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Rightsell C, Sanchez D, Escudero J, Ortega E, Ajithkumar G, Sardar D, Ponce A. Synthesis of Er 3+:YAG Nanocrystals and Comparative Spectroscopic Analysis with Bulk Counterparts. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:255. [PMID: 36837955 PMCID: PMC9965100 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal Er3+:YAG has long been used as a laser material, and recent work has shown polycrystalline ceramic Er3+:YAG to be a suitable laser material, with benefits of lower cost and easier production. However, relatively little work has been done with the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of Er3+:YAG nanocrystals. In this work, we present the synthesis of nanocrystalline Er3+:YAG and the results of comparative spectroscopic characterization with single-crystal and polycrystalline ceramic counterparts. The results show good agreement between the optical properties of the three hosts, with the nanocrystals demonstrating relatively higher intensity in the 1.53 μm emission. These results demonstrate the viability of Er3+:YAG nanocrystals as a potential laser material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rightsell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - David Sanchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - José Escudero
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Gangadharan Ajithkumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
| | - Dhiraj Sardar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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2
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Jethva P, Momin M, Khan T, Omri A. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles-Evolving Role in Bioimaging, Biosensing, and Drug Delivery. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072374. [PMID: 35407706 PMCID: PMC8999924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting luminescent nanoparticles (UCNPs) are "new generation fluorophores" with an evolving landscape of applications in diverse industries, especially life sciences and healthcare. The anti-Stokes emission accompanied by long luminescence lifetimes, multiple absorptions, emission bands, and good photostability, enables background-free and multiplexed detection in deep tissues for enhanced imaging contrast. Their properties such as high color purity, high resistance to photobleaching, less photodamage to biological samples, attractive physical and chemical stability, and low toxicity are affected by the chemical composition; nanoparticle crystal structure, size, shape and the route; reagents; and procedure used in their synthesis. A wide range of hosts and lanthanide ion (Ln3+) types have been used to control the luminescent properties of nanosystems. By modification of these properties, the performance of UCNPs can be designed for anticipated end-use applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), high-resolution displays, bioimaging, biosensors, and drug delivery. The application landscape of inorganic nanomaterials in biological environments can be expanded by bridging the gap between nanoparticles and biomolecules via surface modifications and appropriate functionalization. This review highlights the synthesis, surface modification, and biomedical applications of UCNPs, such as bioimaging and drug delivery, and presents the scope and future perspective on Ln-doped UCNPs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Jethva
- SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
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Karthickraja D, Kumar GA, Sardar DK, Karthi S, Dannangoda GC, Martirosyan KS, Prasath M, Gowri M, Girija EK. Fabrication of Nd 3+ and Yb 3+ doped NIR emitting nano fluorescent probe: A candidate for bioimaging applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 125:112095. [PMID: 33965105 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intentional design of rare earth doped luminescent architecture exhibits unique optical properties and it can be considered as a promising and potential probe for optical imaging applications. Calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanoparticles doped with optimum concentration of Nd3+ and Yb3+ as sensitizer and activator, respectively, were synthesized by wet precipitation method and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence. In spite of the fact that the energy transfer takes place from Nd3+ to Yb3+, the luminescence intensity was found to be weak due to the lattice defects generated from the doping of trivalent cations (Nd3+ and Yb3+) for divalent host cations (Ca2+). These defect centres were tailored via charge compensation approach by co-doping Na+ ion and by optimizing its concentration and heat treatment duration. CaF2 doped with 5 mol% Nd3+, 3 mol% Yb3+ and 4 mol% Na+ after heat treatment for 2 h exhibited significantly enhanced emission intensity and life time. The ex vivo fluorescence imaging experiment was done at various thickness of chicken breast tissue. The maximum theoretical depth penetration of the NIR light was calculated and the value is 14 mm. The fabricated phosphor can serve as contrast agent for deep tissue near infrared (NIR) light imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karthickraja
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G A Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India; Department of Natural Sciences, Texas Agriculture and Mechanical University, One University Way, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
| | - D K Sardar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - S Karthi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - G C Dannangoda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - K S Martirosyan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - M Prasath
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Gowri
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E K Girija
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bhattacharjee S, Brayden DJ. Addressing the challenges to increase the efficiency of translating nanomedicine formulations to patients. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:235-254. [PMID: 33108229 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1826434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is in a growth phase for drug delivery and medical imaging. Nanomaterials with unique properties present opportunities for encapsulation of therapeutics and imaging agents, along with conjugation to ligands for targeting. Favorable chemistry of nanomaterials can create formulations that address critical challenges for therapeutics, such as insolubility and a low capacity to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and intestinal wall. AREAS COVERED The authors investigate challenges faced during translation of nanomedicines while suggesting reasons as to why some nanoformulations have under-performed in clinical trials. They assess physiological barriers such as the BBB and gut mucus that nanomedicines must overcome to deliver cargos. They also provide an overview with examples of how nanomedicines can be designed to improve localization and site-specific delivery (e.g., encapsulation, bioconjugation, and triggered-release). EXPERT OPINION There are examples where nanomedicines have demonstrated improved efficacy of payload in humans; however, most of the advantages conferred were in improved pharmacokinetics and reduced toxicity. Problematic data show susceptibility of nanoformulations against natural protective mechanisms present in the body, including distribution impediment by physiological barriers and activation of the reticuloendothelial system. Further initiatives should address current challenges while expanding the scope of nanomedicine into advanced biomedical imaging and antibiotic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Yang CT, Hattiholi A, Selvan ST, Yan SX, Fang WW, Chandrasekharan P, Koteswaraiah P, Herold CJ, Gulyás B, Aw SE, He T, Ng DCE, Padmanabhan P. Gadolinium-based bimodal probes to enhance T1-Weighted magnetic resonance/optical imaging. Acta Biomater 2020; 110:15-36. [PMID: 32335310 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gd3+-based contrast agents have been extensively used for signal enhancement of T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to the large magnetic moment and long electron spin relaxation time of the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion. The key requisites for the development of Gd3+-based contrast agents are their relaxivities and stabilities which can be achieved by chemical modifications. These modifications include coordinating Gd3+ with a chelator such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), encapsulating Gd3+ in nanoparticles, conjugation to biomacromolecules such as polymer micelles and liposomes, or non-covalent binding to plasma proteins. In order to have a coherent diagnostic and therapeutic approach and to understand diseases better, the combination of MRI and optical imaging (OI) techniques into one technique entity has been developed to overcome the conventional boundaries of either imaging modality used alone through bringing the excellent spatial resolution of MRI and high sensitivity of OI into full play. Novel MRI and OI bimodal probes have been extensively studied in this regard. This review is an attempt to shed some light on the bimodal imaging probes by summarizing all recent noteworthy publications involving Gd3+ containing MR-optical imaging probes. The several key elements such as novel synthetic strategy, high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and targeting of the probes are highlighted in the review. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The present article aims at giving an overview of the existing bimodal MRI and OI imaging probes. The review structured as a series of examples of paramagnetic Gd3+ ions, either as ions in the crystalline structure of inorganic materials or chelates for contrast enhancement in MRI, while they are used as optical imaging probes in different modes. The comprehensive review focusing on the synthetic strategies, characterizations and properties of these bimodal imaging probes will be helpful in a way to prepare related work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Aishwarya Hattiholi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Subramanian Tamil Selvan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Sean Xuexian Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Wei-Wei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HeFei University of Technology, HeFei, AnHui 230009, PR China
| | | | - Podili Koteswaraiah
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Christian J Herold
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Austria
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swee Eng Aw
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HeFei University of Technology, HeFei, AnHui 230009, PR China
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
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Mimun LC, Ajithkumar G, Pedraza F, Rightsell C, Tsin AT, Sardar DK. PMAO coated Na(Gd 0.5Lu 0.5)F 4:Nd 3+ nanocrystals as multifunctional contrast agent with NIR optical, X-ray and magnetic imaging properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:283-291. [PMID: 31029322 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with multiple imaging functionalities are nowadays getting tremendous attention due to their several superior features compared to existing contrast agents. By developing a nanomaterial that exhibit multiple functionalities, the possibility to increase the amount of imaging information obtained in a short amount of time is becoming more and more a reality. In this work, we developed a multifunctional nanocrystals (NCs), Na(Gd0.5Lu0.5)F4:Nd3+, that combines multiple rare-earth features as an all-in-one imaging agent comprised of optical imaging, magnetic imaging, and X-ray imaging by utilizing the superparamagnetic features of Gd3+, the high X-ray absorption cross section of Lu3+, and the NIR fluorescence of Nd3+. Morphology, optical properties, and cell viability are shown in detail where the utility of this multifunctional imaging agent was confirmed by optical, X-ray and magnetic imaging experiments. Surface functionalization of the NCs is also presented to highlight the potential application of the NCs as contrast agents in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Christopher Mimun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Gangadharan Ajithkumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America.
| | - Fransisco Pedraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Chris Rightsell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Andy T Tsin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Dhiraj K Sardar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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Mousavi M, Thomasson B, Li M, Kraft M, Würth C, Resch-Genger U, Andersson-Engels S. Beam-profile-compensated quantum yield measurements of upconverting nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22016-22022. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The UCNP luminescence signal depends non-linearly on the excitation power density, making beam profiling essential in quantum yield measurements. The 2D Gaussian and its squared profile illustrates this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meng Li
- Department of Physics
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Marco Kraft
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics (1.10)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christian Würth
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics (1.10)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- Division Biophotonics (1.10)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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