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Hills AP, Norris SA, Byrne NM, Jayasinghe S, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Ismail LIC, Kurpad AV, Kuriyan R, Nyati LH, Santos IS, Costa CS, Wickramasinghe VP, Lucas MN, Slater C, Yameen A, Ariff S. Body composition from birth to 2 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023:10.1038/s41430-023-01322-7. [PMID: 37563231 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing all infants with the best start to life is a universal but challenging goal for the global community. Historically, the size and shape of infants, quantified by anthropometry and commencing with birthweight, has been the common yardstick for physical growth and development. Anthropometry has long been considered a proxy for nutritional status during infancy when, under ideal circumstances, changes in size and shape are most rapid. Developed from data collected in the Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS), WHO Child Growth Standards for healthy infants and children have been widely accepted and progressively adopted. In contrast, and somewhat surprisingly, much less is understood about the 'quality' of growth as reflected by body composition during infancy. Recent advances in body composition assessment, including the more widespread use of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) across the first months of life, have contributed to a progressive increase in our knowledge and understanding of growth and development. Along with stable isotope approaches, most commonly the deuterium dilution (DD) technique, the criterion measure of total body water (TBW), our ability to quantify lean and fat tissue using a two-compartment model, has been greatly enhanced. However, until now, global reference charts for the body composition of healthy infants have been lacking. This paper details some of the historical challenges associated with the assessment of body composition across the first two years of life, and references the logical next steps in growth assessments, including reference charts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane A Norris
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Leila I Cheikh Ismail
- University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ayesha Yameen
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Nilore, Pakistan
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Harmancıoğlu B, Kabaran S. Maternal high fat diets: impacts on offspring obesity and epigenetic hypothalamic programming. Front Genet 2023; 14:1158089. [PMID: 37252665 PMCID: PMC10211392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1158089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is associated with rapid weight gain and fetal fat mass increase at an early stage. Also, HFD during pregnancy can cause the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Maternal insulin resistance and inflammation lead to increased adipose tissue lipolysis, and also increased free fatty acid (FFA) intake during pregnancy (˃35% of energy from fat) cause a significant increase in FFA levels in the fetus. However, both maternal insulin resistance and HFD have detrimental effects on adiposity in early life. As a result of these metabolic alterations, excess fetal lipid exposure may affect fetal growth and development. On the other hand, increase in blood lipids and inflammation can adversely affect the development of the liver, adipose tissue, brain, skeletal muscle, and pancreas in the fetus, increasing the risk for metabolic disorders. In addition, maternal HFD is associated with changes in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis by altering the expression of the leptin receptor, POMC, and neuropeptide Y in the offspring, as well as altering methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes which cause changes in eating behavior. All these maternal metabolic and epigenetic changes may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic through fetal metabolic programming. Dietary interventions, such as limiting dietary fat intake <35% with appropriate fatty acid intake during the gestation period are the most effective type of intervention to improve the maternal metabolic environment during pregnancy. Appropriate nutritional intake during pregnancy should be the principal goal in reducing the risks of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Fuchs-Neuhold B, Staubmann W, Peterseil M, Rath A, Schweighofer N, Kronberger A, Riederer M, van der Kleyn M, Martin J, Hörmann-Wallner M, Waldner I, Konrad M, Aufschnaiter AL, Siegmund B, Berghold A, Holasek S, Pail E. Investigating New Sensory Methods Related to Taste Sensitivity, Preferences and Diet of Mother-Infant Pairs and its Relationship to Body Composition and Biomarkers: Protocol for an Explorative Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37279. [PMID: 35475790 PMCID: PMC9096638 DOI: 10.2196/37279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early experiences with different flavors play an important role in infant development, including food and taste acceptance. Flavors are already perceived in utero with the development of the taste and olfactory system and are passed on to the child through breast and bottle feeding. Therefore, the first 1000 days of life are considered a critical window for infant developmental programming. Objective The objective of our study is to investigate, both in the prenatal and postnatal period, taste sensitivity, preferences, and dietary diversity of mother-infant pairs. The explorative study design will also report on the impact of these variables on body composition (BC) and biomarkers. In contrast to conventional methods, this study involves long-term follow-up data collection from mother-infant pairs; moreover, the integration of audiovisual tools for recording infants' expressions pertaining to taste stimuli is a novelty of this study. Considering these new methodological approaches, the study aims to assess taste-related data in conjunction with BC parameters like fat-free mass or fat mass, biomarkers, and nutritional intake in infants and children. Methods Healthy pregnant women aged between 18 and 50 years (BMI≥18.5 kg/m2 to ≤30 kg/m2; <28 weeks of gestation) were recruited from January 2014 to October 2014. The explorative design implies 2 center visits during pregnancy (24-28 weeks of gestation and 32-34 weeks of gestation) and 2 center visits after delivery (6-8 weeks postpartum and 14-16 weeks postpartum) as well as follow-up visits at 1, 3-3.5, and 6 years after delivery. Data collection encompasses anthropometric and biochemical measurements as well as BC analyses with air displacement plethysmography, taste perception assessments, and multicomponent questionnaires on demographics, feeding practices, and nutritional and lifestyle behaviors. Audiovisual data from infants’ reactions to sensory stimuli are collected and coded by trained staff using Baby Facial Action Coding and the Body Action Posture System. Birth outcomes and weight development are obtained from medical records, and additional qualitative data are gathered from 24 semistructured interviews. Results Our cohort represents a homogenous group of healthy women with stringent exclusion criteria. A total of 54 women met the eligibility criteria, whereas 47 mother-child pairs completed data collection at 4 center visits during and after pregnancy. Follow-up phases, data analyses, and dissemination of the findings are scheduled for the end of 2023. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University of Graz (EC No 26–066 ex 13/14), and all participants provided informed consent. Conclusions The results of this study could be useful for elucidating the connections between maternal and infant statuses regarding diet, taste, biomarkers, and prenatal and postnatal weight development. This study may also be relevant to the establishment of further diagnostic and interventional strategies targeting childhood obesity and early body fat development. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/37279
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Fuchs-Neuhold
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Staubmann
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Marie Peterseil
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Rath
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Natascha Schweighofer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Kronberger
- Institute of Design and Communication, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Riederer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Moenie van der Kleyn
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen Martin
- Institute of Design and Communication, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Marlies Hörmann-Wallner
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Irmgard Waldner
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuela Konrad
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Lena Aufschnaiter
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Siegmund
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pail
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
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Herath MP, Ahuja KDK, Beckett JM, Jayasinghe S, Byrne NM, Hills AP. Determinants of Infant Adiposity across the First 6 Months of Life: Evidence from the Baby-bod study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081770. [PMID: 33921680 PMCID: PMC8073882 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess adiposity in infancy may predispose individuals to obesity later in life. The literature on determinants of adiposity in infants is equivocal. In this longitudinal cohort study, we investigated pre-pregnancy, prenatal and postnatal determinants of different adiposity indices in infants, i.e., fat mass (FM), percent FM (%FM), fat mass index (FMI) and log-log index (FM/FFMp), from birth to 6 months, using linear mixed-effects regression. Body composition was measured in 322, 174 and 109 infants at birth and 3 and 6 months afterwards, respectively, utilising air displacement plethysmography. Positive associations were observed between gestation length and infant FM, maternal self-reported pre-pregnancy body mass index and infant %FM, and parity and infant %FM and FMI at birth. Surprisingly, maternal intake of iron supplements during pregnancy was associated with infant FM, %FM and FMI at 3 months and FM/FFMp at 6 months. Male infant sex and formula feeding were negatively associated with all adiposity indices at 6 months. In conclusion, pre-pregnancy and pregnancy factors influence adiposity during early life, and any unfavourable impacts may be modulated postnatally via infant feeding practices. Moreover, as these associations are dependent on the adiposity indices used, it is crucial that researchers use conceptually and statistically robust approaches such as FM/FFMp.
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Jamshed S, Khan F, Chohan SK, Bano Z, Shahnawaz S, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. Frequency of Normal Birth Length and Its Determinants: A Cross-Sectional Study in Newborns. Cureus 2020; 12:e10556. [PMID: 33101803 PMCID: PMC7575309 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There are several factors that may affect the length and height of the infant. Maternal factors include a wide array of factors (anthropometric, hematological, or genetic), which can affect newborn health determinants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of normal birth length and its determinants in newborns. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at the Obstetrics and Gynaecological Department of Hamdard Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from March 1, 2019, to August 31, 2019. The relevant data were gathered by trained data collectors with the help of a structured questionnaire designed specifically for the study after taking written informed consent from all the participants. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 20. Binary logistic regression was applied to develop a risk assessment model for the study outcome. Results Out of 195 pregnant mothers, 57 (29.2%) had low birth weight infants. Mean age of mothers was 29.29±5.22 years, 142 (72.8%) had BMI of 25.0 or more, 102 (52.3%) had hemoglobin between 10 to 11 mg/dL, 172 (88.2%) used to take vitamin C and iron during pregnancy, 136 (69.7%) consumed extra meals during pregnancy, and only 5 (2.6%) were tobacco smokers/chewers. Hundred (51.3%) newborns had normal birth length, i.e., >48 cm. The mother's mid-arm circumference > 22 cm (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.719; 95% CI: 2.337-9.527; p<0.001), consumption of extra meals during pregnancy (AOR: 3.947; 95% CI: 1.627-9.574; p=0.002), hemoglobin > 11 mg/dL (AOR: 4.314; 95% CI: 1.779-10.463; p=0.001), and adequate rest during pregnancy (AOR: 3.798; 95% CI: 1.464-9.848; p=0.006) were significantly associated with normal birth length of the infants, i.e., >48 cm. Conclusions Mother's mid-arm circumference > 22 cm, consumption of extra meals during pregnancy, hemoglobin > 11 mg/dL, and adequate rest during pregnancy were found to be significant predictors of normal birth length of the infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Jamshed
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | - Farah Khan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Zakia Bano
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dar-Ul-Sehat Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | - Shizra Shahnawaz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, PAK
| | - Adnan Anwar
- Physiology, Al-Tibri Medical College, Karachi, PAK.,Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiation Oncology, Al-Tibri Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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Gallagher D, Andres A, Fields DA, Evans WJ, Kuczmarski R, Lowe WL, Lumeng JC, Oken E, Shepherd JA, Sun S, Heymsfield SB. Body Composition Measurements from Birth through 5 Years: Challenges, Gaps, and Existing & Emerging Technologies-A National Institutes of Health workshop. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13033. [PMID: 32314544 PMCID: PMC7875319 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Body composition estimates are widely used in clinical research and field studies as measures of energy-nutrient balance, functionality and health. Despite their broad relevance and multiple applications, important gaps remain in techniques available for accurately and precisely quantifying body composition in infants and children from birth through 5 years. Identifying these gaps and highlighting research needs in this age group were the topics of a National Institutes of Health workshop held in Bethesda, MD, USA, 30-31 May 2019. Experts reviewed available methods (multicompartment models, air-displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, weight-length and height indices, bioimpedance analysis, anthropometry-skinfold techniques, quantitative magnetic resonance, optical imaging, omics and D3-creatine dilution), their limitations in this age range and high priority research needs. A summary of their individual and collective workshop deliberations is provided in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Gallagher
- New York Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert Kuczmarski
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William L Lowe
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Hamatschek C, Yousuf EI, Möllers LS, So HY, Morrison KM, Fusch C, Rochow N. Fat and Fat-Free Mass of Preterm and Term Infants from Birth to Six Months: A Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020288. [PMID: 31973218 PMCID: PMC7070317 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimize infant nutrition, the nature of weight gain must be analyzed. This study aims to review publications and develop growth charts for fat and fat-free mass for preterm and term infants. Body composition data measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in preterm and term infants until six months corrected age were abstracted from publications (31 December 1990 to 30 April 2019). Age-specific percentiles were calculated. ADP measurements were used in 110 studies (2855 preterm and 22,410 term infants), and DXA was used in 28 studies (1147 preterm and 3542 term infants). At term age, preterm infants had higher percent-fat than term-born infants (16% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). At 52 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), both reached similar percent-fat (24% vs. 25%). In contrast, at term age, preterm infants had less fat-free mass (2500 g vs. 2900 g) by 400 g. This difference decreased to 250 g by 52 weeks, and to 100 g at 60 weeks PMA (5000 g vs. 5100 g). DXA fat-free mass data were comparable with ADP. However, median percent-fat was up to 5% higher with DXA measurements compared with ADP with PMA > 50 weeks. There are methodological differences between ADP and DXA measures for infants with higher fat mass. The cause of higher fat mass in preterm infants at term age needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Hamatschek
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (C.H.); (L.S.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Efrah I. Yousuf
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.I.Y.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Lea Sophie Möllers
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (C.H.); (L.S.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Hon Yiu So
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Katherine M. Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.I.Y.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Christoph Fusch
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (C.H.); (L.S.M.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.I.Y.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Niels Rochow
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, General Hospital, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (C.H.); (L.S.M.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.I.Y.); (K.M.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Houle B, Rochat TJ, Newell ML, Stein A, Bland RM. Breastfeeding, HIV exposure, childhood obesity, and prehypertension: A South African cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002889. [PMID: 31454346 PMCID: PMC6711496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between breastfeeding and later childhood obesity and blood pressure (BP) is inconsistent, especially in HIV-prevalent areas where, until recently, HIV-infected women were discouraged from breastfeeding, but obesity is increasingly prevalent. METHODS AND FINDINGS The Siyakhula cohort (2012-2014), a population-based prospective cohort study, collected data over 3 visits on HIV-negative children ages 7 to 11 years in rural South Africa. We used weight (body mass index [BMI]), fat, and BP as outcome variables and incorporated early life (including mother's age at delivery and HIV status) and current life factors (including maternal education and current BMI). Our primary exposure was breastfeeding duration. We dichotomized 3 outcome measures using pre-established thresholds for clinical interpretability: (1) overfat: ≥85th percentile of body fat; (2) overweight: >1 SD BMI z score; and (3) prehypertension: ≥90th percentile for systolic BP (SBP) or diastolic BP (DBP). We modelled each outcome using multivariable logistic regression, including stopping breastfeeding, then early life, and finally current life factors. Of 1,536 children (mean age = 9.3 years; 872 girls; 664 boys), 7% were overfat, 13.2% overweight, and 9.1% prehypertensive. Over half (60%) of the mothers reported continued breastfeeding for 12+ months. In multivariable analyses, continued breastfeeding between 6 and 11 months was associated with approximately halved odds of both being overfat (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.91, P = 0.027) and overweight (aOR = 0.46, CI 0.26-0.82, P = 0.0083), but the association with prehypertension did not reach statistical significance (aOR = 0.72, CI 0.38-1.37, P = 0.32). Children with a mother who was currently obese were 5 times more likely (aOR = 5.02, CI 2.47-10.20, P < 0.001) to be overfat and over 4 times more likely to be overweight (aOR = 4.33, CI 2.65-7.09, P < 0.001) than children with normal weight mothers. Differences between HIV-exposed and unexposed children on any of the outcomes were minimal and not significant. The main study limitation was that duration of breastfeeding was based on maternal recall. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study examining and quantifying the association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity in an African setting with high HIV prevalence. We observed that breastfeeding was independently associated with reduced childhood obesity for both HIV-exposed and unexposed children, suggesting that promoting optimal nutrition throughout the life course, starting with continued breastfeeding, may be critical to tackling the growing obesity epidemic. In the era of widespread effective antiretroviral treatment for HIV-infected women for life, these data further support the recommendation of breastfeeding for all women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Houle
- School of Demography, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- CU Population Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Tamsen J. Rochat
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- MRC/Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alan Stein
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M. Bland
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing and Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Body composition at birth and its relationship with neonatal anthropometric ratios: the newborn body composition study of the INTERGROWTH-21 st project. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:305-316. [PMID: 28445454 PMCID: PMC5605677 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundWe aimed to describe newborn body composition and identify which anthropometric ratio (weight/length; BMI; or ponderal index, PI) best predicts fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM).MethodsAir-displacement plethysmography (PEA POD) was used to estimate FM, FFM, and body fat percentage (BF%). Associations between FFM, FM, and BF% and weight/length, BMI, and PI were evaluated in 1,019 newborns using multivariate regression analysis. Charts for FM, FFM, and BF% were generated using a prescriptive subsample (n=247). Standards for the best-predicting anthropometric ratio were calculated utilizing the same population used for the INTERGROWTH-21st Newborn Size Standards (n=20,479).ResultsFFM and FM increased consistently during late pregnancy. Differential FM, BF%, and FFM patterns were observed for those born preterm (34+0-36+6 weeks' gestation) and with impaired intrauterine growth. Weight/length by gestational age (GA) was a better predictor of FFM and FM (adjusted R2=0.92 and 0.71, respectively) than BMI or PI, independent of sex, GA, and timing of measurement. Results were almost identical when only preterm newborns were studied. We present sex-specific centiles for weight/length ratio for GA.ConclusionsWeight/length best predicts newborn FFM and FM. There are differential FM, FFM, and BF% patterns by sex, GA, and size at birth.
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Sauder KA, Kaar JL, Starling AP, Ringham BM, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Predictors of Infant Body Composition at 5 Months of Age: The Healthy Start Study. J Pediatr 2017; 183:94-99.e1. [PMID: 28161200 PMCID: PMC5367947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of demographic, perinatal, and infant feeding characteristics with offspring body composition at approximately 5 months of age. STUDY DESIGN We collected data on 640 mother/offspring pairs from early pregnancy through approximately 5 months of age. We assessed offspring body composition with air displacement plethysmography at birth and approximately 5 months of age. Linear regression analyses examined associations between predictors and fat-free mass, fat mass, and percent fat mass (adiposity) at approximately 5 months. Secondary models further adjusted for body composition at birth and rapid infant growth. RESULTS Greater prepregnant body mass index and gestational weight gain were associated with greater fat-free mass at approximately 5 months of age, but not after adjustment for fat-free mass at birth. Greater gestational weight gain was also associated with greater fat mass at approximately 5 months of age, independent of fat mass at birth and rapid infant growth, although this did not translate into increased adiposity. Greater percent time of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower fat-free mass (-311 g; P < .001), greater fat mass (+224 g; P < .001), and greater adiposity (+3.51%; P < .001). Compared with offspring of non-Hispanic white mothers, offspring of Hispanic mothers had greater adiposity (+2.72%; P < .001) and offspring of non-Hispanic black mothers had lower adiposity (-1.93%; P < .001). Greater adiposity at birth predicted greater adiposity at approximately 5 months of age, independent of infant feeding and rapid infant growth. CONCLUSIONS There are clear differences in infant body composition by demographic, perinatal, and infant feeding characteristics, although our data also show that increased adiposity at birth persists through approximately 5 months of age. Our findings warrant further research into implications of differences in infant body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sauder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
| | - Jill L Kaar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Brandy M Ringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora CO, USA
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11
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Breij LM, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Briceno D, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Maternal and Fetal Determinants of Neonatal Body Composition. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:388-95. [PMID: 26492188 DOI: 10.1159/000441298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition in early life influences the development of obesity during childhood and beyond. It is, therefore, important to adequately determine neonatal body composition. Fetal growth and maternal factors might influence neonatal fat mass percentage (FM%), independent of birth weight. METHODS In 194 healthy neonates, we investigated neonatal body composition, measured by air-displacement plethysmography (PEAPOD), and its associations with estimated fetal weight (EFW), neonatal anthropometric data, maternal preconceptional body mass index (BMI) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy. RESULTS There was a large variation in neonatal FM%, even in case of a similar birth weight, corrected for gender and gestational age. Neonatal FM% was associated with EFW at 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and with catch-up in weight between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation, but not with EFW at 20 weeks (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p = 0.64, respectively). Neonatal FM% was also associated with preconceptional BMI of the mother (p < 0.01). There was no correlation with maternal weight gain. CONCLUSION Our study shows that term neonates have a large variation in FM%. Neonatal FM% is associated with EFW at 30 and 36 weeks, catch-up in weight between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and preconceptional BMI of the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Breij
- Subdivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Barbour LA, Hernandez TL, Reynolds RM, Reece MS, Chartier-Logan C, Anderson MK, Kelly T, Friedman JE, Van Pelt RE. Striking differences in estimates of infant adiposity by new and old DXA software, PEAPOD and skin-folds at 2 weeks and 1 year of life. Pediatr Obes 2016. [PMID: 26198967 PMCID: PMC4762753 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant adiposity better predicts childhood obesity/metabolic risk than weight, but technical challenges fuel controversy over the accuracy of adiposity estimates. OBJECTIVE We prospectively measured adiposity (%fat) in term newborns (NB) at 2 weeks (n = 41) and 1 year (n = 30). METHODS %fat was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), PEAPOD and skin-folds (SF). DXAs were analyzed using Hologic Apex software 3.2(DXAv1) and a new version 5.5.2(DXAv2). RESULTS NB %fat by DXAv2 was 55% higher than DXAv1 (14.2% vs. 9.1%), 45% higher than SF (9.8%), and 36% higher than PEAPOD (10.4%). Among NB, Pearson correlations were 0.73-0.89, but agreement (intra-class correlations) poor between DXAv2 and DXAv1 (0.527), SF (0.354) and PEAPOD (0.618). At 1 year, %fat by DXAv2 was 51% higher than DXAv1 (33.6% vs. 22.4%), and twice as high compared with SF (14.6%). Agreement was poor between DXAv2 and DXAv1 (0.204), and SF (0.038). The absolute increase in %fat from 2 weeks to 1 year was 19.7% (DXAv2), 13.6% (DXAv1) and only 4.8% by SF. CONCLUSION Analysis of the same DXA scans using new software yielded considerably higher adiposity estimates at birth and 1 year compared with the previous version. Using different modalities to assess body composition longitudinally is problematic. Standardization is gravely needed to determine how early life exposures affect childhood obesity/metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Regina M Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie S Reece
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine Chartier-Logan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molly K Anderson
- Department Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachael E Van Pelt
- Department Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Toro-Ramos T, Paley C, Pi-Sunyer FX, Gallagher D. Body composition during fetal development and infancy through the age of 5 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1279-89. [PMID: 26242725 PMCID: PMC4680980 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fetal body composition is an important determinant of body composition at birth, and it is likely to be an important determinant at later stages in life. The purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview by presenting data from previously published studies that report on body composition during fetal development in newborns and the infant/child through 5 years of age. Understanding the changes in body composition that occur both in utero and during infancy and childhood, and how they may be related, may help inform evidence-based practice during pregnancy and childhood. We describe body composition measurement techniques from the in utero period to 5 years of age, and identify gaps in knowledge to direct future research efforts. Available literature on chemical and cadaver analyses of fetal studies during gestation is presented to show the timing and accretion rates of adipose and lean tissues. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of fetal lean and fat mass accretion could be especially useful in the clinical setting for diagnostic purposes. The practicality of different pediatric body composition measurement methods in the clinical setting is discussed by presenting the assumptions and limitations associated with each method that may assist the clinician in characterizing the health and nutritional status of the fetus, infant and child. It is our hope that this review will help guide future research efforts directed at increasing the understanding of how body composition in early development may be associated with chronic diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toro-Ramos
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Paley
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - FX Pi-Sunyer
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Adiponectin oligomers are similarly distributed in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children irrespective of feeding in their first year. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:808-13. [PMID: 25760548 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition and growth in early postnatal life have a role in future diseases. Our aim was to investigate adiponectin oligomers in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children with respect to type and duration of feeding in the first year of life. METHODS Adiponectin oligomers and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in 113 adequate-for-gestational-age obese children, divided into group A (prolonged breast feeding, >6 mo), group B (short breast feeding, 1-6 mo), and group C (formula feeding from birth). RESULTS All the parameters were similar among the groups. Adiponectin oligomers did not correlate with gestational age, months of breast feeding, and time of weaning. Total and high-molecular weight adiponectin were differently distributed across gender and pubertal stages (P < 0.02), being lower in males from the start of puberty. Prepregnancy BMI and at the end of the pregnancy were negatively associated (P < 0.04) with total and medium-molecular weight adiponectin in female and male offspring, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin oligomers and metabolic characteristics are similarly distributed in adequate-for-gestational-age obese children, irrespective of the type and duration of the feeding in the first year of life. Gender and mother's BMI in pregnancy are contributors to adiponectin regulation. Further studies will explain whether breastfeeding protects against metabolic impairment later in life.
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Rice MS, Valentine CJ. Neonatal Body Composition: Measuring Lean Mass as a Tool to Guide Nutrition Management in the Neonate. Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30:625-32. [PMID: 25908606 DOI: 10.1177/0884533615578917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal nutrition adequacy is often determined by infant weight gain. The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about neonatal body composition and the use of body composition as a measure for adequate neonatal nutrition. Unlike traditional anthropometric measures of height and weight, body composition measurements account for fat vs nonfat mass gains. This provides a more accurate picture of neonatal composition of weight gain. Providing adequate neonatal nutrition in the form of quantity and composition can be a challenge, especially when considering the delicate balance of providing adequate nutrition to preterm infants for catch-up growth. Monitoring weight gain as fat mass and nonfat mass while documenting dietary intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrate in formulas may help provide the medical community the tools to provide optimal nutrition for catch-up growth and for improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. Tracking body composition in term and preterm infants may also provide critical future information concerning the nutritional state of infants who go on to develop future disease such as obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia as adolescents or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rice
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Parkview Regional Medical Center, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Dr Valentine is now employed by Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Christina J Valentine
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Hazell TJ, Gallo S, Berzina L, Vanstone CA, Rodd C, Weiler HA. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, more so than its epimer, has a linear relationship to leaner body composition across infancy in healthy term infants. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1137-43. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status positively associates with skeletal muscle mass and function in adolescents. The C-3 alpha epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-25(OH)D3) is high in infants, yet the potential impacts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 on skeletal muscle development are largely unexplored. The objective of this study was (i) to explore how the concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 track with body composition (lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM)) and (ii) to determine the association between 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 in infancy. Healthy breastfed infants (n = 132) were followed from 1 to 12 months of age as part of a vitamin D dose–response study (NCT00381914). Anthropometry and diet were assessed. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 increased from 1 to 3 months of age and decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). Infants with 25(OH)D3 concentrations above 75 nmol/L did not have a higher LM (g or %; p > 0.273) than those below this cutoff. LM was not associated with 25(OH)D3, whereas LM% was positively associated with 25(OH)D3 (β = 0.03; CI: 0.01 to 0.06; p = 0.006), while accounting for sex, weight-for-age Z-score, protein and fat intake, and age. For FM, the variables accounting for a significant amount of the variation were plasma 25(OH)D3 concentration (β = −2.38; CI: −4.35, −0.41; p = 0.019), weight-for-age Z-score, protein and fat intake, and time. In healthy infants, higher vitamin D status associates with leaner body composition, though the effect is smaller in magnitude relative to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sina Gallo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - llze Berzina
- Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 2E3, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Vanstone
- Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 2E3, Canada
| | - Celia Rodd
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1Y1, Canada
- Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montréal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Hope A. Weiler
- Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 2E3, Canada
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Long-term effect of altered nutrition induced by litter size manipulation and cross-fostering in suckling male rats on development of obesity risk and health complications. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Symonds ME, Mendez MA, Meltzer HM, Koletzko B, Godfrey K, Forsyth S, van der Beek EM. Early life nutritional programming of obesity: mother-child cohort studies. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 62:137-45. [PMID: 23392264 DOI: 10.1159/000345598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obesity epidemic has resulted in more overweight/obese women before and during pregnancy. Their offspring tend to have higher birth weights and more body fat, and carry an increased risk of obesity later in life. These effects may partly be related to the heightened risk of gestational diabetes, occurring in at least 16% of all pregnancies irrespective of current body weight. METHODS An ILSI Europe workshop reviewed the key contributors leading to adverse outcomes in pregnancy and childhood, including gestational weight gain and nutrition. New research opportunities from prospective mother-child cohort studies were explored. RESULTS Simple measures of gestational weight gain provide insufficient detail of the underlying physiological and metabolic adaptations occurring in pregnancy, and should be complemented by measures of body composition, metabolic and endocrine responses. Recordings of maternal dietary intake and nutrient status are often limited and potential correlations with gestational weight gain have been poorly studied. Many pregnancies in overweight/obese women are uncomplicated and result in offspring of normal weight, leaving the main determinants of later adverse outcomes to be clarified. CONCLUSIONS The workshop provided insights of primary measurements for the characterization of sustainable nutritional intervention strategies in the mother, infant and child for preventing obesity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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