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Karagöz IK, Kaya M, Rückert R, Bozman N, Kaya V, Bayram H, Yıldırım M. A bioinformatic analysis: Previous allergen exposure may support anti- SARS-CoV-2 immune response. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 107:107961. [PMID: 37788543 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 has become a global health problem due to significant mortality rates; the exact pathophysiological mechanism remains uncertain. Articles reporting patient data are quite heterogeneous and have several limitations. Surviving patients develop a CD4 and CD8 T-cell response to the virus SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19. Interestingly, pre-existing virus-reactive T-cells have been found in patients that were not infected before, suggesting some form of cross-reactivity or immunological mimicry. To better understand this phenomenon, we performed a bioinformatic study, which was aimed to identify antigenic structures that may explain the presence of such "reactive" T-cells, which may support or modulate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Seven different common environmental allergen epitopes identical to the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein were identified that share affinity to 8 MHCI-specific epitope regions. Pollen showed the greatest similarity with the S protein epitope. In the epitope similarity analysis between the S protein and MHC-II / T helper epitopes, the highest similarity was determined for mites. When S-protein that stimulates B cells and identical epitope antigens are examined, the most common allergens were hornbeam and wheat. The high epitope similarity observed for the allergens examined and S protein epitopes suggest that these allergens may be a reason for pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 - reactive T-cells in previously non-infected subjects and such a previous exposure may affect the course of the disease in COVID-19 infection. It remains to be determined whether such a previous existence of SARS-CoV-2 reactive cells can support the clearance of the virus or if they, in contrast, may even aggravate the disease course. (Table 4, Ref 54).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isıl Kutluturk Karagöz
- Umraniye Trn. And Rch. Hospital, Division of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey; Yıldız Technical University, Bioengineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Nazli Bozman
- Gaziantep University Arts and Science Faculty Department of Biology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Vildan Kaya
- Medstar Antalya Hospital, Division of Radiation Oncology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Halim Bayram
- Dr. Ersin Arslan Trn. And Rch Hospital, Division of Infection Diseases, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yıldırım
- Sanko University, School of Medicine, Internal Diseases, Division of Oncology, Gaziantep, Turkey
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2
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Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Urbani F, Moretti S, Antonucci C, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170035. [PMID: 37483591 PMCID: PMC10358847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that, under homeostatic conditions, account for as much as 1-3% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During inflammation, eosinophils can rapidly expand and infiltrate inflamed tissues, guided by cytokines and alarmins (such as IL-33), adhesion molecules and chemokines. Eosinophils play a prominent role in allergic asthma and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they participate in the immune response against respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Notably, respiratory viruses are associated with asthma exacerbation. Eosinophils release several molecules endowed with antiviral activity, including cationic proteins, RNases and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On the other hand, eosinophils release several cytokines involved in homeostasis maintenance and Th2-related inflammation. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emerging evidence indicates that eosinophils can represent possible blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and severity prediction of disease. In particular, eosinopenia seems to be an indicator of severity among patients with COVID-19, whereas an increased eosinophil count is associated with a better prognosis, including a lower incidence of complications and mortality. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role and plasticity of eosinophils focusing on various respiratory viral infections and in the context of viral and allergic disease comorbidities. We will discuss the potential utility of eosinophils as prognostic/predictive immune biomarkers in emerging respiratory viral diseases, particularly COVID-19. Finally, we will revisit some of the relevant methods and tools that have contributed to the advances in the dissection of various eosinophil subsets in different pathological settings for future biomarker definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Urbani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Antonucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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3
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Bloom CI. Covid-19 pandemic and asthma: What did we learn? Respirology 2023; 28:603-614. [PMID: 37154075 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses some of the major lessons we have learnt regarding asthma and the covid-19 pandemic, including susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe covid-19, potentially protective factors, comparison to other respiratory infections, changes in healthcare behaviour from the perspective of patients and clinicians, medications to treat or prevent covid-19, and post-covid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe I Bloom
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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Chronic Rhinosinusitis and COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1423-1432. [PMID: 35307579 PMCID: PMC8926942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness about olfactory dysfunction, although a loss of smell was present in the general population before COVID-19. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common upper airway chronic inflammatory disease that is also one of the most common causes of olfactory dysfunction. It can be classified into different phenotypes (ie, with and without nasal polyps) and endotypes (ie, type 2 and non-type 2 inflammation). However, scientific information regarding CRS within the context of COVID-19 is still scarce. This review focuses on (1) the potential effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on CRS symptoms, including a loss of smell, and comorbidities; (2) the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the olfactory dysfunction; (3) CRS diagnosis in the context of COVID-19, including telemedicine; (4) the protective hypothesis of CRS in COVID-19; and (5) the efficacy and safety of therapeutic options for CRS within the context of COVID-19.
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Gaur P, Zaffran I, George T, Alekberli FR, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. The regulatory role of eosinophils in viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:72-82. [PMID: 35467728 PMCID: PMC9307229 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune cells typically associated with allergic and parasitic diseases. However, in recent years, eosinophils have also been ascribed a role in keeping homeostasis and in fighting several infectious diseases. Indeed, these cells circulate as mature cells in the blood and can be quickly recruited to the infected tissue. Moreover, eosinophils have all the necessary cellular equipment such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-bacterial proteins, and DNA traps to fight pathogens and promote an efficient immune response. This review summarizes some of the updated information on the role of eosinophils' direct and indirect mediated interactions with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Gaur
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Zaffran
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tresa George
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fidan Rahimli Alekberli
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Micha Ben-Zimra
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Flores-Torres AS, Samarasinghe AE. Impact of Therapeutics on Unified Immunity During Allergic Asthma and Respiratory Infections. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:852067. [PMID: 35386652 PMCID: PMC8974821 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.852067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Patients with allergic asthma, the most prevalent asthma endotype, are widely considered to possess a defective immune response against some respiratory infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, respiratory pathogens are associated with asthma development and exacerbations. However, growing data suggest that the immune milieu in allergic asthma may be beneficial during certain respiratory infections. Immunomodulatory asthma treatments, although beneficial, should then be carefully prescribed to avoid misuse and overuse as they can also alter the host microbiome. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent evidence of the correlations between allergic asthma and the most significant respiratory infectious agents that have a role in asthma pathogenesis. We also discuss the implications of current asthma therapeutics beyond symptom prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando S. Flores-Torres
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amali E. Samarasinghe
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Amali E. Samarasinghe
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Gao YD, Agache I, Akdis M, Nadeau K, Klimek L, Jutel M, Akdis CA. The effect of allergy and asthma as a comorbidity on the susceptibility and outcomes of COVID-19. Int Immunol 2021; 34:177-188. [PMID: 34788827 PMCID: PMC8689956 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic causes an overwhelming number of hospitalization and deaths with a significant socioeconomic impact. The vast majority of studies indicate that asthma and allergic diseases do not represent a risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility nor cause a more severe course of disease. This raises the opportunity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the interaction between an allergic background and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The majority of patients with asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, food allergies and drug allergies exhibit an over-expression of type 2 immune and inflammatory pathways with the contribution of epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-31. The potential impact of type 2 inflammation-related allergic diseases on susceptibility to COVID-19 and severity of its course have been reported. In this review, the prevalence of asthma and other common allergic diseases in COVID-19 patients is addressed. Moreover, the impact of allergic and non-allergic asthma with different severity and control status, currently available asthma treatments such as inhaled and oral corticosteroids, short- and long-acting β2 agonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists and biologicals on the outcome of COVID-19 patients is reviewed. In addition, possible protective mechanisms of asthma and type 2 inflammation on COVID-19 infection, such as the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, antiviral activity of eosinophils and cross-reactive T-cell epitopes, are discussed. Potential interactions of other allergic diseases with COVID-19 are postulated, including recommendations for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Gao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard Strasse, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, An den Quellen, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University.,All-MED Medical Research Institute, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard Strasse, Davos, Switzerland
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Vigón L, García-Pérez J, Rodríguez-Mora S, Torres M, Mateos E, Castillo de la Osa M, Cervero M, Malo De Molina R, Navarro C, Murciano-Antón MA, García-Gutiérrez V, Planelles V, Alcamí J, Pérez-Olmeda M, Coiras M, López-Huertas MR. Impaired Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in a Spanish Cohort of Patients With COVID-19 Admitted to the ICU. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742631. [PMID: 34616404 PMCID: PMC8488389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, ranging from mild to critical disease in symptomatic subjects. It is essential to better understand the immunologic responses occurring in patients with the most severe outcomes. In this study, parameters related to the humoral immune response elicited against SARS-CoV-2 were analysed in 61 patients with different presentations of COVID-19 who were recruited in Hospitals and Primary Healthcare Centres in Madrid, Spain, during the first pandemic peak between April and June 2020. Subjects were allocated as mild patients without hospitalization, severe patients hospitalized or critical patients requiring ICU assistance. Critical patients showed significantly enhanced levels of B cells with memory and plasmablast phenotypes, as well as higher levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 with neutralization ability, which were particularly increased in male gender. Despite all this, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was defective in these individuals. Besides, patients with critical COVID-19 also showed increased IgG levels against herpesvirus such as CMV, EBV, HSV-1 and VZV, as well as detectable CMV and EBV viremia in plasma. Altogether, these results suggest an enhanced but ineffectual immune response in patients with critical COVID-19 that allowed latent herpesvirus reactivation. These findings should be considered during the clinical management of these patients due to the potential contribution to the most severe disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vigón
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Castillo de la Osa
- Serology Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Miguel Cervero
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain
| | - Rosa Malo De Molina
- Neumology Service, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Serology Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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9
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Ferastraoaru D, Hudes G, Jerschow E, Jariwala S, Karagic M, de Vos G, Rosenstreich D, Ramesh M. Reply to "Protective effects of eosinophils against COVID-19: More than an ACE(2) in the hole?". THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2540. [PMID: 34112483 PMCID: PMC8181596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Golda Hudes
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Elina Jerschow
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Sunit Jariwala
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Merhunisa Karagic
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Gabriele de Vos
- Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David Rosenstreich
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Manish Ramesh
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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