The Dutch Move Beyond the Concept of Nursing Home Physician Specialists

YELLOW RoUTIne prospective cohort study protocol: insight in the dynamics of bacteria in the elderly bladder

BACKGROUND

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) - the presence of bacteria in urine without urinary tract infection (UTI) related signs & symptoms (S&S) - is common in the elderly bladder and is not considered pathogenic for UTI. We hypothesise that colonisation with non-uropathogenic bacteria could protect the bladder from invasion of more harmful bacteria. The exact role and dynamics of bacteriuria in the relation to the development of a UTI is still unknown. We aim to provide insight into the course of bacteriuria in the elderly bladder and its relation to UTI in frail older adults.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A prospective observational cohort study is being conducted in Dutch nursing homes (NHs) between February 2024 and December 2025. Urine samples and case report forms (CRF) on UTI-related S&S will be collected from each consenting NH resident every 3 months for a follow-up period of 18 months. Whenever a UTI-suspicion occurs in between the 3 monthly time points, additional data and a urine sample will be collected. Urine samples undergo several urinalyses (e.g. dipstick and bacterial culture). Additional molecular analysis will be conducted on a selection of cultured Escherichia coli (E. coli) for virulence genes. Primary analyses will be conducted between residents with and without ASB at each time point. The primary outcome is UTI incidence during follow-up. In secondary analyses we will also take into account the low versus high presence of virulence genes of the E. coli.

DISCUSSION

The combination of high ASB prevalence and a reduced ability of frail older adults to express UTI-related S&S may lead to UTI misdiagnosis and inappropriate antibiotic use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the dynamics and role of bacteriuria in the elderly bladder and their potential protective effect on the development of UTI. The study findings with comprehensive analysis of epidemiological, clinical and molecular data could set the fundamental base for future guidelines and studies, and contribute to improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of UTI in frail older adults, in addition to contributing to antibiotic stewardship in NHs.

Organizational characteristics of highly specialized units for people with dementia and severe challenging behavior

BACKGROUND

People with dementia and severe challenging behavior in the Netherlands can be temporarily admitted to highly specialized units when their behavior is not manageable in regular dementia special care units (DSCUs). With scarce evidence available for the treatment of these patients, treatment in these units is in a pioneering phase. To gain more insight into these units, this study investigated organizational characteristics, i.e. admission and discharge characteristics, staffing, the physical environment, and the management of severe challenging behavior.

METHODS

Three data collection methods were used: 1) a digital questionnaire to be completed by the unit manager, 2) an interview with the physician responsible for medical care and often another practitioner, and 3) an observation of the physical environment for which the OAZIS-dementia questionnaire was used. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data, after which data was interpreted together. Thirteen units participated, with their sizes ranging from 10 to 28 places.

RESULTS

Patients were mainly admitted from regular DSCUs, home or mental health care, and discharged to regular DSCUs. A multidisciplinary team comprising at least an elderly care physician or geriatrician, psychologist, and nursing staff member and other therapists as needed provided the treatment. Nursing staff hours per patient considerably differed among units. Nursing staff played a central role in the treatment. Competences such as reflectiveness on one's own behavior, and being able to cope with stressful situations were described as relevant for nursing staff. Investing in a stable nursing staff team was described as important. The units varied in whether their work-up was more intuitive or methodological. In the diagnostic phase, observation together with an extensive analysis of the patient's biography was essential. The units used a broad variety of interventions, and all paid attention to sensory stimuli. In the observation of the physical environment, the safety scored well and domesticity relatively low.

CONCLUSION

Highly specialized units show strong heterogeneity in organizational characteristics and management, which can be understood in the light of the pioneering phase. Despite this, similarities were found in nursing staff roles, frequent multidisciplinary evaluation, and attention to sensory stimuli.

Compiling a Set of Actionable Quality Indicators for Medical Practitioners in Dutch Nursing Homes: A Delphi Study

Most quality indicators (QIs) currently used in nursing homes reflect the care delivered by the entire multidisciplinary team and are not specific for medical practitioners. International experts have proposed a set of QIs that specifically reflect the quality of medical care in nursing homes. The objective of the Delphi study described here was to compile a set of actionable QIs tailored for medical practitioners working within Dutch nursing homes. This was achieved through the evaluation of 15 existing national QIs and 35 international QIs by a panel of medical practitioners, comprising medical specialists, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, who are working in Dutch nursing homes. Panelists rated each QI on (1) level of direct control by medical practitioners and (2) its relevance to the quality of medical care. QIs progressing to subsequent rounds required panel agreement on both direct control (≥70% ≥3 points on a 4-point scale) and relevance (≥70% ≥8 on a 10-point scale). In the last round, each panelist selected the 5 most relevant QIs and arranged them in order of importance. These top 5 rankings were converted into points for an overall final ranking. There was consensus on 42 QIs being under the control of medical practitioners, and 21 of these QIs were considered relevant for quality of care. Most of the 21 QIs originated from the international QI set. This finding supports the transferability of the internationally developed QIs to the Dutch nursing home context and provides opportunities to compare the quality of medical care in nursing homes across countries. In the final ranking, the QI related to new medication prescriptions received the highest rating, followed by 3 QIs related to advance care planning. Future research should focus on evaluating the feasibility of measuring the selected QIs and assessing their measurement properties before implementing them in professional learning and quality improvement initiatives for medical practitioners in nursing homes.

End-of-life care in German and Dutch nursing homes: a cross-sectional study on nursing home staff's perspective in 2022

BACKGROUND

As society ages, the need for nursing home care is steadily increasing and end-of-life care of nursing home residents has become increasingly more important. End-of-life care differs between Germany and the neighbouring Netherlands. For example, a much higher proportion of German compared to Dutch nursing home residents is hospitalized at the end of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate end-of-life care in German and Dutch nursing homes.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a postal survey was sent to 600 randomly selected German and Dutch nursing homes each and addressed to the nursing staff management. Participants were asked to estimate the percentage of nursing home residents whose wishes for emergency situations (e.g. cardiopulmonary resuscitation) are known and to indicate whether facilities offer advanced care planning (ACP). They were also asked to estimate whether general practitioners (GPs)/elder care physicians (ECPs) and nursing home staff are usually well trained for end-of-life care. Finally, participants were asked to estimate the proportion of nursing home residents who die in hospital rather than in the nursing home and to rate overall end-of-life care provision.

RESULTS

A total of 301 questionnaires were included in the analysis; 199 from German and 102 from Dutch nursing homes (response 33.2% and 17.0%). German participants estimated that 20.5% of residents die in the hospital in contrast to the Dutch estimation of 5.9%. In German nursing homes, ACP is offered less often (39.2% in Germany, 75.0% in the Netherlands) and significantly fewer wishes for emergency situations of residents were known than in Dutch nursing homes. GPs were considered less well-trained for end-of-life care in Germany. The most important measures to improve end-of-life care were comparable in both countries.

CONCLUSION

Differences in (the delivery and knowledge of) end-of-life care between Germany and the Netherlands could be observed in this study. These could be due to structural differences (ECPs available 24/7 in the majority of Dutch nursing homes) and cultural differences (more discussion on quality of life versus life-sustaining treatments in the Netherlands). Due to these differences, a country-specific approach is necessary to improve end-of-life care.

Challenges in recognizing and discussing changes in a resident's condition in the palliative phase: focus group discussions with nursing staff working in nursing homes about their experiences

BACKGROUND

Most nursing home residents have complex care needs, require palliative care and eventually die in these facilities. Timely recognition of changes in a resident's condition is crucial for providing appropriate care. Observations by nursing staff play a significant role in identifying and interpreting these changes.

METHODS

Focus group discussions were conducted with nursing staff from ten nursing homes in the Netherlands to explore their experiences and challenges in recognizing and discussing changes in a resident's condition. These discussions were analysed following the principles of thematic analysis.

RESULTS

The analysis of the challenges nursing staff face in identifying and interpreting changes in a resident's condition, resulted in three themes. First, that recognizing changes is considered complex, because it requires specialized knowledge and skills that is generally not part of their education and must partly be learned in practice. This also depends on how familiar the nursing staff is with the resident. Furthermore, different people observe residents through different lenses, depending on their relation and experiences with residents. This could lead to disagreements about the resident's condition. Lastly, organizational structures such as the resources available to document and discuss a resident's condition and the hierarchy between nursing home professionals often hindered discussions and sharing observations.

CONCLUSION

Nursing staff's experiences highlight the complexity of recognizing and discussing changes in nursing home residents' conditions. While supporting the observational skills of nursing staff is important, it is not enough to improve the quality of care for nursing home residents with palliative care needs. As nursing staff experiences challenges at different, interrelated levels, improving the process of recognizing and discussing changes in nursing home residents requires an integrated approach in which the organization strengthens the position of nursing staff. It is important that their observations become a valued and integrated and part of nursing home care.

Transferring people with dementia to severe challenging behavior specialized units, an in-depth exploration

OBJECTIVES

One of the main reasons for people with dementia to move to a dementia special care unit of a nursing home is challenging behavior. This behavior is often difficult to manage, and in the Netherlands, residents are sometimes relocated to a severe challenging behavior specialized unit. However, relocation often comes with trauma and should be prevented if possible. This study aimed to investigate the patient- and context-related reasons for these relocations.

METHODS

Qualitative multiple case study using individual (n = 15) and focus group interviews (n = 4 with n = 20 participants) were held with elderly care physicians, physician assistants, psychologists, nursing staff members, and relatives involved with people with dementia and severe challenging behavior who had been transferred to a severe challenging behavior specialized unit. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed with thematic analysis, including directed content analysis.

RESULTS

After five cases, data-saturation occurred. The thematic analysis identified three main processes: increasing severity of challenging behavior, increasing realization that the clients' needs cannot be met, and an increasing burden of nursing staff. The interaction between these processes, triggered mainly by a life-threatening situation, led to nursing staff reaching their limits, resulting in relocation of the client.

CONCLUSION

Our study resulted in a conceptual framework providing insight into reasons for relocation in cases of severe challenging behavior. To prevent relocation, the increasing severity of challenging behavior, increasing burden on nursing staff, and increasing realization that the clients' needs cannot be met need attention.

Comparison of medical care needs and actual care in German and Dutch nursing home residents: A cross-sectional study conducted in neighboring European countries

OBJECTIVE

Assessing and comparing characteristics of German and Dutch nursing homes, their residents as well as residents' medical care needs and the actual provision of care.

METHODS

Two surveys were conducted among 600 randomly selected nursing homes each from Germany and the Netherlands. Questionnaires were mailed in May 2022. Responses were compared between German and Dutch respondents.

RESULTS

We received 199 German (response: 33.2%) and 102 Dutch questionnaires (response: 17.0%). Residents' characteristics were comparable in both countries. While German nursing homes rated residents' general medical care needs higher than Dutch facilities (87.9% vs. 78.4%), the reverse was true for dental care needs (81.4% vs. 71.1%). For all 4 medical specialties surveyed, German nursing homes saw a need for treatment more frequently than Dutch facilities, e.g., 48.3% vs. 11.7% for neurology. In addition, Dutch nursing homes significantly more often considered general practitioners/elder care physicians (GPs/ECPs) to be able to cover these needs. The number of GP/ECP contacts per resident per year was similar in both countries (Germany: 26.5; Netherlands: 28.7). Almost all Dutch facilities had permanently employed allied health professionals (e.g. physiotherapists), whereas this was rarely the case in Germany.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed large differences in nursing home residents' medical care. It appears that GPs/ECPs in the Netherlands cover needs deemed to require specialist consultations in Germany. Some differences between countries can possibly be explained by system-cultural differences. Future studies should therefore look closely at the process of medical care provision and its quality in nursing homes in both countries.

Qualitative Evaluation of a Pilot Physician Training Program in Long-Term Care Facilities in Switzerland

Increasing demand for long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and increasingly complex medical needs of LTCF residents necessitate recruiting new physician graduates and developing programs which provide them with experience and specific skills in geriatric and palliative medicine. We developed an educational program for physicians in training, which combines 1 year of immersion at 20% full-time equivalent with (1) theoretical teaching, (2) clinical exposure under the supervision of a senior LTCF physician, and (3) structured case presentations and debriefing with experienced geriatricians. This article presents a preliminary qualitative evaluation of this program from the perspectives of the trainees, supervising physicians, and public health stakeholders. The program was well accepted by all parties and showed positive effects on trainees' interest in long-term care medicine. Suggestions for improving future programs and their implementation are provided.

Palliative Care in Nursing Home Residents with Young-Onset Dementia: Professional and Family Caregiver Perspectives

BACKGROUND

The evidence underpinning palliative care in dementia is mostly based on research in older populations. Little is known about the palliative care needs of people with young-onset dementia (YOD).

OBJECTIVE

To describe palliative care practices including advance care planning (ACP) in people with YOD residing in Dutch nursing homes.

METHODS

The study presents baseline questionnaire data from an observational cohort study. Physicians, family caregivers, and nursing staff completed questionnaires about 185 residents with YOD. The questionnaires included items on sociodemographics, quality of life measured with the quality of life in late-stage dementia (QUALID) scale, dementia-related somatic health problems, symptoms, pain medication, psychotropic drugs, and ACP.

RESULTS

The mean age was 63.9 (SD 5.8) years. Half (50.3%) of them were female. Alzheimer's disease dementia (42.2%) was the most prevalent subtype. The mean QUALID score was 24.0 (SD 7.9) as assessed by family caregivers, and 25.3 (SD 8.6) as assessed by the nursing staff. Swallowing problems were the most prevalent dementia-related health problem (11.4%). Agitation was often reported by physicians (42.0%) and nursing staff (40.5%). Psychotropics were prescribed frequently (72.3%). A minority had written advance directives (5.4%) or documentation on treatment preferences by the former general practitioner (27.2%). Global care goals most often focused on comfort (73.9%). Proportions of do-not-treat orders were higher than do-treat orders for all interventions except for hospitalization and antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONS

ACP must be initiated earlier, before nursing home admission. A palliative approach seems appropriate even though residents are relatively young and experience few dementia-related health problems.

Talking about Meaning and Loss with Relatives of Persons with Dementia: An Ethnographic Study in a Nursing Home

Advance care planning (ACP) can help prepare for future losses and decisions to be taken. However, relatives of persons with dementia may wait for healthcare professionals to initiate ACP conversations which may not adequately address their individual information needs. To evaluate inducing and enhancing conversations about meaning and loss, we conducted an ethnographic study on nurse-led ACP conversations using a question prompt list (QPL) on six dementia wards of a nursing home in the Netherlands from January to September 2021. Staff received training in using the QPL, with information and sample questions to inspire relatives to ask their questions, in particular on meaning and loss. Thematic analysis was applied to transcribed interviews and memos of observations. Nursing staff in particular was concerned about having to be available to answer questions continuously. Relatives used the study as an opportunity to get in touch with professionals, and they saw the QPL as an acknowledgement of their needs. There was a mismatch in that staff wished to discuss care goals and complete a care plan, but the relatives wanted to (first) address practical matters. A QPL can be helpful to conversations about meaning and loss, but nursing staff need dedicated time and substantial training. Joint agenda setting before the conversation may help resolve a mismatch in the preferred topics and timing of conversations.

Facilitators and barriers to implementing an acute geriatric community hospital in the Netherlands: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

there is a trend across Europe to enable more care at the community level. The Acute Geriatric Community Hospital (AGCH) in the Netherlands in an acute geriatric unit situated in a skilled nursing facility (SNF). It provides hospital-level care for older adults with acute medical conditions. The aim of this study is to identify barriers and facilitators associated with implementing the AGCH in a SNF.

METHODS

semi-structured interviews (n = 42) were carried out with clinical and administrative personnel at the AGCH and university hospital and stakeholders from the partnering care organisations and health insurance company. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

facilitators to implementing the AGCH concept were enthusiasm for the AGCH concept, organising preparatory sessions, starting with low-complex patients, good team leadership and ongoing education of the AGCH team. Other facilitators included strong collaboration between stakeholders, commitment to shared investment costs and involvement of regulators.Barriers to implementation were providing hospital care in an SNF, financing AGCH care, difficulties selecting patients at the emergency department, lack of protocols and guidelines, electronic health records unsuited for hospital care, department layout on two different floors and complex shared business operations. Furthermore, transfer of acute care to the community care meant that some care was not reimbursed.

CONCLUSIONS

the AGCH concept was valued by all stakeholders. The main facilitators included the perceived value of the AGCH concept and enthusiasm of stakeholders. Structural financing is an obstacle to the expansion and continuation of this care model.

Dealing with requests for euthanasia in incompetent patients with dementia. Qualitative research revealing underexposed aspects of the societal debate

OBJECTIVES

In the Netherlands, a case of euthanasia of an incompetent patient with dementia and an advance euthanasia directive (AED) caused great societal unrest and led to a petition signed by more than 450 physicians. In this paper, we investigate these physicians' reasons and underlying motives for supporting the 'no sneaky euthanasia' petition, with the aim of gaining insight into the dilemmas experienced and to map out topics in need of further guidance.

METHODS

Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with physicians recruited via the webpage 'no sneaky euthanasia'. General topics discussed were: reasons for signing the petition, the possibilities of euthanasia in incompetent patients and views on good end-of-life care. Data were interpreted using thematic content analysis and the framework method.

RESULTS

Reasons for supporting the petition are dilemmas concerning 'sneaky euthanasia', the over-simplified societal debate, physicians' personal moral boundaries and the growing pressure on physicians. Analysis revealed three underlying motives: aspects of handling a euthanasia request based on an AED, good end-of-life care and the doctor as a human being.

CONCLUSIONS

Although one of the main reasons for participants to support the petition was the opposition to 'sneaky euthanasia', our results show a broader scope of reasons. This includes their experience of growing pressure to comply with AEDs, forcing them to cross personal boundaries. The underlying motives are related to moral dilemmas around patient autonomy emerging in cases of decision-making disabilities in advanced dementia. To avoid uncertainty regarding patients' wishes, physicians express their need for reciprocal communication.

The Complexity of Nutritional Problems in Persons with Dementia: Expanding a Theoretical Model

BACKGROUND

Persons with dementia are at risk of developing nutritional problems. Theoretical models on nutritional problems have been developed, but have not been evaluated with healthcare professionals.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the comprehensiveness and applicability of a theoretical model of nutritional problems in persons with dementia for daily nursing home practice.

METHODS

A qualitative design employing a combined deductive and inductive approach was used. Healthcare professionals were eligible to participate if they 1) had expert knowledge of and experience with nutritional problems related to dementia, and 2) worked in a nursing home affiliated with an academic network covering the east and south of the Netherlands. Three focus group interviews with 20 healthcare professionals from seven professions were held. We conducted thematic analysis and we compared themes with existing theoretical models from the literature.

RESULTS

We identified six themes, four of which corresponded with the existing models (observing and analysing nutritional problems; consequences of nutritional problems; functioning of the person with dementia; environmental factors). Interprofessional collaboration and ethical factors were identified as new themes. The analyses indicated interactions within each theme, between themes, and a bidirectional connection between themes.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the relevance of interprofessional collaboration and ethical considerations in nutritional problems related to dementia. It uncovered complex bidirectional relations within and between factors regarding nutritional problems. All aspects should be taken into account to minimize the consequences of nutritional problems for persons with dementia.

Psychotropic drug treatment for agitated behaviour in dementia: what if the guideline prescribing recommendations are not sufficient? A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Agitation is a common challenging behaviour in dementia with a negative influence on patient's quality of life and a high caregiver burden. Treatment is often difficult. Current guidelines recommend restrictive use of psychotropic drug treatment, but guideline recommendations do not always suffice.

OBJECTIVE

To explore how physicians decide on psychotropic drug treatment for agitated behaviour in dementia when the guideline prescribing recommendations are not sufficient.

METHODS

We conducted five online focus groups with a total of 22 elderly care physicians, five geriatricians and four old-age psychiatrists, in The Netherlands. The focus groups were thematically analysed.

RESULTS

We identified five main themes. Transcending these themes, in each of the focus groups physicians stated that there is 'not one size that fits all'. The five themes reflect physicians' considerations when deciding on psychotropic drug treatment outside the guideline prescribing recommendations for agitated behaviour in dementia: (1) 'reanalysis of problem and cause', (2) 'hypothesis of underlying cause and treatment goal', (3) 'considerations regarding drug choice', (4) 'trial and error' and (5) 'last resort: sedation'.

CONCLUSION

When guideline prescribing recommendations do not suffice, physicians start with reanalysing potential underlying causes. They try to substantiate and justify medication choices as best as they can with a hypothesis of underlying causes or treatment goal, using other guidelines, and applying personalised psychotropic drug treatment.

Change in Advance Care Plans of Nursing Home Residents With Dementia and Pneumonia: Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data

OBJECTIVES

To explore changes in advance care plans of nursing home residents with dementia following pneumonia, and factors associated with changes. Second, to explore factors associated with the person perceived by older adult care physicians as most influential in advance treatment decision making.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of physician-reported PneuMonitor trial data.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

The PneuMonitor trial took place between January 2012 and May 2015 in 32 nursing homes across the Netherlands; it involved 429 residents with dementia who developed pneumonia.

METHODS

We compared advance care plans before and after the first pneumonia episode. Generalized logistic linear mixed models were used to explore associations of advance care plan changes with the person most influential in decision making, with demographics and indicators of disease progression. Exploratory analyses assessed associations with the person most influential in decision making.

RESULTS

For >90% of the residents, advance care plans had been established before the pneumonia. After pneumonia, treatment goals were revised in 15.9% of residents; 72% of all changes entailed refinements of goals. Significant associations with treatment goal changes were not found. Treatment plans changed in 20.0% of residents. Changes in treatment decisions were more likely for residents who were more severely ill (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9) and those estimated to live <3 months (odds ratio 3.3, 95% CI 1.9-5.8). Physicians reported that a family member was often (47.4%) most influential in decision making. Who is most influential was associated with the resident's dementia severity.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Overall, changes in advance care plans after pneumonia diagnosis were small, suggesting stability of most preferences or limited dynamics in the advance care planning process. Advance care planning involving family is common for nursing home residents with dementia, but advance care planning with persons with dementia themselves is rare and requires more attention.

Short- and Long-Term Mortality and Mortality Risk Factors among Nursing Home Patients after COVID-19 Infection

OBJECTIVE

To assess short- and long-term mortality and risk factors in nursing home patients with COVID-19 infection.

DESIGN

Retrospective 2-center cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Dutch nursing home patients with clinically suspected COVID-19 infection confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing.

METHODS

Data were gathered between March 2020 and November 2020 using electronic medical records, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, medical management, and symptoms on the first day of suspected COVID-19 infection. Mortality at 30 days and 6 months was assessed using multivariate logistic regression models and Kaplan-Meier analysis. At 6 months, a subgroup analysis was performed to estimate the mortality risk between COVID-negative patients and patients who survived COVID-19. Risk factors for mortality were assessed through multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 321 patients with suspected COVID-19 infection were included, of whom 134 tested positive. Sixty-two patients in the positive group died at 30 days, with a short-term mortality rate of 2.9 (95% CI 1.7-5.3). Risk factors were fatigue (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-6.2) and deoxygenation (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-7.6). At 6 months, the mortality risk was 2.1 (95% CI 1.3-3.7). Risk factors for 6-month mortality were shortness of breath (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-7.0), deoxygenation (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-6.5) and medical management (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.7-25.8). However, among patients who survived COVID-19 infection, the long-term mortality risk was not sustained (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.4-2.7).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Overall, COVID-19 infection increases short- and long-term mortality risk among nursing home patients. However, this study shows that surviving COVID-19 infection does not lead to increased mortality in the long term within this population. Therefore, advanced care planning should focus on quality of life among nursing home patients after COVID-19 infection.

Schema Therapy in the Nursing Home Setting: A Case Study of a Cognitively Impaired Patient

The use of schema therapy to treat personality disorders in older adults is gaining scientific attention. Personality disorders are prevalent in one out of ten older adults and have a detrimental effect on quality of life. Although 24% or more of nursing home residents may have personality disorders, psychotherapeutic treatment options in the case of comorbid cognitive impairment have not yet been studied. This study concerns a 63-year-old care-dependent male nursing home resident with a personality disorder, a substance use disorder, and several cognitive impairments due to cerebrovascular disease, who presented with complaints of loneliness, low self-esteem, sleeping problems and anger outbursts. Schema therapy was delivered based on the schema mode model for a period of 27 months. Post-treatment assessment demonstrated a decrease in early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional schema modes and improved personality functioning overall. Although situational psychological distress fluctuated throughout treatment, quality of life improved after 7 months and remained stable onwards. Presented complaints either remitted or strongly diminished. Substance use was also addressed and was in remission for the last 20 months of therapy. This case study suggests that schema therapy is a viable treatment for older adults with personality disorders who present with cognitive impairments in nursing homes.

Evaluating quality of care at the end of life and setting best practice performance standards: a population-based observational study using linked routinely collected administrative databases

Background

A high percentage of people dying at home, and a low percentage of people being admitted to hospital and dying there are regarded as indicators of appropriate care at the end of life. However, performance standards for these quality indicators are often lacking, which makes it difficult to state whether an indicator score falls between the ranges of good or poor quality care. The aim of this study was to assess quality indicators concerning place of death and hospital care utilization in people with diseases relevant for palliative care, and to establish best practice performance standards based on indicator scores in 31 regions in the Netherlands.

Methods

A retrospective nationwide population-based observational study was conducted, using routinely collected administrative data concerning persons who died in 2017 in the Netherlands with underlying causes relevant for palliative care (N = 109,707). Data from four registries were linked for analysis. Scores on eight quality indicators concerning place of death and hospital care utilization were calculated, and compared across 31 healthcare insurance regions to establish relative benchmarks.

Results

On average, 36.4% of the study population died at home (range between regions 30.5%-42.6%) and 20.4% in hospital (range 16.6%-25.5%). Roughly half of the population who received hospital care at any time in the last year of life were found to (also) receive hospital care in the last month of life. In the last month, 32.0% of the study population were admitted to hospital (range 29.4-36.4%), 5.3% to an Intensive Care Unit (range 3.2-6.9%) and 23.9% visited an Emergency Department (range 21.0-27.4%). In the same time period, less than 1% of the study population was resuscitated in hospital or received tube or intravenous feeding in hospital.

Conclusions

The variation between regions points towards opportunities for practice improvement. The best practice performance standards as set in this study serve as ambitious but attainable targets for those regions that currently do not meet the standards. Policymakers, healthcare providers and researchers can use the suggested performance standards to further analyze causes of variance between regions and develop and test interventions that can improve practice.

Time trends in psychotropic drug prescriptions in Dutch nursing home residents with dementia between 2003 and 2018

OBJECTIVE

Several European studies investigated the trends in psychotropic drug prescriptions (PDPs) among nursing home (NH) residents and reported a decline in antipsychotics prescriptions. Since the Dutch long-term care system differs from other European systems (e.g. higher threshold for NH admission and trained elderly care physicians), this study explores the trends in PDPs in Dutch NH residents with dementia.

METHODS

The study used data from nine studies, comprising two cross-sectional studies, one cohort study, and six cluster-randomized controlled trials, collected in Dutch NHs between 2003 and 2018. With multilevel logistic regression analysis, NHs as a random effect, we estimated the trends in PDPs overall and for five specific psychotropic drug groups (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anti-dementia drugs), adjusting for confounders: age, gender, severity of dementia, severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and length of stay in NHs.

RESULTS

The absolute prescription rate of antipsychotics was 37.5% in 2003 and decreased (OR = 0.947, 95% CI [0.926, 0.970]) every year. The absolute prescription rate of anti-dementia drugs was 0.8% in 2003 and increased (OR = 1.162, 95% CI [1.105, 1.223]) per year. The absolute rate of overall PDPs declined from 62.7% in 2003 to 40.4% in 2018.

CONCLUSIONS

Among Dutch NH residents with dementia, the odds of antipsychotics prescriptions decreased by 5.3% per year while the odds of anti-dementia drug prescriptions increased by 16.2%. There were no distinct trends in antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics prescriptions. However, overall PDPs were still high. The PDPs in NH residents remain an issue of concern.

The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychotropic drug use in Dutch nursing home patients with dementia during the first wave of COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To describe the course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia during the step-by-step lifting of restrictions after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, and to describe psychotropic drug use (PDU) throughout the whole first wave.

METHODS

Longitudinal cohort study of nursing home residents with dementia. We measured neuropsychiatric symptoms using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q). From May to August 2020, the NPI-Q was filled in monthly. Psychotropic drug use was retrieved from the electronic prescription system, retrospectively for the months February to April and prospectively for the months May to August.

RESULTS

We followed 252 residents with dementia in 19 Dutch nursing homes. Agitation was the most prevalent type of neuropsychiatric symptom at each assessment. Overall, the prevalence and severity of agitation and depression significantly decreased over time. When considering more in detail, we observed that in some residents specific neuropsychiatric symptoms resolved (resolution) while in others specific neuropsychiatric symptoms developed (incidence) during the study period. For the majority of the residents, neuropsychiatric symptoms persisted over time. Psychotropic drug use remained stable over time throughout the whole first wave of the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

At group level, lifting the measures appeared to have beneficial effects on the prevalence and severity of agitation and depression in residents with dementia. Nevertheless, on an individual level we observed high heterogeneity in the course of neuropsychiatric symptoms over time. Despite the pressure of the pandemic and the restrictions in social contact imposed, PDU remained stable.

The Recovery After COVID-19 in Nursing Home Residents

Introduction

Many nursing homes (NHs) are affected by COVID-19 and 30-day mortality is high. Knowledge on recovery of NH residents after COVID-19 is limited. Therefore, we investigated the trajectory in the first three months after a COVID-19 infection in NH residents.

Methods

Retrospective observational cohort study of Dutch NH residents with COVID-19 between 1 September 2020 and 1 March 2021. Prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms and functioning was determined using interRAI (ADL-Hierarchy Scale (ADL-HS), Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) and Revised Index of Social Engagement (RISE)) at four time points. Descriptive and pattern analyses were performed.

Results

Eighty-six residents were included. Symptom prevalences after three months were higher than at baseline. At group level, functioning on all domains deteriorated and was followed by recovery towards baseline, except for ADL functioning. There were four trajectories; 9.3% had no deterioration. Total and partial recovery occurred in respectively 30.2% and 55.8% of the residents. In 4.7% there was no recovery.

Conclusion

In 86% of NH residents surviving three months after COVID-19, occurrence of COVID-19 symptoms and deterioration in functioning was followed by recovery. COVID-19 symptoms fatigue and sleeping behaviour were significantly more prevalent, and ADL functioning was significantly lower, at three months compared to baseline.

Generalist-Specialist Collaboration in Primary Care for Frail Older Persons: A Promising Model for the Future

OBJECTIVES

The complex care needs of frail older persons living at home is a major challenge for health care systems worldwide. One possible solution is to employ a primary care physician (PCP) with additional geriatric expertise. In the Netherlands, elderly care physicians (ECPs), who traditionally work in nursing homes, are increasingly encouraged to utilize their expertise within primary care. However, little is known about how PCPs and ECPs collaborate. Therefore, we aimed to unravel the nature of the current PCP-ECP collaboration in primary care for frail older persons, and to identify key concepts for success.

DESIGN

A qualitative multiple case study with semistructured interviews.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

A selection of 22 participants from 7 "established collaboration practices" within the primary care setting in the Netherlands, including at least 1 ECP, 1 PCP, and 1 other health care professional for every included established collaboration practice.

METHODS

Transcripts of individual interviews were analyzed using largely double and independent open and axial coding, and formulation of themes and subthemes.

RESULTS

Data analysis revealed 4 key concepts for success: (1) clarification of roles and expectations (ie, patient-centered care and embedding in existing care networks), (2) trust, respect, and familiarity as drivers for collaboration (ie, mutual trust through knowing each other and having shared goals); (3) framework for regular communication (ie, structural meetings and a shared vision); and (4) government, payer, and organization support (ie, financial support and emphasis on the collaboration's urgency by organizations and national policy makers).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

For a successful generalist-specialist collaboration, health care professionals need to invest in building relationships and mutual trust, and incorporating their efforts in the existing care networks to guarantee patient-centeredness. When provided with reimbursement and appreciation, this collaboration is a promising change in general practice to improve the care and outcomes of frail older persons.

Advance Care Planning in Dutch Nursing Homes During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives

To explore how physicians in Dutch nursing homes practiced advance care planning (ACP) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to explore whether and how ACP changed during the first wave of the pandemic.

Design

Qualitative analysis of an online, mainly open-ended questionnaire on ACP among physicians working in nursing homes in the Netherlands during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Setting and Participants

Physicians in Dutch nursing homes.

Methods

Respondents were asked to describe a recent case in which they had a discussion on anticipatory medical care decisions and to indicate whether ACP was influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic in that specific case and in general. Answers were independently coded and a codebook was compiled in which the codes were ordered by themes that emerged from the data.

Results

A total of 129 questionnaires were filled out. Saturation was reached after analyzing 60 questionnaires. Four main themes evolved after coding the questionnaires: reasons for ACP discussion, discussing ACP, topics discussed in ACP, and decision making in ACP. COVID-19–specific changes in ACP indicated by respondents included (1) COVID-19 infection as a reason for initiating ACP, (2) a higher frequency of ACP discussions, (3) less face-to-face contact with surrogate decision makers, and (4) intensive care unit admission as an additional topic in anticipatory medical decision making.

Conclusions and Implications

ACP in Dutch nursing homes has changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Maintaining frequent and informal contact with surrogate decision makers fosters mutual understanding and aids the decision-making process in ACP.

Identifying Frequent Health Care Users and Care Consumption Patterns: Process Mining of Emergency Medical Services Data

Background

Tracing frequent users of health care services is highly relevant to policymakers and clinicians, enabling them to avoid wasting scarce resources. Data collection on frequent users from all possible health care providers may be cumbersome due to patient privacy, competition, incompatible information systems, and the efforts involved.

Objective

This study explored the use of a single key source, emergency medical services (EMS) records, to trace and reveal frequent users’ health care consumption patterns.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed analyzing EMS calls from the province of Drenthe in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2017. Process mining was applied to identify the structure of patient routings (ie, their consecutive visits to hospitals, nursing homes, and EMS). Routings are used to identify and quantify frequent users, recognizing frail elderly users as a focal group. The structure of these routes was analyzed at the patient and group levels, aiming to gain insight into regional coordination issues and workload distributions among health care providers.

Results

Frail elderly users aged 70 years or more represented over 50% of frequent users, making 4 or more calls per year. Over the period of observation, their annual number and the number of calls increased from 395 to 628 and 2607 to 3615, respectively. Structural analysis based on process mining revealed two categories of frail elderly users: low-complexity patients who need dialysis, radiation therapy, or hyperbaric medicine, involving a few health care providers, and high-complexity patients for whom routings appear chaotic.

Conclusions

This efficient approach exploits the role of EMS as the unique regional “ferryman,” while the combined use of EMS data and process mining allows for the effective and efficient tracing of frequent users’ utilization of health care services. The approach informs regional policymakers and clinicians by quantifying and detailing frequent user consumption patterns to support subsequent policy adaptations.

Effect of C reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether C reactive protein point-of-care testing (CRP POCT) safely reduces antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents.

DESIGN

Pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial.

SETTING

The UPCARE study included 11 nursing home organisations in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

84 physicians from 11 nursing home organisations included 241 participants with suspected lower respiratory tract infections from September 2018 to the end of March 2020.

INTERVENTIONS

Nursing homes allocated to the intervention group had access to CRP POCT. The control group provided usual care without CRP POCT for patients with suspected lower respiratory tract infections.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measure was antibiotic prescribing at initial consultation. Secondary outcome measures were full recovery at three weeks, changes in antibiotic management and additional diagnostics during follow-up at one week and three weeks, and hospital admission and all cause mortality at any point (initial consultation, one week, or three weeks).

RESULTS

Antibiotics were prescribed at initial consultation for 84 (53.5%) patients in the intervention group and 65 (82.3%) in the control group. Patients in the intervention group had 4.93 higher odds (95% confidence interval 1.91 to 12.73) of not being prescribed antibiotics at initial consultation compared with the control group, irrespective of treating physician and baseline characteristics. The between group difference in antibiotic prescribing at any point from initial consultation to follow-up was 23.6%. Differences in secondary outcomes between the intervention and control groups were 4.4% in full recovery rates at three weeks (86.4% v 90.8%), 2.2% in all cause mortality rates (3.5% v 1.3%), and 0.7% in hospital admission rates (7.2% v 6.5%). The odds of full recovery at three weeks, and the odds of mortality and hospital admission at any point did not significantly differ between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

CRP POCT for suspected lower respiratory tract infection safely reduced antibiotic prescribing compared with usual care in nursing home residents. The findings suggest that implementing CRP POCT in nursing homes might contribute to reduced antibiotic use in this setting and help to combat antibiotic resistance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Netherlands Trial Register NL5054.

Implementing a multidisciplinary psychotropic medication review among nursing home residents with dementia: a process evaluation

OBJECTIVES

Before drawing conclusions on the contribution of an effective intervention to daily practice and initiating dissemination, its quality and implementation in daily practice should be optimal. The aim of this process evaluation was to study these aspects alongside a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a multidisciplinary biannual medication review in long-term care organizations (NTR3569).

DESIGN

Process evaluation with multiple measurements.

SETTING

Thirteen units for people with dementia in six long-term care organizations in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

Physicians, pharmacists, and nursing staff of participating units.

INTERVENTION

The PROPER intervention is a structured and biannually repeated multidisciplinary medication review supported by organizational preparation and education, evaluation, and guidance.

MEASUREMENTS

Web-based questionnaires, interviews, attendance lists of education sessions, medication reviews and evaluation meetings, minutes, evaluation, and registration forms.

RESULTS

Participation rates in education sessions (95%), medication reviews (95%), and evaluation meetings (82%) were high. The intervention's relevance and feasibility and applied implementation strategies were highly rated. However, the education sessions and conversations during medication reviews were too pharmacologically oriented for several nursing staff members. Identified barriers to implementation were required time, investment, planning issues, and high staff turnover; facilitators were the positive attitude of professionals toward the intervention, the support of higher management, and the appointment of a local implementation coordinator.

CONCLUSION

Implementation was successful. The commitment of both higher management and professionals was an important factor. This may partly have been due to the subject being topical; Dutch long-term-care organizations are pressed to lower inappropriate psychotropic drug use.

Unplanned hospital transfers from nursing homes: who is involved in the transfer decision? Results from the HOMERN study

Background

Emergency department visits and hospital admissions are common among nursing home residents (NHRs) and seem to be higher in Germany than in other countries. Yet, research on characteristics of transfers and involved persons in the transfer decision is scarce.

Aims

The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of hospital transfers from nursing homes (NHs) focused on contacts to physicians, family members and legal guardians prior to a transfer.

Methods

We conducted a multi-center study in 14 NHs in the regions Bremen and Lower Saxony (Northwestern Germany) between March 2018 and July 2019. Hospital transfers were documented for 12 months by nursing staff using a standardized questionnaire. Data were derived from care records and perspectives of nursing staff and were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Among 802 included NHRs, n = 535 unplanned hospital transfers occurred of which 63.1% resulted in an admission. Main reasons were deterioration of health status (e.g. fever, infections, dyspnea and exsiccosis) (35.1%) and falls/accidents/injuries (33.5%). Within 48 h prior to transfer, contact to at least one general practitioner (GP)/specialist/out-of-hour-care physician was 46.2% and varied between the NHs (range: 32.3–83.3%). GPs were involved in only 34.8% of transfer decisions. Relatives and legal guardians were more often informed about transfer (62.3% and 66.8%) than involved in the decision (21.8% and 15.1%).

Discussion

Contacts to physicians and involvement of the GP were low prior to unplanned transfers. The ranges between the NHs may be explained by organizational differences.

Conclusion

Improvements in communication between nursing staff, physicians and others are required to reduce potentially avoidable transfers.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s40520-020-01751-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Challenging behavior of nursing home residents during COVID-19 measures in the Netherlands

OBJECTIVES

From the perspective of the nursing home (NH) practitioners, to gain understanding of (1) whether challenging behavior in NH residents changed during the COVID-19 measures, (2) whether the practitioners' involvement in the treatment of challenging behavior changed, (3) what can be learned from the experience of NH staff.

METHODS

A mixed methods study with a survey in 323 NH practitioners (psychologists, elderly care physicians, nurse practitioners) in the Netherlands, and in-depth interviews in 16 NH practitioners. Nonparametric analyses were used to compare estimated proportions of residents with increased and with decreased challenging behavior. Content analyses were conducted for open-ended questions and in-depth interviews.

RESULTS

Participants reported changes in challenging behavior with slightly higher proportions for increased (Q1/Mdn/Q3: 12.5%, 21.7%, 30.8%) than for decreased (8.7%, 14.8%, 27.8%, Z = -2.35, p = .019) challenging behavior. Half of the participants reported that their work load increased and work satisfaction worsened during the measures. Different strategies were described to respond to the effects of COVID-19 measures, such as video calls, providing special areas for residents to meet their loved ones, adjusting activities, and reducing the exposure to negative news.

CONCLUSIONS

Because COVID-19 measures resulted in both increased and decreased challenging behavior in NH residents, it is important to monitor for their potential long lasting effects. Increased work load and worsened work satisfaction of the NH staff, together with the changes in type of challenging behavior, indicate that the harmful effects of the anti-pandemic measures should be taken seriously.

Can the PROPER intervention reduce psychotropic drug prescription in nursing home residents with dementia? Results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of the PROPER intervention in nursing home residents with dementia on the prevalence of psychotropic drug use and neuropsychiatric symptoms.

DESIGN

A cluster-randomized controlled design with two parallel groups (intervention versus usual care) and assessments at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months.

SETTING

Thirty-one dementia special care units within 13 long-term care organizations in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

Three hundred eighty nursing home residents with dementia.

INTERVENTION

The PROPER intervention consisted of a structured and repeated multidisciplinary medication review, supported by education and continuous evaluation.

MEASUREMENTS

Prescriptions of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics, and occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

RESULTS

The prescription of any type of psychotropic drugs increased in the intervention group, and decreased in the control group, with an estimated difference of 3.9 percentage points per 6 months (p = 0.01). Effects for the individual drug groups were minor (differences of 1.6 percentage points and below per 6 months) and not statistically significant. The occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms remained stable in both the intervention and control groups during the follow-up of 18 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The PROPER intervention failed to demonstrate effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of psychotropic drugs. It may be interesting to enrich the intervention with components that address personal attitudes and communication between nursing home professionals, not only with respect to the prescription of psychotropic drugs, but also to neuropsychiatric symptoms.The study has been registered in The Netherlands Trial Register (NTR3569).

Effects on staff outcomes and process evaluation of the educating nursing staff effectively (TENSE) program for managing challenging behavior in nursing home residents with dementia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Challenging behavior is prevalent in people with dementia residing in nursing homes and places a high burden on the nursing staff of dementia special care units. This study evaluates an educational program for nursing staff for managing challenging behavior: The Educating Nursing Staff Effectively (TENSE) program. This program can be tailored to care organizations' wishes and needs and combines various learning styles.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this cluster-randomized controlled trial was to examine the short-term (3 months) and long-term (9 months) effects of the TENSE training program on experienced stress, work contentment, and stress reactions at work in nursing staff working in dementia special care units.

DESIGN

Cluster-randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Nursing staff members of 18 dementia special care units within nine nursing homes from different Netherlands regions were randomized into an intervention (n = 168) or control (n = 129) group. The TENSE program consisted of a three-day training course and two follow-up sessions after three and six months, respectively. The primary outcome was stress experienced by nursing staff measured with the Utrecht Burnout Scale - C. Secondary outcomes were work contentment and stress reactions at work. Furthermore, process evaluation data on the reach of and compliance with the program and the program's feasibility and relevance were collected. Data were collected between November 2012 and November 2014.

RESULTS

In general, the participants appreciated the quality and relevance of the TENSE training and evaluated the content of the training as beneficial. The TENSE training had no effect on the components of experienced stress, i.e., emotional exhaustion (p = 0.751), depersonalization (p = 0.701), and personal accomplishment (p = 0.182). Furthermore, no statistically significant effects of the intervention on work contentment and stress reactions at work were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The TENSE training program did not have an effect on experienced stress, work contentment, nor stress reactions at work of nursing staff working in dementia special care units. In future studies, more focus on practicing new skills seems needed.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NTR (Dutch Trial Registration) number NTR3620.

General practitioners' views on the influence of long-term care reforms on integrated elderly care in the Netherlands: a qualitative interview study

This study explores the long-term care (LTC) reform in the Netherlands and its relation to the day-to-day integrated care for frail elderly people, from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs). We assessed GP perspectives regarding which elements of the LTC reform have promoted and hindered the provision of person-centred, integrated care for elderly people in the Netherlands. We performed case studies conducted by semi-structured interviews, using the Healthy Alliances (HALL) framework as a framework for thematic analysis. GPs reported that the ideals of the LTC reform (self-reliance) were largely achievable and listed a number of positive effects, including increased healthcare professional engagement and the improved integration of the medical and social domains through the close involvement of social support teams. The reported negative implications were a lack of co-ordination in the implementation of the reforms by the municipality, insufficient funding for multidisciplinary team meetings and the reinforced fragmentation of home care. In particular, the implementation of the system reforms took place with little regard for the local context. We suggest that the implementation of national care reforms should be aligned with factors operating at the micro level and make the following recommendations: use one central location for primary health and social services, integrate regional ICT structures to improve the exchange of patient information, and reduce fragmentation in home care.

Palliative Care in Advanced Dementia: Comparison of Strategies in Three Countries

Palliative care including hospice care is appropriate for advanced dementia, but policy initiatives and implementation have lagged, while treatment may vary. We compare care for people with advanced dementia in the United States (US), The Netherlands, and Israel. We conducted a narrative literature review and expert physician consultation around a case scenario focusing on three domains in the care of people with advanced dementia: (1) place of residence, (2) access to palliative care, and (3) treatment. We found that most people with advanced dementia live in nursing homes in the US and The Netherlands, and in the community in Israel. Access to specialist palliative and hospice care is improving in the US but is limited in The Netherlands and Israel. The two data sources consistently showed that treatment varies considerably between countries with, for example, artificial nutrition and hydration differing by state in the US, strongly discouraged in The Netherlands, and widely used in Israel. We conclude that care in each country has positive elements: hospice availability in the US, the general palliative approach in The Netherlands, and home care in Israel. National Dementia Plans should include policy regarding palliative care, and public and professional awareness must be increased.

Practitioners' perceptions of acceptability of a question prompt list about palliative care for advance care planning with people living with dementia and their family caregivers: a mixed-methods evaluation study

OBJECTIVES

In oncology and palliative care, patient question prompt lists (QPLs) with sample questions for patient and family increased patients' involvement in decision-making and improved outcomes if physicians actively endorsed asking questions. Therefore, we aim to evaluate practitioners' perceptions of acceptability and possible use of a QPL about palliative and end-of-life care in dementia.

DESIGN

Mixed-methods evaluation study of a QPL developed with family caregivers and experts comprising a survey and interviews with practitioners.

SETTING

Two academic medical training centres for primary and long-term care in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

Practitioners (n=66; 73% woman; mean of 21 (SD 11) years of experience) who were mostly general practitioners and elderly care physicians.

OUTCOMES

The main survey outcome was acceptability measured with a 15-75 acceptability scale with ≥45 meaning 'acceptable'.

RESULTS

The survey response rate was 21% (66 of 320 participated). The QPL was regarded as acceptable (mean 51, SD 10) but 64% felt it was too long. Thirty-five per cent would want training to be able to answer the questions. Those who felt unable to answer (31%) found the QPL less acceptable (mean 46 vs 54 for others; p=0.015). We identified three themes from nine interviews: (1) enhancing conversations through discussing difficult topics, (2) proactively engaging in end-of-life conversations and (3) possible implementation.

CONCLUSION

Acceptability of the QPL was adequate, but physicians feeling confident to be able to address questions about end-of-life care is crucial when implementing it in practice, and may require training. To facilitate discussions of advance care planning and palliative care, families and persons with dementia should also be empowered to access the QPL themselves.

Intensive neurorehabilitation for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: protocol of a mixed-methods study focusing on outcomes, ethics and impact

BACKGROUND

Prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) are amongst the severest sequelae of acquired brain injury. Evidence regarding epidemiology and rehabilitation outcomes is scarce. These knowledge gaps and psychological distress in families of PDOC patients may complicate clinical decision-making. The complex PDOC care and associated moral dilemmas result in high workload in healthcare professionals. Since 2019, all PDOC patients in the Netherlands have access to intensive neurorehabilitation up to 2 years post-injury provided by one rehabilitation center and four specialized nursing homes. Systematic monitoring of quantitative rehabilitation data within this novel chain of care is done in a study called DOCTOR. The optimization of tailored PDOC care, however, demands a better understanding of the impact of PDOC on patients, their families and healthcare professionals and their views on rehabilitation outcomes, end-of-life decisions and quality of dying. The True Outcomes of PDOC (TOPDOC) study aims to gain insight in the qualitative outcomes of PDOC rehabilitation and impact of PDOC on patients, their families and healthcare professionals.

METHODS

Nationwide multicenter prospective cohort study in the settings of early and prolonged intensive neurorehabilitation with a two-year follow-up period, involving three study populations: PDOC patients > 16 years, patients' family members and healthcare professionals involved in PDOC care. Families' and healthcare professionals' views on quality of rehabilitation outcomes, end-of-life decisions and dying will be qualitatively assessed using comprehensive questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Ethical dilemmas will be explored by studying moral deliberations. The impact of providing care to PDOC patients on healthcare professionals will be studied in focus groups.

DISCUSSION

To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study exploring quality of outcomes, end-of-life decisions and dying in PDOC patients and the impact of PDOC in a novel chain of care spanning the first 24 months post-injury in specialized rehabilitation and nursing home settings. Newly acquired knowledge in TOPDOC concerning quality of outcomes in PDOC rehabilitation, ethical aspects and the impact of PDOC will enrich quantitative epidemiological knowledge and outcomes arising from DOCTOR. Together, these projects will contribute to the optimization of centralized PDOC care providing support to PDOC patients, families and healthcare professionals.

Increasing Older Adult Involvement in Geriatric Assessment: A Mixed-Methods Process Evaluation

Objectives: Goal setting and motivational interviewing (MI) may increase well-being by promoting healthy behavior. Since we failed to show improved well-being in a proactive assessment service for community-dwelling older adults applying these techniques, we studied whether implementation processes could explain this. Methods: Goals set during the comprehensive geriatric assessment were evaluated on their potential for behavior change. MI and goal setting adherence wasassessed by reviewing audiotaped interactions and interviewing care professionals. Results: Among the 280 goals set with 230 frail older adults (mean age 77 ± 6.9 years, 59% women), more than 90% had a low potential for behavior change. Quality thresholds for MI were reached in only one of the 11 interactions. Application was hindered by the context and the limited proficiency of care professionals. Discussion: Implementation was suboptimal for goal setting and MI. This decreased the potential for improved well-being in the participating older adults.

Asymptomatic Cases and Limited Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Residents and Healthcare Workers in Three Dutch Nursing Homes

We aimed to assess the contribution of a- and presymptomatic residents and healthcare workers in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in nursing homes. We conducted two serial point-prevalence surveys, including standardized symptom assessment and nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal testing for SARS-CoV-2, among 297 residents and 542 healthcare workers of three Dutch nursing homes (NHs) with recent SARS-CoV-2 introduction. At the first point-prevalence survey, 15 residents tested positive of which one was presymptomatic and three remained asymptomatic. At the second point-prevalence survey one resident and one healthcare worker tested SARS-CoV-2 positive and both remained asymptomatic. Although a limited number of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases were identified, this study confirms a- and presymptomatic occurrence of Covid-19. We additionally describe factors that may contribute to the prevention of transmission. Taken together, our study complements the discussion on effective SARS-CoV-2 screening in NHs.

Dilemmas With Restrictive Visiting Policies in Dutch Nursing Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis of an Open-Ended Questionnaire With Elderly Care Physicians

OBJECTIVES

To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, a nationwide restriction for all visitors of residents of long-term care facilities including nursing homes (NHs) was established in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was an exploration of dilemmas experienced by elderly care physicians (ECPs) as a result of the COVID-19 driven restrictive visiting policy.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

ECPs working in Dutch NHs.

METHODS

A qualitative exploratory study was performed using an open-ended questionnaire. A thematic analysis was applied. Data were collected between April 17 and May 10, 2020.

RESULTS

Seventy-six ECPs answered the questionnaire describing a total of 114 cases in which they experienced a dilemma. Thematic analysis revealed 4 major themes: (1) The need for balancing safety for all through infection prevention measures versus quality of life of the individual residents and their loved ones; (2) The challenge of assessing the dying phase and how the allowed exception to the strict visitor restriction in the dying phase could be implemented; (3) The profound emotional impact on ECPs; (4) Many alternatives for visits highlight the wish to compensate for the absence of face-to-face contact opportunities. Many alternatives for visits highlight the wish to compensate for the absence of face-to-face opportunities but given the diversity of NH residents, alternatives were often only suitable for some of them.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

ECPs reported that the restrictive visitor policy deeply impacts NHs residents, their loved ones, and care professionals. The dilemmas encountered as a result of the policy highlight the wish by ECPs to offer solutions tailored to the individual residents. We identified an overview of aspects to consider when drafting future visiting policies for NHs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The construction of a conceptual framework explaining the relation between barriers to change of management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing homes: a qualitative study using focus groups

Background

Several efforts have been made to change management of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in nursing homes, however only few were successful. Numerous barriers to change in healthcare were identified, yet only one conceptual model is known to study their interrelationships. Unfortunately, this model does not discuss specific barriers encountered in nursing home practice. The aim of this study is to explore perceived barriers to change in the management of NPS in nursing homes and to construct a conceptual framework providing insight into the relative importance and interrelationships of these barriers when improving quality of care.

Methods

Four focus groups were conducted in different dementia special care units of one Dutch nursing home. Participants were either nursing staff, treatment staff or relatives of residents. Qualitative thematic analysis was conducted according to the five phases defined by Braun & Clarke. Finally, a conceptual framework showing the interrelations of barrier-themes was constructed using text fragments of the focus groups.

Results

We constructed a conceptual framework consisting of eight themes of barriers explaining the extent to which change in NPS-management can be achieved: ‘organizational barriers’, ‘personal barriers’, ‘deficiency of staff knowledge’, ‘suboptimal communication’, ‘inadequate (multidisciplinary) collaboration’, ‘disorganization of processes’, ‘reactive coping’ and ‘differences in perception’. Addressing ‘organizational barriers’ and ‘deficiency of staff knowledge’ is a precondition for change. ‘Suboptimal communication’ and ‘inadequate (multidisciplinary) collaboration’ play a key role in the extent of change achieved via the themes ‘differences in perception’ and ‘disorganization of processes’. Furthermore, ‘personal barriers’ influence all themes - except ‘organizational barriers’ - and may cause ‘reactive coping’, which in turn may lead to ‘difficulties to structure processes’.

Conclusions

A conceptual framework was created explaining the relationships between barriers towards achieving change focused on improving management of NPS in nursing homes. After this framework has been confirmed and refined in additional research, it can be used to study the interrelatedness of barriers to change, and to determine the importance of addressing them for achieving change in the provided care.

Specific components of a complex depression care program can affect staff outcomes differently: post-hoc analyses of a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial in nursing homes

OBJECTIVE

The Act in case of Depression program showed effects on the quality of life and depression in nursing home (NH) residents. We aimed to explore the effects of this complex multidisciplinary program on job satisfaction, job demands, and autonomy in nursing home staff.

DESIGN

Four data points from a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial on patient outcomes were used for secondary analyses on staff outcomes.

SETTING

Sixteen dementia special care and 17 somatic care units in Dutch NHs.Participants were 717 (90.1%) care staff or trainees, 34 (4.3%) paramedical staff, and 45 (5.7%) other staff members.Intervention describes procedures for nursing staff, activity therapists, psychologists, and physicians. It contains evidence-based pathways for depression assessment, treatment, and monitoring treatment results.

RESULTS

Mixed models for intention-to-treat analyses showed no significant changes in job demands, job satisfaction, or autonomy. Models corrected for the ratio of unit residents who received, when indicated, a specific program component revealed reduced job demands and improved job satisfaction and autonomy when treatment procedures were used. A better use of assessment procedures was associated with increased job demands, while conducting monitoring procedures was associated with increased job demands and decreased autonomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Components of complex care programs may affect the staff outcomes in opposite directions and, taken together, produce a zero-sum or a statistically insignificant effect. While implementing treatment protocols affecting patients directly can also improve job outcomes such as satisfaction and autonomy and decrease job demands, it is possible that other procedures of complex programs may have unfavorable effects on job outcomes. It is important to account for specific components of complex interventions when evaluating intervention effects.

Provision of palliative and end-of-life care in New Zealand residential aged care facilities: general practitioners' perspectives

This exploratory study examined general practitioners’ (GPs) perspectives on delivering end-of-life care in the New Zealand residential aged care context. A general inductive approach to the data collected from semi-structured interviews with 17 GPs from 15 different New Zealand general practices was taken. Findings examine: (1) GPs’ life experience; (2) the GP relationship with the facilities and provision of end-of-life care; (3) the GP interaction with families of dying residents; and (4) GP relationship with hospice. The nature of the GP relationship with the facility influenced GP involvement in end-of-life care in aged care facilities, with GPs not always able to direct a facility’s end-of-life care decisions for specific residents. GP participation in end-of-life care was constrained by GP time availability and the costs to the facilities for that time. GPs reported seldom using hospice services for residents, but did use the reputation (cachet) associated with hospice practices to provide an authoritative buffer for their end-of-life clinical decisions when talking with families and residents. GP training in end-of-life care, especially for those with dementia, was reported as ad hoc and done through informal mentoring between GPs.

Cost-consequence analysis of an intervention for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in young-onset dementia: Results from the BEYOND-II study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the cost-consequences of an intervention for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home residents with young-onset dementia.

METHODS

A stepped wedge design was used. The intervention consisted of an educational program and a multidisciplinary care program and was implemented in 13 nursing homes from September 2015 to March 2017. Costs' outcomes included the time investment of the elderly care physician and health care psychologists regarding the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms, residents' psychotropic drug use, nursing staff absenteeism, and costs of the educational program. Composite cost measure contained the sum of costs of staff absenteeism, costs on psychotropic drugs, and costs of the educational program. Costs of time investment were investigated by comparing means. Costs of psychotropic drug use were analyzed with mixed models at resident level and as part of the composite cost measure on unit level. Staff absenteeism was also analyzed at unit level.

RESULTS

Compared with care as usual, the mean costs of time invested decreased with €36.79 for the elderly care physician but increased with €46.05 for the health care psychologist in the intervention condition. Mixed model analysis showed no effect of the intervention compared with care as usual on the costs of psychotropic drug use, staff absenteeism, and the composite cost measure. The costs of the educational program were on average €174.13 per resident.

CONCLUSION

The intervention did not result in increased costs compared with care as usual. Other aspects, such as the lack of a structured working method, should be taken into account when considering implementation of the intervention.

Natural course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home patients with mental-physical multimorbidity in the first eight months after admission

Objective: Aging societies will bring an increase in the number of long-term care patients with mental-physical multimorbidity (MPM). This paper aimed to describe the natural course of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in patients with MPM in the first 8 months after admission to a geronto-psychiatric nursing home (GP-NH) unit.Methods: Longitudinal cohort study among 63 patients with MPM no dementia living in 17 GP-NH units across the Netherlands. Data collection consisted of chart review, semi-structured interviews, and brief neuropsychological testing, among which our primary outcome measure the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted.Results: Our study showed a significant increase of the NPI total score (from 25.3 to 29.3, p = 0.045), and the total scores of a NPI hyperactivity cluster (from 9.7 to 11.8, p = 0.039), and a NPI mood/apathy cluster (from 7.7 to 10.1, p = 0.008). Just over 95% had any clinically relevant symptom at baseline and/or six months later, of which irritability was the most prevalent and persistent symptom and the symptom with the highest incidence. Hyperactivity was the most prevalent and persistent symptom cluster. Also, depression had a high persistence.Conclusions: Our results indicate the omnipresence of NPS of which most were found to be persistent. Therefore, we recommend to explore opportunities to reduce NPS in NH patients with MPM, such as creating a therapeutic milieu, educating the staff, and evaluating patient's psychotropic drug use.

Antibiotic Stewardship in European Nursing Homes: Experiences From the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden

Antibiotics are among the most widely prescribed drugs in long-term care facilities, which highlights the importance of antibiotic stewardship (ABS) in this setting. In this article, we describe the experiences with ABS in nursing homes (NHs) from the perspective of 4 European countries: the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. In these countries, a large variety of initiatives to develop and implement ABS in NHs have been introduced in recent years. Among these initiatives are national antibiotic prescribing surveillance systems, NH-specific prescribing guidelines, and national networks of healthcare institutions that exchange information and develop ABS policy. Several initiatives evolved as a result of political prioritization of antibiotic resistance, translated into national action plans. Experiences of the 4 countries with the presented initiatives may inspire other countries that aim to develop or improve ABS in the long-term care setting.