extraction was performed two blinded reviewers. Quality of evidence was assessed using the NewCastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Thirty-nine articles were eligible and included in this review; included research was assessed as high-quality with a low risk of bias. Hospital admission was reported as most likely to occur during the first year of residence in long-term care. Respiratory and cardiovascular diagnoses were frequently associated with acute services use. Frailty, hypotensive medications, falls and inadequate nutrition were associated with unplanned service use. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risks have been identified that may act as a trigger for assessment and be amenable to early intervention. Coordinated intervention may have significant individual, social and economic benefits. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This review has identified several modifiable reasons for acute service use by older adults. Early and coordinated intervention may reduce the risk of hospital admission and/or emergency department. REPORTING METHOD This systematic review was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Merrick
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Bloomfield
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Older Adult Services, Te Whatu Ora Waitematā, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Seplaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kay Shannon
- School of Clinical Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol Wham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rhona Winnington
- School of Clinical Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Neville
- Department of Wellbeing and Ageing, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kasia Bail
- Department of Nursing, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Margaret Fry
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray Turner
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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3
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Gordon EH, Reid N, Khetani IS, Hubbard RE. How frail is frail? A systematic scoping review and synthesis of high impact studies. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:719. [PMID: 34922490 PMCID: PMC8684089 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS While the frailty index (FI) is a continuous variable, an FI score of 0.25 has construct and predictive validity to categorise community-dwelling older adults as frail or non-frail. Our study aimed to explore which FI categories (FI scores and labels) were being used in high impact studies of adults across different care settings and why these categories were being chosen by study authors. METHODS For this systematic scoping review, Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases were searched for studies that measured and categorised an FI. Of 1314 articles screened, 303 met the eligibility criteria (community: N = 205; residential aged care: N = 24; acute care: N = 74). For each setting, the 10 studies with the highest field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) were identified and data, including FI scores and labels and justification provided, were extracted and analysed. RESULTS FI scores used to distinguish frail and non-frail participants varied from 0.12 to 0.45 with 0.21 and 0.25 used most frequently. Additional categories such as mildly, moderately and severely frail were defined inconsistently. The rationale for selecting particular FI scores and labels were reported in most studies, but were not always relevant. CONCLUSIONS High impact studies vary in the way they categorise the FI and while there is some evidence in the community-dweller literature, FI categories have not been well validated in acute and residential aged care. For the time being, in those settings, the FI should be reported as a continuous variable wherever possible. It is important to continue working towards defining frailty categories as variability in FI categorisation impacts the ability to synthesise results and to translate findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Gordon
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Building 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. .,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - N Reid
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Building 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - I S Khetani
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - R E Hubbard
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Building 33, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Yuan Y, Lapane KL, Tjia J, Baek J, Liu SH, Ulbricht CM. Physical frailty and cognitive impairment in older nursing home residents: a latent class analysis. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:487. [PMID: 34493211 PMCID: PMC8425049 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the heterogeneous clinical profile of physical frailty and its association with cognitive impairment in older U.S. nursing home (NH) residents. METHODS Minimum Data Set 3.0 at admission was used to identify older adults newly-admitted to nursing homes with life expectancy ≥6 months and length of stay ≥100 days (n = 871,801). Latent class analysis was used to identify physical frailty subgroups, using FRAIL-NH items as indicators. The association between the identified physical frailty subgroups and cognitive impairment (measured by Brief Interview for Mental Status/Cognitive Performance Scale: none/mild; moderate; severe), adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, was estimated by multinomial logistic regression and presented in adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS In older nursing home residents at admission, three physical frailty subgroups were identified: "mild physical frailty" (prevalence: 7.6%), "moderate physical frailty" (44.5%) and "severe physical frailty" (47.9%). Those in "moderate physical frailty" or "severe physical frailty" had high probabilities of needing assistance in transferring between locations and inability to walk in a room. Residents in "severe physical frailty" also had greater probability of bowel incontinence. Compared to those with none/mild cognitive impairment, older residents with moderate or severe impairment had slightly higher odds of belonging to "moderate physical frailty" [aOR (95%CI)moderate cognitive impairment: 1.01 (0.99-1.03); aOR (95%CI)severe cognitive impairment: 1.03 (1.01-1.05)] and much higher odds to the "severe physical frailty" subgroup [aOR (95%CI)moderate cognitive impairment: 2.41 (2.35-2.47); aOR (95%CI)severe cognitive impairment: 5.74 (5.58-5.90)]. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate the heterogeneous presentations of physical frailty in older nursing home residents and additional evidence on the interrelationship between physical frailty and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yuan
- Clinical and Population Health Research PhD Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Kate L Lapane
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jennifer Tjia
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jonggyu Baek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Shao-Hsien Liu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Christine M Ulbricht
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The Impact of a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Implementation of Function-Focused Care in Assisted Living on Resident Falls, Hospitalizations, and Nursing Home Transfers. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:922-930. [PMID: 34140425 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the impact of function-focused care on adverse outcomes in assisted living. This was a randomized trial including 85 settings. The age of the 794 recruited participants was 89.48 (SD = 7.43) years, the majority was female (n = 561, 71%) and White (n = 771, 97%). The percentage of residents in the treatment group experiencing a fall decreased at 12 months from 26% to 20% and the control group increased from 24% to 25%, p = .02. A greater percentage of residents in the treatment group transferred to nursing facilities at 4 months (4-1% in control vs. 4-5% in treatment, p = .02) and 12 months (4-2% in control and 4-7% in treatment, p = .01). There was no treatment effect on emergency room or hospital transfers. The findings support the safety of function-focused care related to falls and need for hospital transfers.
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6
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Aranha ANF, Smitherman HC, Patel D, Patel PJ. Association of Hospital Readmissions and Survivability With Frailty and Palliative Performance Scores Among Long-Term Care Residents. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2020; 37:716-720. [PMID: 32116000 DOI: 10.1177/1049909120907602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty and palliative performance scores are 2 markers used in the measurement of functional decline in oncology and hospice care. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frailty and palliative performance scores of a long-term care resident community and determine whether frailty and palliative performance scores can predict hospital readmissions (HR) and survivability of the long-term care resident. METHODS One hundred seventy-one long-term care residents from 2 urban facilities were evaluated for functional decline using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and Palliative Performance Scale (PPS). Sociodemographic, HR, and survival data for 1 year from study initiation were recorded. RESULTS The 171 long-term care residents, of lower socioeconomic status, primarily Medicare/Medicaid or dual-eligible, evaluated for functional decline using the CFS and PPS, had mean age of 73.1 years, 52.6% female, 94.7% African American, with 18.1% having HR and 87.1% surviving more than a year. There was a negative association between age and HR (P = .384). Among functional evaluation scales, CFS was positively associated with age (P = .013) but not PPS (P = .673). The residents scored 6.0 ± 1.2 on CFS and 52.8 ± 13.2 on PPS (%) with those residents readmitted to hospital having poorer outcomes. Readmission to hospital and survivability of the long-term care resident were both strongly associated with CFS (P = .001) and PPS (P = .001). CONCLUSION There is a strong association between the 2 markers used in the measurement of functional decline-Frailty measured by CFS and Palliative Performance Score measured by PPS. Frailty and palliative performance scores can strongly predict HR and survivability of the long-term care resident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil N F Aranha
- Department of Diversity and Inclusion, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Medical Education, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Herbert C Smitherman
- Diversity and Community Affairs, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pragnesh J Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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8
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Derivation and Validation of a Generalizable Preoperative Frailty Index Using Population-based Health Administrative Data. Ann Surg 2019; 270:102-108. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Cha S, Brown CH. Treating delirium in the intensive care unit: No easy answers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 159:1895-1898. [PMID: 31303322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Charles H Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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Verdoux H, Pambrun E, Tournier M, Cortaredona S, Verger P. Trajectories of Antipsychotic Drug Use Over 10 Years in a French Community-Based Sample of Persons Aged 50 and Older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 27:73-83. [PMID: 30442530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the temporal prescribing patterns of antipsychotics among persons aged 50 and older and to explore the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with each trajectory of antipsychotic drug use. METHODS This was a historical fixed cohort study on a community-based sample of persons affiliated with the French Insurance Healthcare system. Data from community drug reimbursement claims were collected by the French Insurance Healthcare system over the period 2006-2015. The study included 160,853 persons aged 50 and older. Trajectories of antipsychotic drug use were identified by examining the distribution of antipsychotic use within consecutive 3-month periods over the entire follow-up period. Latent class analyses were used to identify distinct trajectories. Multivariate polynomial logistic regression models were used to explore the characteristics independently associated with trajectories. RESULTS Five trajectories of antipsychotic use were identified: null or very low use (93.8%), occasional use (2%), decreasing use (1.6%), chronic use (1.5%), and increasing use (1.1%). Occasional users were older and had a lower use of other psychotropic drugs and a high use of health resources. Chronic users had the highest frequency of chronic psychiatric diseases and were less likely to present with dementia or Parkinson disease. Persons with increasing use of antipsychotics were more frequently males and had a high frequency of dementia; half of them died over the follow-up period compared with 20% in the total sample. CONCLUSION Further studies should explore whether the benefit-risk ratio of antipsychotic drugs in older adults differs according to trajectories of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Verdoux
- University of Bordeaux (HV, EP, MT), Bordeaux, France; the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (HV, EP, MT), U1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Pambrun
- University of Bordeaux (HV, EP, MT), Bordeaux, France; the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (HV, EP, MT), U1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Tournier
- University of Bordeaux (HV, EP, MT), Bordeaux, France; the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (HV, EP, MT), U1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Cortaredona
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection (SC, PV), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Verger
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection (SC, PV), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; ORS PACA (PV), Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, F-13006, Marseille, France.
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11
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Maxwell CJ, Campitelli MA, Hogan DB, Diong C, Austin PC, Amuah JE, Lapane K, Seitz DP, Gill SS, Gruneir A, Wodchis WP, Bronskill SE. Relevance of frailty to mortality associated with the use of antipsychotics among community-residing older adults with impaired cognition. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:289-298. [PMID: 29318705 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between new antipsychotic use and mortality over 6 months among community-based older adults with cognitive impairment, and variation in risk by frailty and sex. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of older (aged 66+) home care clients in Ontario, Canada, using linked administrative health and clinical databases. Included were clients with dementia and/or significant cognitive impairment assessed during April 2008 to March 2013. Frailty was defined using a validated 72-item index. Exposed were those newly dispensed an antipsychotic in the 6 months post cohort entry, with no such claims in the year prior to drug index date. Two-stage matching defined unexposed clients and their index date (matching on age, sex, frailty, assessment year, and propensity score). Outcome was time to death following index date. Cause-specific hazards models were used, and number needed to harm at 6 months was estimated from cumulative incidence function curves. RESULTS Among 4955 matched exposed-unexposed pairs, new antipsychotic users showed a significantly increased hazard of mortality at 1, 3, and 6 months relative to unexposed, with the highest risk observed in the first month (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08 [95% CI, 1.79-2.43]). At 1 month, risk was significantly higher for robust (HR = 3.72 [95% CI, 2.45-5.66]) vs frail (HR = 1.74 [95% CI, 1.40-2.17], P = .002) clients. The number needed to harm was 22.7 and did not vary by frailty but was lower for men (14.9) than for women (35.0). CONCLUSIONS Risk of antipsychotic-associated mortality was highest in the first month following exposure, varied significantly by client frailty, and was greater among men than among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Maxwell
- Schools of Pharmacy and Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David B Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Peter C Austin
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Schulich Heart Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph E Amuah
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kate Lapane
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dallas P Seitz
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Providence Care, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sudeep S Gill
- Providence Care, Kingston, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Andrea Gruneir
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Walter P Wodchis
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan E Bronskill
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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