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Xu Q, Li J, Zhuo L, Gao H, Yang Y, Li W. RACGAP1 is a pivotal gene in lung adenocarcinoma-associated membranous nephropathy: Based on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112783. [PMID: 39068752 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study performs a detailed bioinformatics and machine learning analysis to investigate the genetic foundations of membranous nephropathy (MN) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS In this study, the gene expression profiles of MN microarray datasets (GSE99339) and LUAD dataset (GSE43767) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained using the limma R package. The biological functions were analyzed with R Cluster Profiler package according to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Machine learning algorithms, including LASSO regression, support vector machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Boruta analysis, were applied to identify hubgenes linked to LUAD-associated MN. These genes' prognostic values were evaluated in the TCGA-LUAD cohort and validated through immunohistochemistry on renal biopsy specimens. RESULTS A total of 36 DEGs in common were identified for downstream analyses. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway and several immune recognition pathways in LUAD-associated MN. COL3A1, PSENEN, RACGAP1, and TNFRSF10B were identified as hub genes in LUAD-associated MN using machine learning algorithms. ROC analysis demonstrated their effective discrimination of MN with high accuracy. Survival analysis showed that lung adenocarcinoma patients with higher expression of these genes had significantly reduced overall survival. In patients with lung adenocarcinoma-associated MN, RACGAP1, COL3A1, PSENEN, and TNFRSF10B were higher expressed in the glomerular, especially RACGAP1, indicating an important role in the pathogenesis of LUAD-associated membranous nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the critical role of RACGAP1, COL3A1, PSENEN, and TNFRSF10B in the development of LUAD-associated MN, providing important insights for future research and the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Nephrology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenge Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Nephrology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
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2
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Sun Y, Islam S, Michikawa M, Zou K. Presenilin: A Multi-Functional Molecule in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1757. [PMID: 38339035 PMCID: PMC10855926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenilin, a transmembrane protein primarily known for its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as part of the γ-secretase complex, has garnered increased attention due to its multifaceted functions in various cellular processes. Recent investigations have unveiled a plethora of functions beyond its amyloidogenic role. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of presenilin's diverse roles in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. It includes a summary of well-known substrates of presenilin, such as its involvement in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Notch signaling, along with other functions. Additionally, it highlights newly discovered functions, such as trafficking function, regulation of ferritin expression, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) secretion, the interaction of ApoE and presenilin, and the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE. This updated perspective underscores the evolving landscape of presenilin research, emphasizing its broader impact beyond established pathways. The incorporation of these novel findings accentuates the dynamic nature of presenilin's involvement in cellular processes, further advancing our comprehension of its multifaceted roles in neurodegenerative disorders. By synthesizing evidence from a range of studies, this review sheds light on the intricate web of presenilin functions and their implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Sadequl Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan;
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
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3
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Wang M, Liu K, Ma Y, Han W. Probing the Mechanisms of Inhibitors Binding to Presenilin Homologue Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052076. [PMID: 36903320 PMCID: PMC10004098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is an intramembrane proteolytic enzyme that is mainly involved in the cleavage and hydrolysis of the amyloid precursor (APP). The catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1) is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. Since it was found that PS1 is responsible for Aβ-producing proteolytic activity, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease, it is believed that reducing the activity of PS1 and preventing or delaying the production of Aβ could help treat Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, in recent years, researchers have begun investigating the potential clinical efficacy of PS1 inhibitors. Currently, most PS1 inhibitors are only used as a tool to study the structure and function of PS1, and a few inhibitors with a high selectivity have been tested in clinics. Less-selective PS1 inhibitors were found to not only inhibit Aβ production but also inhibit Notch cleavage, which led to serious adverse events. The archaeal presenilin homologue (PSH) is a surrogate protease of presenilin that is useful for agent screening. In this study, we performed 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of four systems to explore the conformational changes of different ligands binding to PSH. Our results indicated that the PSH-L679 system formed 3-10 helices in TM4, loosening up TM4 and allowing substrates to enter the catalytic pocket, thereby making it less inhibitory. Additionally, we found that III-31-C can bring TM4 and TM6 closer, resulting in the contraction of the PSH active pocket. Altogether, these results provide the basis for the potential design of newer PS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiwei Han
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(431)-85155218
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4
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The Binding of Different Substrate Molecules at the Docking Site and the Active Site of γ-Secretase Can Trigger Toxic Events in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031835. [PMID: 36768156 PMCID: PMC9915333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic changes in γ-secretase activity, along with its response to different drugs, can be affected by changes in the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate. We analyze the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate using multiscale molecular dynamics studies. We found that an increase in the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate could result in the parallel binding of different substrate molecules at the docking site and the active site. The C-terminal domain of the substrate bound at the docking site can interact with the most dynamic presenilin sites at the cytosolic end of the active site tunnel. Such interactions can inhibit the ongoing catalytic activity and increase the production of the longer, more hydrophobic, and more toxic Aβ proteins. Similar disruptions in dynamic presenilin structures can be observed with different drugs and disease-causing mutations. Both, C99-βCTF-APP substrate and its different Aβ products, can support the toxic aggregation. The aggregation depends on the substrate N-terminal domain. Thus, the C99-βCTF-APP substrate and β-secretase path can be more toxic than the C83-αCTF-APP substrate and α-secretase path. Nicastrin can control the toxic aggregation in the closed conformation. The binding of the C99-βCTF-APP substrate to γ-secretase can be controlled by substrate channeling between the nicastrin and β-secretase. We conclude that the presented two-substrate mechanism could explain the pathogenic changes in γ-secretase activity and Aβ metabolism in different sporadic and familial cases of Alzheimer's disease. Future drug-development efforts should target different cellular mechanisms that regulate the optimal balance between γ-secretase activity and amyloid metabolism.
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5
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Chen K, Liang B, Ma W, Wan G, Chen B, Lu C, Luo Y, Gu X. Immunological and prognostic analysis of PSENEN in low-grade gliomas: An immune infiltration-related prognostic biomarker. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:933855. [PMID: 35966015 PMCID: PMC9366120 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.933855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and plays a role in antitumor and antiobesity processes. A recent study identified its direct molecular target, PEN2 (PSENEN). PSENEN is the minimal subunit of the multiprotein complex γ-secretase, which promotes the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors into astrocytes in the central nervous system. This study was mainly based on gene expression data and clinical data from the TCGA and CGGA databases. Analysis of differential expression of PSENEN between tissues from 31 cancers and paracancerous tissues revealed that it had high expression levels in most cancers except 2 cancers. Using univariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, a high expression level of PSENEN was shown to be a risk factor in low-grade gliomas (LGG). Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that PSENEN is widely involved in immune-related signaling pathways in LGG. PSENEN expression level was significantly associated with TMB, MSI, tumor stemness index, and the expression levels of immunomodulatory genes in LGG. Finally, immune infiltration analysis revealed that PSENEN level was associated with the presence of various immune infiltrating cells, among which PSENEN was strongly associated with the presence of M2 macrophages and played a synergistic pro-cancer role. In conclusion, PSENEN may partially influence prognosis by modulating immune infiltration in patients with LGG, and PSENEN may be a candidate prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis associated with immune infiltration in LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changlian Lu,
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- Business School, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Yuzhou Luo,
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Xuefeng Gu,
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6
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Bao J, Liang Z, Gong X, Zhao Y, Wu M, Liu W, Tu C, Wang X, Shu X. Tangeretin Inhibits BACE1 Activity and Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in AD Model Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1536-1546. [PMID: 35084179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tangeretin (TAN) exhibits many bioactivities, including neuroprotective effects. However, the efficacy of TAN in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been sufficiently investigated. In the present study, we integrated behavioral tests, pathology assessment, and biochemical analyses to elucidate the antidementia activity of TAN in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice. At supplementation levels of 100 mg/kg body weight per day, TAN significantly attenuated the cognitive impairment of Tg mice in behavioral tests. These effects were associated with less synaptic impairments and fewer β-amyloid accumulations after TAN administration. Furthermore, our study revealed that TAN possessed powerful inhibitory activity against β-secretase both in vitro and in vivo, which played a crucial role in the process of Aβ generation. These findings indicate that TAN is a potential drug for preventing AD pathology. The key mechanism underlying the antidementia effect of TAN may include its inhibitory activity against β-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaokang Gong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chenyu Tu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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7
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ADAS-viewer: web-based application for integrative analysis of multi-omics data in Alzheimer's disease. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 33741983 PMCID: PMC7979890 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and is represented by complicated biological mechanisms and complexity of brain tissue. Our understanding of the complicated molecular architecture that contributes to AD progression benefits from performing comprehensive and systemic investigations with multi-layered molecular and biological data from different brain regions. Since recently different independent studies generated various omics data in different brain regions of AD patients, multi-omics data integration can be a useful resource for better comprehensive understanding of AD. Here we present a web platform, ADAS-viewer, that provides researchers with the ability to comprehensively investigate and visualize multi-omics data from multiple brain regions of AD patients. ADAS-viewer offers means to identify functional changes in transcript and exon expression (i.e., alternative splicing) along with associated genetic or epigenetic regulatory effects. Specifically, it integrates genomic, transcriptomic, methylation, and miRNA data collected from seven different brain regions (cerebellum, temporal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, inferior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus) across three independent cohort datasets. ADAS-viewer is particularly useful as a web-based application for analyzing and visualizing multi-omics data across multiple brain regions at both transcript and exon level, allowing the identification of candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.
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8
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Bi HR, Zhou CH, Zhang YZ, Cai XD, Ji MH, Yang JJ, Chen GQ, Hu YM. Neuron-specific deletion of presenilin enhancer2 causes progressive astrogliosis and age-related neurodegeneration in the cortex independent of the Notch signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:174-185. [PMID: 32961023 PMCID: PMC7816208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presenilin enhancer2 (Pen‐2) is an essential subunit of γ‐secretase, which is a key protease responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Mutations on Pen‐2 cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether Pen‐2 regulates neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in the adult brain. Methods Forebrain neuron‐specific Pen‐2 conditional knockout (Pen‐2 cKO) mice were generated for this study. Pen‐2 cKO mice expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) conditionally in cortical neurons were also generated. Results Loss of Pen‐2 causes astrogliosis followed by age‐dependent cortical atrophy and neuronal loss. Loss of Pen‐2 results in microgliosis and enhanced inflammatory responses in the cortex. Expression of NICD in Pen‐2 cKO cortices ameliorates neither neurodegeneration nor neuroinflammation. Conclusions Pen‐2 is required for neuronal survival in the adult cerebral cortex. The Notch signaling may not be involved in neurodegeneration caused by loss of Pen‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Bi
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Cai
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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9
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Peng Z, Luo Y, Xiao ZY. Angiopoietin-1 accelerates Alzheimer's disease via FOXA2/PEN2/APP pathway in APP/PS1 mice. Life Sci 2020; 246:117430. [PMID: 32061671 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), a regulatory angiogenesis protein and it has been found to be involved in the occurrence and progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, it was still to be addressed the distinctly role and the molecular mechanisms of Ang-1 affects Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that Ang-1 aggravated the accumulation of Aβ42 and cognitive decline in APP/PS1 mice. The upregulation of APPβ is essential for Aβ42 production in N2a cells overexpressing the mutational human APP gene (N2a/APP695 cells), while downregulation of PEN2 could reduce APP expression. Silencing of FOXA2 lead to inhibition of APP expression, as well as decrease of Aβ42 contents. In conclusion, Ang-1 has an accelerative effect on Alzheimer's disease by increasing the secretion of Aβ42 via FOXA2/PEN2/APP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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10
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Quantifying correlations between mutational sites in the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:221-227. [PMID: 30772652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex which is involved in the generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). Single point mutations in PS1 alter the cleavage pattern of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and lead to the formation of aberrant Aβ peptides. To date, more than two hundred mutations distributed among almost a third of PS1's amino acids have been associated to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the mechanism by which mutations far from the catalytic site alter the γ-secretase's cleavage pattern remains unclear. In this work we analyzed correlated motions between amino acids in the wild type (WT) enzyme and 13 γ-secretase mutant models employing a multi-scale molecular dynamics approach. The effect of the protonation state of key catalytic residue Asp385 on the correlation networks was also evaluated. We observed that the strength and number of correlations is highly influenced in all mutant models in both protonation state models. The biggest changes were observed in mutants I83T, W165G, H214Y and L435F; the latest has been proved to drastically reduce γ-secretase activity. Finally, we made a classification of the studied mutations according to their correlation networks with amino acids at: (1) the interfaces with the other γ-secretase components, (2) the catalytic site, (3) the substrate entry site and (4) the substrate recognition site. Overall, this work provides insight into the allosteric communication networks of PS1.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
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12
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Chu Y, Peng X, Long Z, Wang K, Luo S, Sharma A, He G. Distribution and expression of Pen-2 in the central nervous system of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:258-66. [PMID: 25736404 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex catalyzes the final cleavage step of amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) to generate amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, a pathogenic component of senile plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Recent studies have shown that presenilin enhancer-2 (Pen-2), presenilin (PS, including PS1 and PS2), nicastrin, and anterior pharynx-defective 1 are essential components of the γ-secretase. The structure and function of Pen-2 in vitro have been well defined. However, little is known about the neuroanatomical distribution and expression of Pen-2 in the central nervous system (CNS) of AD model mice. We report here, using various methods such as immunohistochemical staining and immunoblotting, that Pen-2 is widely expressed at specific neuronal cells of major areas in AD model mice, including the olfactory bulb, basal forebrain, striatum, cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It is co-expressed with PS1 in specific neuronal cells in mouse brain. Pen-2 is distributed much more extensively than extracellular amyloid deposits, suggesting the importance of other factors in localized amyloid deposition. Pen-2 is localized predominantly in cell membrane and cytoplasma in adult AD mice, but only distributed at cell membrane in controls. At the early stages of postnatal development, the expression level of Pen-2 is relatively high in CNS, but declines, gradually in adult mice. The present study provides an anatomical basis for Pen-2 as a key component of γ-secretase complex in the brain of developing and adult mice, and Pen-2 might be closely related to Aβ burden in aging nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuehua Peng
- Department of Radiology, Pediatric Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhiming Long
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifang Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Akhilesh Sharma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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13
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Zou Z, Liu C, Che C, Huang H. Clinical genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:291862. [PMID: 24955352 PMCID: PMC4052685 DOI: 10.1155/2014/291862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of AD, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset AD are largely understood with mutations in three different genes leading to the disease. In contrast, while susceptibility loci and alleles associated with late-onset AD have been identified using genetic association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset AD, the clinical features of EOAD according to genotypes, and the clinical implications of the genetics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chunhui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Huapin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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14
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Andreoli V, De Marco EV, Trecroci F, Cittadella R, Di Palma G, Gambardella A. Potential involvement of GRIN2B encoding the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:533-42. [PMID: 24292895 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links dysregulation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor remodelling and trafficking to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This theme offers the possibility that the GRIN2B gene, encoding this selective NR2B subunit, represents a potential molecular modulating factor for this disease. Based on this hypothesis, we carried out a mutation scanning of exons and flanking regions of GRIN2B in a well-characterized cohort of AD patients, recruited from Southern Italy. A "de novo" p.K1293R mutation, affecting a highly conserved residue of the protein in the C-terminal domain, was observed for the first time in a woman with familial AD, as the only genetic alteration of relevance. Moreover, an association study between the other detected sequence variants and AD was performed. In particular, the study was focused on five identified single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs7301328, rs1805482, rs3026160, rs1806191 and rs1806201, highlighting a significant contribution from the GRIN2B rs1806201 T allele towards disease susceptibility [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-2.63, p < 0.001, after correction for sex, age, and APOE ε4 genotype]. This was confirmed by haplotype analysis that identified a specific haplotype, carrying the rs1806201 T allele (CCCTC), over-represented in patients versus controls (adjusted OR = 6.03; p < 0.0001). Although the pathogenic role of the GRIN2B-K1293R mutation in AD is not clear, our data advocate that genetic variability in the GRIN2B gene, involved in synaptic functioning, might provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis, continuing to attract significant attention in biomedical research on its genetic and functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Andreoli
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Pianolago di Mangone, Cosenza, Italy,
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Cai X, Jin S, Liu X, Fan L, Lu Q, Wang J, Shen W, Gong S, Qiu L, Xiang D. Molecular genetic analysis of ABO blood group variations reveals 29 novel ABO subgroup alleles. Transfusion 2013; 53:2910-6. [PMID: 23521133 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying genetic variants of the ABO gene may reveal new biologic mechanisms underlying variant phenotypes of the ABO blood group. We report the molecular genetic analysis of 322 apparently unrelated ABO subgroup individuals in an estimated 2.1 million donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We performed phenotype investigations by serology studies, analyzed the DNA sequence of the ABO gene by direct sequencing or sequencing after cloning, and evaluated promoter activity by reporter assays. RESULTS In 62 rare ABO alleles, we identified 29 novel ABO subgroup alleles in 43 apparently unrelated subgroup individuals and their four available pedigrees. Of these alleles, one was a deletion-mutation allele, four were hybrid alleles, and 24 were point-mutation alleles. Most of the point mutations were detected in Exons 6 to 7, while several others were also detected in Exons 1 to 5 or splicing regions. One ABO promoter mutation, -35 to -18 del, was found and verified to reduce promoter activity, as determined by dual luciferase assays. Two mutations, 7G>T and 52C>T, carrying the premature terminal codons E3X and R18X in the 5'-region, were found to be associated with the very weak ABO subgroups "Ael" and "Bel." CONCLUSION Twenty-nine ABO subgroup alleles were newly linked to different kinds of ABO variations. We provide the first evidence that promoter abnormality is involved in the formation of weak ABO phenotypes. We also described the first naturally occurring ABO alleles with premature terminal codons in the 5'-region that led to Ael and Bel phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cai
- Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai Blood Center; Blood Transfusion Department, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Blood Group Laboratory, Tanggu Blood Center, Tianjin, China
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