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Eaton M, Probst Y, Foster T, Messore J, Robinson L. A systematic review of observational studies exploring the relationship between health and non-weight-centric eating behaviours. Appetite 2024; 199:107361. [PMID: 38643903 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Eating behaviour that does not centralise weight, otherwise known as weight-neutral, is associated with improved physical and psychological health, and greater health promoting behaviours. However, consolidated evidence is lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate 'health-centric' eating behaviour reflective of weight-neutral approaches, and their relationship with health (physical and mental) and health promoting behaviours. A systematic search was performed, identifying observational studies with adult populations, ≥1 physical/mental health outcome(s), and ≥1 validated measure(s) of health-centric eating behaviour. Study design, sample characteristics and outcomes were extracted and characterised into four domains. Our search identified 8281 records, with 86 studies, 75 unique datasets, and 78 unique exposures including 94,710 individuals. Eating behaviours included intuitive eating (n = 48), mindful eating (n = 19), and eating competence (n = 11). There were 298 outcomes identified for body composition, size, and physical health (n = 116), mental health and wellbeing (n = 123), health promoting behaviours (n = 51) and other eating behaviour (n = 8). Higher levels of intuitive eating, mindful eating and eating competence were significantly related to a lower BMI, better diet quality and greater physical activity. Higher intuitive and mindful eating were significantly related to lower levels of disordered eating, and depressive symptoms, and greater body image, self-compassion, and mindfulness. Greater eating competence and intuitive eating were significantly related to higher fruit and vegetable intake, and greater eating competence to higher fibre intake and better sleep quality. Our results demonstrate that 'health-centric' eating behaviours are related to a range of favourable health outcomes and engagement in health promoting behaviours. These findings help to enhance our understanding of eating behaviours that do not centre around body weight, providing support for health-centric eating behaviour in healthcare. Future research should focus on intervention studies and more diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Eaton
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Yasmine Probst
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Tiarna Foster
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julia Messore
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Laura Robinson
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Van Beekum M, Shankland R, Rodhain A, Robert M, Marchand C, Herry A, Prioux C, Touvier M, Barday M, Turgon R, Avignon A, Leys C, Péneau S. Development and validation of the mindful eating scale (mind-eat scale) in a general population. Appetite 2024; 199:107398. [PMID: 38710449 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating is a concept that is increasingly being used to promote healthy eating. Observational studies have suggested associations with healthier eating behaviors, lower weight status, and favorable cardiovascular biomarkers. However, existing scales assessing mindful eating have some limitations. Our study aimed to develop and validate a scale assessing the level of mindful eating in a general population. METHODS The Mind-Eat Scale was developed in four main steps: 1. Generating an initial item pool covering all aspects of mindful eating; 2. Reviewing items with experts and naive individuals; 3. Administering the scale to a large and representative sample from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (N = 3102); 4. Conducting psychometric analyses. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory (EFA) (N1 = 1302) and confirmatory (CFA) (N2 = 1302, N3 = 498) factor analyses. Content, discriminant, convergent, and divergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were examined. RESULTS The initial pool of 95 items was refined to 24 items using EFA. The EFA highlighted six dimensions: Awareness, Non-reactivity, Openness, Gratitude, Non-judgement, and Hunger/Satiety, consisting of four items per dimension. CFAs showed a good fit for first and second-order models. Adequate content validity was confirmed. Discriminant, convergent, and divergent validity were supported by significant differences between subgroups of individuals, and correlations with eating behaviors and psychological well-being scales. The Mind-Eat Scale showed good reliability for all six dimensions, with high McDonald's ω and adequate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). CONCLUSIONS This study validated the first tool assessing a total mindful eating score and its sub-dimensions in a general population. This scale can be an asset for clinical and epidemiological research on dietary behavior and related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Van Beekum
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France; University of Montpellier, Montpellier Research in Management (MRM), Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 19001 - Bâtiment 19, 34095, Montpellier, France; Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Rebecca Shankland
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, DIPHE, Bron Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Angélique Rodhain
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier Research in Management (MRM), Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 19001 - Bâtiment 19, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Margaux Robert
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Camille Marchand
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Athéna Herry
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Clémentine Prioux
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Marie Barday
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Roxane Turgon
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, DIPHE, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Avignon
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090, Montpellier, France; Nutrition-Diabetes Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Leys
- Faculty of Psychology, Educational Sciences, and Speech and Language Therapy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50 - CP191, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France
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Awad E, Zalaket N, Rahme E, Hallit S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Obeid S. Body appreciation and mindful eating in Lebanese adults: the mediating role of psychological distress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38566373 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2337832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A gap in the literature exists about the associations between adaptive eating patterns like mindful eating, body appreciation and psychological distress within the Lebanese population. The current culture of acceptance and increased emphasis on wellbeing elicits interest in studying body acceptance and its correlates. The aim of the current study is to assess the mediating effect of psychological distress in the association between body appreciation and mindful eating behaviors among a sample of Lebanese adults. This cross-sectional study enrolled 465 participants. Men and women over the age of 18 were eligible to participate. Then, initial participants were asked to recruit other participants they know. Individuals who consented took an online questionnaire that contained the following scales: a section collecting sociodemographic information, Mindful Eating Behavior Scale, Depression Stress Anxiety Scale (DASS-8) and Body Appreciation (BAS-2). The results of the mediation analysis showed that psychological distress fully mediated the associations between body appreciation and eating with awareness/eating without distraction. Higher body appreciation was significantly associated with less psychological distress, whereas higher psychological distress was significantly associated with less eating with awareness/eating without distraction. However, body appreciation was not associated with eating with awareness/eating without distraction respectively. These findings could guide further research on different categories of adaptive eating patterns and positive body variables within the Lebanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Awad
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Zalaket
- Psychology and Social Departments, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Elias Rahme
- Psychology and Social Departments, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis,Tunisia
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Rezende F, Oliveira BMPM, Poínhos R. Assessment of Intuitive Eating and Mindful Eating among Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:572. [PMID: 38470683 PMCID: PMC10931607 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of mindful eating (ME) and intuitive eating (IE) in improving eating behavior, diet quality, and health is an area of increasing interest. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to identify the instruments used to assess ME and IE among higher education students and outcomes related to these dimensions. METHODS This review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement, through systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria selected for higher education students, levels of ME and/or IE reported, and observational and clinical studies. The exclusion criteria selected against reviews, qualitative studies, and case studies. Quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. RESULTS A total of 516 initial records were identified, from which 75 were included. Cross-sectional studies were the most common research design (86.7%). Most studies were conducted with samples that were predominantly female (90.7%), White (76.0%), aged 18 to 22 years (88.4%), with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (83.0%), and in the United States (61.3%). The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES), the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), and their different versions were the most used instruments. The outcomes most studies included were eating behavior and disorders (77.3%), anthropometric assessments (47.8%), mental health (42.0%), and body image (40.6%). Regarding the quality of studies, 34.7% of studies were assigned a positive, 1.3% a negative, and 64.0% a neutral rate. CONCLUSIONS IES and MEQ were the most used instruments. RCT and cohort studies are scarce, and future research with a higher level of quality is needed, especially on the topics of food consumption, diet quality, and biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Rezende
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Bruno M. P. M. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (LIIAD, INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rui Poínhos
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal;
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Mantzios M, McAtamney K, Regan H, Kokocinska K, Kauser S, Kalika E, Hussain M, Keyte R, Wood J, Wallis D, Egan H. Does controlling for epicurean eating or the tendency to supersize food portions change the relationship between mindful eating and grazing? Heliyon 2024; 10:e24823. [PMID: 38352731 PMCID: PMC10861966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examines the potential for Epicurean eating to offer fresh perspectives on the predictive value of mindful eating. This research seeks to ascertain whether accounting for Epicurean eating (or its antithesis, supersizing), could influence the previously identified negative relationship between mindful eating and grazing habits. In a cross-sectional study, 419 participants completed questionnaires on epicurean eating, grazing, and mindful eating. The findings suggested mindful eating and epicurean eating were significantly associated with grazing, with both variables accounting for a significant amount of variance in grazing. Further analysis of the mindful eating subscales showed that eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues accounted for this association with grazing when epicurean eating was included. Finally, whilst eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues were associated with grazing, preference for supersizing did not account for a significant amount of variance in the relationship with grazing. The complex interplay between grazing and mindful eating becomes more apparent when considering the influence of epicurean eating. Exploring cross-cultural factors through additional research could provide valuable insights into the dynamics of epicurean eating and grazing. Simultaneously, incorporating alternative mindful eating scales may yield a more nuanced interpretation of mindful eating. Collectively, these avenues of inquiry warrant further investigation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harvey Regan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sophia Kauser
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Eliza Kalika
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Misba Hussain
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Wallis
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
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Ahmadyar K, Robinson E, Tapper K. The effect of a mindfulness-based body scan exercise on food intake during TV watching. Appetite 2024; 192:107131. [PMID: 37984598 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In some studies mindfulness is associated with reduced food consumption, but the underlying mechanisms are less well researched. One potential mechanism is that mindfulness increases attention toward feelings of fullness. Additionally, experimental research on mindfulness and food intake has primarily been conducted in constrained laboratory settings, where it may be easier for participants to notice their internal bodily signals, as opposed to the real world where individuals are often engaged in other activities while eating. The effect of mindfulness on food intake while participants are distracted remains unexplored. This study therefore aimed to examine whether a mindfulness-based body scan exercise reduced food consumption within a distracted environment by increasing attention toward feelings of fullness. Participants (n = 137) listened to a 10-minute body scan meditation, or a 10-minute visualisation (control) meditation. They were then given a bowl of crisps to consume while watching a 10-minute TV show segment. Participants also completed measures assessing proposed mediators, including state mindfulness, attention to bodily sensations and eating automaticity. The body scan manipulation increased state mindfulness but had no direct effect on the other mediators or on food intake (intervention M = 34.79g, SD = 24.06; control M = 33.16g, SD = 23.88). State mindfulness was positively correlated with attention to bodily sensations while eating. Lower eating automaticity and greater reliance on decreased food appeal and physical satisfaction to stop eating were found to be associated with lower food intake. Contrary to previous studies, we found no evidence that a mindfulness body scan reduces food consumption when participants are distracted. Future research should examine the specific conditions under and mechanisms by which mindfulness may influence food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Ahmadyar
- City, University of London, Department of Psychology, Whiskin Street, London, EC1R 0JD, UK.
| | - Eric Robinson
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Katy Tapper
- City, University of London, Department of Psychology, Whiskin Street, London, EC1R 0JD, UK
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7
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Wallace A, Martin A, Bédard A, Pitre C, Lemieux S, Simpson JR, Kirkpatrick SI, Hutchinson JM, Williams TE, Westaway AM, Lamarche B, Day M, Guenther PM, Jessri M, L'Abbé MR, Louzada MLDC, Olstad DL, Prowse R, Reedy J, Vatanparast H, Vena JE, Haines J. Development of the Canadian Eating Practices Screener to assess eating practices based on 2019 Canada's Food Guide recommendations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:907-918. [PMID: 37647625 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, Health Canada released a new iteration of Canada's Food Guide (2019-CFG), which, for the first time, highlighted recommendations regarding eating practices, i.e., guidance on where, when, why, and how to eat. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-administered screener to assess eating practices recommended in the 2019-CFG among adults aged 18-65 years. Development of the screener items was informed by a review of existing tools and mapping of items onto 2019-CFG recommendations. Face and content validity were assessed with experts in public health nutrition and/or dietary assessment (n = 16) and individuals from Government of Canada (n = 14). Cognitive interviews were conducted with English-speaking (n = 16) and French-speaking (n = 16) adults living in Canada to assess face validity and understanding of the screener items. While some modifications were identified to improve relevance or clarity, overall, the screener items were found to be relevant, well-constructed, and clearly worded. This comprehensive process resulted in the Canadian Eating Practices Screener/Questionnaire court canadien sur les pratiques alimentaires, which includes 21 items that assess eating practices recommended in the 2019-CFG. This screener can facilitate monitoring and surveillance efforts of the 2019-CFG eating practices as well as research exploring how these practices are associated with various health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wallace
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alicia Martin
- Department of Geography Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bédard
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Pitre
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Janis Randall Simpson
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joy M Hutchinson
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tabitha E Williams
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ailish M Westaway
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Day
- British Columbia Ministry of Health, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia M Guenther
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mahsa Jessri
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Laura de Costa Louzada
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health; Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Prowse
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jill Reedy
- Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, and School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- Cancer Research & Analytics, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Whitney P, Kluge MA, Morris P, Taylor J, Hoban MT. Determinants of perceived health in university employees. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38010400 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2283731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Employee health plays an important role in overall campus health and wellbeing. Therefore, this research explored the physical, mental, and environmental determinants of perceived health in employees of higher education. Participants: 422 full-time employees from one university took the American College Health Association National Faculty and Staff Health Assessment (NFSHA) online in April 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used to explore which physical, mental, and environmental health factors influenced perceived health of employees. Results: Sleep, body mass index (BMI), flourishing, and the extent to which employees felt the university cared about their health and wellbeing were the four significant factors that increased the odds of employees reporting higher levels of perceived health. Conclusions: Using Bandura's reciprocal determinism as a theoretical lens, these results reinforce that behaviors, personal attributes, and the environment are interdependent and influence perceived health in this sample of university employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Whitney
- Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary Ann Kluge
- Health Sciences (Emerita), University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Phillip Morris
- Leadership, Research, and Foundations, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph Taylor
- Leadership, Research, and Foundations, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary T Hoban
- American College Health Association, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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9
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Mantzios M. Development and initial validation of the trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scales. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:88. [PMID: 37878168 PMCID: PMC10600279 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale across four studies driven by recent theory (Mantzios in Nutr Health 27: 1-5, 2021). METHODS Study 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field. Study 2 inspected the scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor, parallel, correlation, and reliability analyses. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability through a test-retest in a 2-week interval. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-min eating session. RESULTS Study 1 yielded items to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated 2 potential factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, while subscales correlation indicated one-dimensionality, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was good. Study 3 certified the reliability of the scale over time, while Study 4 indicated that both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully. CONCLUSIONS Together, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE No level of evidence: basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
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10
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Mantzios M, Zervos K, Koletsi M, Giannou K. Mindful eating and eating behaviours in Greece: exploring the validity and reliability of two mindful eating scales and other eating behaviours for Greek-speaking populations. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:85. [PMID: 37864641 PMCID: PMC10590293 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has seen an increase in clinical and non-clinical practices of changing health outcomes. Meanwhile, the restriction of not having validated scales in other languages proposes a barrier to exploring the impact of mindful eating cross-culturally, and specific to the present project, across Greek-speaking populations, limiting the potential of exploring the association with Mediterranean dieting. METHODS In the present research, volunteers (n = 706) completed online the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and the Mindful Eating Scale. A forward-backwards translation, leading to face validity, and was assessed for internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) and followed up by an assessment of the factorial structure of the scales. Divergent and convergent validity was explored using motivations to eat palatable foods, grazing, craving, Dusseldorf orthorexia, Salzburg emotional eating, and the Salzburg stress eating scales. RESULTS Results indicated that both scales displayed good internal consistency, and the assessment of the factorial structure of the scales was equally good and semi-consistent with the English versions, with parallel analyses and item loadings proposing problems that have been shown in critical review literature. Associations of mindful eating scales to other eating behaviours were replicated to previously established findings with English-speaking populations. CONCLUSIONS Findings that deviated from the expected outcomes are central to the discussion on the measurement of mindful eating, and further direction highlights the way forward for researchers and clinicians. LEVEL V Descriptive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | | | - Marsha Koletsi
- Department of Psychology, New York College, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Giannou
- Department of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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11
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Mantzios M. Mindful eating: A conceptual critical review of the literature, measurement and intervention development. Nutr Health 2023; 29:435-441. [PMID: 36703297 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Defining mindful eating and discussing all it entails has proven to be abstract, open-ended and biased to the interpretation of the researchers and authors in the field. Despite some consensus, different interpretations have led to different psychometric tools and practices not descriptive of mindful eating, contributing towards a replication crisis. Aim/Method: This narrative review will draw on the most appropriate definition of mindful eating in the framework of traditional secular mindfulness literature and discuss how mindful eating psychometrics and practices are unsuitable for precise research. Results/Discussion: A proposal and directive of separation between eating behaviours and decision-making in mindful eating as a way of developing evidence-based practices and psychometric tools are proposed for both clinical and non-clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Winkens LHH, den Braver NR, Mackenbach JD, Visser M, De Vet E. Can mindful eating buffer against the influence of neighbourhood fast food exposure on unhealthy food intake? Health Place 2023; 83:103054. [PMID: 37336138 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A food-abundant environment is associated with unhealthy food intake, but not everyone is affected to the same degree. Mindful eating, which is eating with attention and awareness, has been associated with less external eating and less food cravings, and could act as a protective factor against influences from the food environment. The current study aimed to investigate whether the association between exposure to fast-food around the home and unhealthy food intake was moderated by mindful eating. The study was conducted in 1086 Dutch adults of 55 years and older of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam study. The mindful eating domains (Mindful Eating Behavior Scale) were tested as moderating variables in the linear regression models with absolute and relative density of fast-food outlets in the neighbourhood (400, 800 and 1600m) as independent variables and unhealthy food intake (snacks (g/d)) and saturated fat as a percentage of total energy intake (en%)) as dependent variable. Bootstrapping with 5000 samples using the pick-a-point approach showed that after adjustments, only two out of 48 interactions terms were statistically significant: Eating with Awareness (EwA) and Eating without Distraction (EwD) moderated the positive association between the relative density of fast-food outlets and saturated fat (en%) respectively in a buffer of 800m (interaction EwA: B = -0.84, 95% CI [-1.46; -0.22]) and in a buffer of 1600m (interaction EwD: B = -0.82, 95% CI [-1.61; -0.04]). The results of the current study indicate that mindful eating cannot buffer against the influence of the fast-food abundant environment on unhealthy food intake. Future research is needed to confirm these findings, for example in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H H Winkens
- Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - N R den Braver
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Upstream Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands(1)
| | - J D Mackenbach
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Upstream Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands(1)
| | - M Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E De Vet
- Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Rosa PJ, Peixoto MM, Carvalho J. Measuring Sexual Motivation as a Trait Dimension: A multisample study of the Portuguese (European) Version of the Trait Sexual Motivation Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:960-977. [PMID: 37963196 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2226130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed at translating and validating the TSMQ into Portuguese-European (TSMQ-PT) and to investigate its psychometric properties. Three online studies were conducted with independent samples collected between September 2020 and March 2022. Study 1 tested the exploratory factorial structure (N = 325; 206 women); Study 2 explored the confirmatory factorial structure and construct validity (N = 450; 230 women); and Study 3 examined the temporal stability of the TSMQ-PT (N = 30; 15 women). Participants completed the TSMQ-PT for all three studies. In study 2, further completed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale, the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Sexual Desire Inventory. Data revealed that the TSMQ-PT yielded a four-structure model, (i.e., Sexually Oriented, Comparison with Others, Seeking for Sexual Encounters, and Importance of Sex) comprising 13 items, with seven additional items for assessing existence and number of sexual partners, and frequency of sexual behaviors. The TSMQ-PT achieved good internal consistency levels (McDonald's omega ranged from .71 to .89) and construct validity, and temporal stability over 10-11 months (values ranged from .80 to .87) supporting the trait-dimension of sexual motivation. Current findings support a brief, valid, and reliable self-report instrument for assessing sexual motivation in the Portuguese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Rosa
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes (ISMAT), Portimão, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Peixoto
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences , University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences , University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Fang YY, Lee JI, Wu NY, Chang CI, Huang MC, Lee CY, Huang JY, Lee GGC, Chen CS. Effect of a novel telehealth device for dietary cognitive behavioral intervention in overweight or obesity care. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6441. [PMID: 37081127 PMCID: PMC10116097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health issue which relate to numerous physical problems and highly comorbid with depression and anxiety. Recently, some studies of technology-based interventions for weight reduction emerged to overcome the barriers from time, cost and distance. Mood component and eating behavior related to obesity are less discussed so far with technology-based intervention though. This pilot study was aimed to investigate the effect of telehealth assisted intervention on weight reduction, mood status, and eating behavior change under a smartphone application (app) with novel 3D food picture recognition and incorporated with cognitive behavioral training programs. Adult aged 30-60 years old with overweight were recruited and randomly assigned to control-first group and intervention-first group. In period 1, control-first group had regular life and intervention-first group underwent app intervention; in period 2, two groups went crossover. Body composition and psychological/behavioral questionnaires were collected at baseline, end of period 1, and end of period 2. Nonparametric statistics was performed for data analyzing. A total of 20 participants were enrolled. In control-first group, there were statistically significant reduction in body weight (- 0.55 kg, p = 0.02) and change of body weight percentage (- 0.6%, p = 0.02) after App use. In intervention-first group, the fat percentage decreased by 0.4% after App use in period 1, and increased by 0.05% in period 2. The integrated crossover data revealed that subjects of App group had significant improvements in mindful eating behavior. This pilot study showed the effectiveness in using CogniNU app for weight control and eating behavior. The difference of short-term and long-term effectiveness of technology-based weight control intervention deserves more investigation in the future.Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN16082909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ya Fang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-In Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-I Chang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Huang
- Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Lee
- Division of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo Giun Chris Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Schueler J, Philip SR, Vitus D, Engler S, Fields SA. Group differences in binge eating, impulsivity, and intuitive and mindful eating among intermittent fasters and non-fasters. Appetite 2023; 182:106416. [PMID: 36526039 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an increasingly popular diet involving short-term fasting and/or caloric restriction. While published research highlights physiological effects (e.g., weight, body fat) of IF, hardly any research has examined its associations with psychological factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IF and binge eating, impulsivity, intuitive eating, and mindful eating. An undergraduate sample (N = 298) was recruited through a large southwestern university psychology subject pool. The sample was divided into three groups based on IF status: Current IF (n = 70), Past IF (n = 48), and No IF (n = 182). Current IF was negatively associated with lack of perseverance (e.g., "I generally like to see things through to the end"; p < .01) and intuitive eating (p < .05), varying by subscale, compared to the other groups. Notably, Past-IF, but not Current IF, participants were more likely to binge eat than individuals who reported never fasting (p = .03). These findings add credence to the rapidly developing area of research suggesting IF is associated with increased disordered eating behaviors. Notably, the findings from this study are limited due to the lack of diversity sample, such that generalizations can only be made toward White, middle-to-high income, college students. Future longitudinal studies are needed to test the directionality of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Samantha R Philip
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Darya Vitus
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Solangia Engler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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16
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Malaeb D, Fawaz M, Chammas N, Soufia M, Obeid S, Hallit S. Translation and validation of the mindful eating behaviour scale in the Arabic language. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 36823561 PMCID: PMC9948418 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a drastic increase in the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases in the Arabic-speaking countries during the last decades along with a lack of public awareness about this awareness about this public health problem. This calls for the development of novel prevention and intervention strategies that are based on new approaches, including mindful eating. In this context, we aimed through this study to explore the factor structure, composite reliability, measurement invariance across sex, convergent and divergent validity of an Arabic translation of the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale (MEBS). METHODS A cross-sectional study carried out between September and November 2022, and enrolled 359 participants, all aged above 18 years old and recruited from all Lebanon governorates. The questionnaire used included socio-demographic questions, and the following scales: The Mindful Eating Behavior Scale (MEBS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-8). RESULTS McDonald's ω values ranged from .82 to .95 or the four mindful eating domains, indicating the excellent internal consistency reliability of the scale. Our study also showed that fit indices from the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original four-factor structure model of the MEBS. Furthermore, our analyses suggested that configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported across sex. Our results found no sex difference in all MEBS subscales scores. Finally, we found positive correlations between Focused eating, Hunger and satiety cues on one hand, and intuitive eating on the other hand. Moreover, greater Hunger and satiety cues scores were correlated with higher self-esteem and lower body mass index. CONCLUSION Our findings support the psychometric reliability and validity of the Arabic MEBS. We suggest, accordingly, that the scale will be of high clinical and research utility, and will help in the development of information-based interventions focused on mindful eating that are aimed to combat eating disorders and obesity in the Arab world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- grid.414302.00000 0004 0622 0397The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Razi Hospital, 2010 Manouba, Tunisia ,grid.12574.350000000122959819University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Diana Malaeb
- grid.411884.00000 0004 1762 9788College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates ,grid.444421.30000 0004 0417 6142School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Fawaz
- grid.18112.3b0000 0000 9884 2169Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Afeef Al Tiba, Tareek Al Jadida, Beirut, 1105 Lebanon
| | - Nancy Chammas
- grid.444434.70000 0001 2106 3658School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Michel Soufia
- grid.444434.70000 0001 2106 3658School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- grid.411323.60000 0001 2324 5973Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia. .,Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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17
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Kalika E, Hussain M, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the moderating role of mindfulness, mindful eating, and self-compassion on the relationship between eating-disordered quality of life and orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:18. [PMID: 36808014 PMCID: PMC9941235 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore mindfulness, mindful eating, self-compassion and quality of life in a female population. Two hundred eighty-eight participants completed Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful eating, Mindfulness and Eating Disorder Quality of Life scales. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between ON and mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating. Furthermore, the present study found a positive relationship between lower quality of life and ON, while findings indicated that self-compassion and the awareness facet of mindfulness moderated the relationship between ON and QOL. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a female population, and identify the moderating capacity of self-compassion and mindfulness. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
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18
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Regan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M, Egan H. The Mediating Role of Body Acceptance in Explaining the Relation of Mindfulness, Self-Compassion and Mindful Eating to Body Image in Gay Men and Bisexual Men. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:596-605. [PMID: 37008573 PMCID: PMC9995256 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-023-02095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Mindfulness and mindfulness-based constructs, such as self-compassion and mindful eating, have been positively associated with healthier eating and body related perceptions. Exploration of mindfulness and related concepts have not been investigated extensively in gay and bisexual men, a population where eating and body related concerns have been found to be widespread. Method Participants completed an online questionnaire, assessing mindfulness, self-compassion, mindful eating, body image and body acceptance. Correlation analysis and further mediation analysis was conducted to explore the relations between these constructs within the present sample (n = 163). Results A community sample showed a positive association of body image to mindfulness-based concepts, and negative to body non-acceptance, within the target population. Mediation analysis showed the role of body acceptance in explaining the relation between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating to body image. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of body acceptance when considering the development of a mindfulness or compassion-based intervention to attenuate body related issues among gay and bisexual men. Preregistration This manuscript has not been preregistered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Regan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Room C325, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St, Birmingham, B4 7BD United Kingdom
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19
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Mantzios M, Egan H, Wallis DJ, Wood J. Advancing the assessment of mindful eating: Exploring the psychometric properties and validating the mindful eating behaviour scale in English. Nutr Health 2022; 28:501-507. [PMID: 35876339 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221116164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mindful eating has been described as significant in motivating research and clinical outcomes in weight regulation and healthy eating. The use of psychometric tools to measure mindful eating is problematic, with results often leading to interpretations that are not reflective of mindful eating theory and fundamentals of mindfulness. Aim: In this research, we explored the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale (MEBS) within a British sample to validate the factorial structure, and widen the use of a scale that appears appropriate for measuring mindful eating. Methods: A community sample (n = 742) was recruited via social media, and the findings supported the factorial structure proposed through the original Dutch sample. Predictive validity was also assessed, with the scale and subscales predicting fat and sugar consumption. Results: Cronbach's α values were acceptable and similar to the original findings, also supporting the internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: While factorial structure, predictive validity and internal consistency propose a scale that can be adopted with English speaking populations, we propose the potential of furthering scientific inquiry on mindful eating research by highlighting the behavioural aspects of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah J Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Kalika E, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the role of mindful eating and self-compassion on eating behaviours and orthorexia in people following a vegan diet. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2641-2651. [PMID: 35553382 PMCID: PMC9556376 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new concept that is more prevalent in vegan populations. ON is characterised by obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore problematic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and to explore whether mindful eating and self-compassion have an impact on ON. Two hundred and eighty-seven females and twenty-eight males who followed a vegan diet completed scales in Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful, Emotional, External and Restraint Eating. The results indicated that individuals with high levels of ON display low levels of self-compassion, and high levels of restrained eating. Moreover, the findings indicated that self-compassion, but not mindful eating, partially mediated the relationship between restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and identifies the mediating capacity of self-compassion. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
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21
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Miley M, Egan H, Wallis D, Mantzios M. Orthorexia nervosa, mindful eating, and perfectionism: an exploratory investigation. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2869-2878. [PMID: 35829900 PMCID: PMC9556414 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has drawn associations between Mindful Eating (ME) and perfectionism in the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders (ED), but understanding into the relationship between these factors and Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is limited. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between perfectionism, ME, and ON. METHOD Participants (n = 670) completed the Düsseldorf Orthorexia scale, the Mindful Eating Behavior scale, and the Big-Three Perfectionism scale Short-form, to reveal the relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. The relationship was assessed using correlational and regression analyses. RESULTS A positive association was observed between perfectionism and ON. Moreover, perfectionism demonstrated a significant negative correlation with three out of four ME facets, with "eating without distraction" displaying the highest correlation. The "eating with awareness" facet of ME demonstrated a significant relationship with ON, in a negative direction. An unexpected relationship was observed between the focused eating facet of ME and ON, with a positive association being found. A further regression analysis revealed both perfectionism and ME to predict orthorexic tendencies. CONCLUSION These findings identify a relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. It offers suggestion for the complexity of ME, and how it should be recognised by its different components, estimating a differential predictability and estimation of ON. Further research is required to clarify the direction of causality in the relationships observed, to inform the clinical diagnoses and intervention of ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Miley
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Deborah Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
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22
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Body Esteem Explains the Relationship Between Mindful Eating and Self-Compassion: a Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Research illustrates that high levels of self-compassion are associated with individuals eating in a mindful way. Previous research focusing upon emotional eating behaviours has suggested that body esteem is a mechanism that links self-compassion to eating behaviours, whilst mindful eating relates negatively to emotional eating and displays another, more adaptive way of eating. The present research explored whether body esteem could explain (i.e. mediate) the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion. Two hundred participants were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, self-compassion, and body esteem. The present study highlights a positive correlation between mindful eating and body esteem, with a mediation effect being observed for mindful eating on self-compassion via the appearance subscale of body esteem. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the inclusion of body esteem within weight management interventions focusing upon mindful eating and self-compassion.
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23
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Zhang Q, Hugh-Jones S, O'Connor DB. Investigation of psychometric properties of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire in Chinese adolescents and young adults using mixed methods. Appetite 2022; 176:106097. [PMID: 35654223 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are major public health challenges in China, and increasingly among young people. Valid measures are needed to examine the relationship between eating styles and weight to advance understanding and intervention. Mindful approaches show promise in weight management. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of Mindful Eating Questionnaire (C-MEQ). Study 1 used a think aloud methodology to examine Chinese young adults' (n = 7) and adolescents' (n = 10) comprehension of C-MEQ items. Findings informed revision of problematic items before a full validation study (Study 2) of the revised C-MEQ (C-MEQ-R) in a sample of 430 Chinese young adults. In Study 1, both groups misinterpreted ten items as asking about noticing about whether behaviour ever occurred rather than noticing experience, indicating the lack of content validity of the C-MEQ. Ten items were rephrased to emphasise mindful (intentional) noticing in the moment. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis revealed an inadequate fit to the original MEQ structure. Exploratory Structural Equation Model of the C-MEQ-R revealed five distinct domains. The C-MEQ-R showed better psychometric properties than the C-MEQ, and significant associations with mindfulness, emotional eating, external eating and BMI in expected directions. However, psychometric limitations including low internal reliability, inadequate coherence of the subscales and limited construct validity were identified. These findings contribute to the progress in the measurement of mindful eating by highlighting the weaknesses of the MEQ. Further research is called to adopt and validate alternative mindful eating measurements to assess mindful eating in Chinese adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Tapper K. Mindful eating: what we know so far. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:168-185. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Tapper
- Department of Psychology City, University of London London UK
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Małachowska A, Jeżewska-Zychowicz M. Polish Adaptation and Validation of the Intuitive (IES-2) and Mindful (MES) Eating Scales—The Relationship of the Concepts with Healthy and Unhealthy Food Intake (a Cross-Sectional Study). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051109. [PMID: 35268085 PMCID: PMC8912520 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intuitive (IE) and mindful (ME) eating share internally focused eating, yet previous studies have shown that these concepts are not strongly correlated, which suggests that they might be differently related to food intake. The study aimed to adapt the original Intuitive (IES-2) and Mindful (MES) Eating Scales to the Polish language, to test their psychometric parameters and, further, to examine associations of IE and ME with an intake of selected food groups, i.e., healthy foods (fresh and processed vegetables, fresh fruit) and unhealthy foods (sweets, salty snacks). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in a group of 1000 Polish adults (500 women and 500 men) aged 18–65 (mean age = 41.3 ± 13.6 years). The factor structure was assessed with exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis as well as structural equation modeling (SEM). Measurement invariance across gender was assessed with multiple-group analysis. Internal consistency and discriminant validity of the two scales was tested. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between IES-2 and MES subscales with food intake. A 4-factor, 16-item structure was confirmed for IES-2, while EFA and CFA revealed a 3-factor, 17-item structure of MES. Both scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency and discriminant validity. Full metric and partial scalar invariance were found for IES-2, while MES proved partial invariances. “Awareness” (MES) and “Body–Food Choice Congruence” (IES-2) positively correlated with intake of healthy foods and negatively with the intake of unhealthy ones. “Eating For Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons” (IES-2) and “Act with awareness” (MES) favored lower intake of unhealthy foods, whereas “Unconditional Permission to Eat” and “Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues” (IES-2) showed an inverse relationship. A greater score in “Acceptance” (MES) was conducive to lower intake of all foods except sweets. The results confirmed that adapted versions of the IES-2 and MES are valid and reliable measures to assess IE and ME among Polish adults. Different IE and ME domains may similarly explain intake of healthy and unhealthy foods, yet within a single eating style, individual domains might have the opposite effect. Future studies should confirm our findings with the inclusion of mediating factors, such as other eating styles, childhood experiences, dieting, etc.
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Doostfatemeh M, Haem E, Sarbaraninan M, Ajdari Tafti M. Multidimensional item Response theory to assess the psychometric properties of persian version of dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) in university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has exceeded two decades of scientific enquiry but defining mindful eating has proven to be quite challenging. AIM The inability to clearly define mindful eating led to variations in the description in academic and clinical literature, different psychometric tools and the development of a field that is lacking the preciseness that is needed to advance mindful eating - and the associated interventions - onto a level that is simple to comprehend and implement in practice. METHODS Drawing from traditional and contemporary mindfulness and mindful eating literature, this manuscript will attempt to define and describe mindful eating in the context of eating behaviours. RESULTS The review of the literature has resulted in challenging areas around the main principles that should be included in defining the term mindful eating, and highlights the distinction between mindfulness and mindful eating, as well as behaviour and decision making within the context of mindful eating. CONCLUSION In a field that is lacking transparency and methodological rigour, mindful eating behaviour is detailed as a new beginning in conducting precise experimental research and evidence-based interventions for clinical and non-clinical use.
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Carrière K, Shireen SH, Siemers N, Preißner CE, Starr J, Falk C, Knäuper B. Development and Validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Appetite 2021; 168:105689. [PMID: 34517074 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous mindful eating scales stress the attentional domains of eating-specific mindfulness, such as present-moment attention to homeostatic cues of hunger and satiety while discounting other important domains such as non-judgment and decentering. The purpose of the series of studies was to develop and evaluate a multifaceted mindful eating scale that assesses several domains of eating-specific mindfulness. METHODS A multistep process was used to construct the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Study 1 outlined the initial scale construction and the development of a novel item pool (N = 480). Study 2 examined the internal structure of the observed variables using exploratory analysis (N = 445) and confirmatory analysis in a separate sample (N = 445). Reliability and validity were assessed in Study 3 (N = 166). RESULTS The final scale consists of 29 items with 4 factors: Non-Reactance, Non-Judgment, External Awareness, and Internal Awareness. The FFaMES demonstrated good internal consistency, retest reliability as well as preliminary convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide reliability evidence and initial support for the construct validity of the FFaMES and the continued study of multiple facets of eating-specific mindfulness. Future research should continue to investigate the differential effects of various aspects of eating-specific mindfulness in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Carrière
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Nellie Siemers
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joshua Starr
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carl Falk
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kawasaki Y, Akamatsu R, Omori M, Sugawara M, Yamazaki Y, Matsumoto S, Fujiwara Y, Iwakabe S, Kobayashi T. Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2021; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 32651946 DOI: 10.1108/ijhcqa-01-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha. FINDINGS The response rate was 38.7 % (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 ± 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as "lean" (BMI < 18.5). The authors listed 25 items and obtained a final factor structure of five factors and 20 items, as a result of EFA. Through CFA, the authors obtained the following fit indices for a final model: GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.870 and RMSEA = 0.061. The total EMES score was significantly correlated with BMI, mindfulness, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and life satisfaction (r = -0.138, -0.315, -0.339, -0.281 and 0.149, p < 0.01, respectively). Cronbach's alpha for all items in this scale was 0.687. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors' novel scale as an effective measurement tool. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kawasaki
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rie Akamatsu
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Omori
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Sugawara
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamazaki
- Institute for Education and Human Development, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsumoto
- Institute for Education and Human Development, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwakabe
- Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Grasso AC, Olthof MR, van Dooren C, Broekema R, Visser M, Brouwer IA. Protein for a Healthy Future: How to Increase Protein Intake in an Environmentally Sustainable Way in Older Adults in the Netherlands. J Nutr 2020; 151:109-119. [PMID: 33188431 PMCID: PMC8243602 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein intake greater than the currently recommended amount is suggested to improve physical functioning and well-being in older adults, yet it is likely to increase diet-associated greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) if environmental sustainability is not considered. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify dietary changes needed to increase protein intake while improving diet environmental sustainability in older adults. METHODS Starting from the habitual diet of 1,354 Dutch older adults (aged 56-101 y) from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam cohort, mathematical diet optimization was used to model high-protein diets with minimized departure from habitual intake in cumulative steps. First, a high-protein diet defined as that providing ≥1.2 g protein · kg body weight-1 · d-1 was developed isocalorically while maintaining or improving nutritional adequacy of the diet. Second, adherence to the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) was imposed. Third, a stepwise 10% GHGE reduction was applied. RESULTS Achieving a high-protein diet aligned with the FBDG without considering GHGEs required an increase in vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, meat/dairy alternatives, dairy, and eggs and a reduction in total meat (for men only) and discretionary products, but it resulted in a 5% increase in GHGEs in men and 9% increase in women. When a stepwise GHGE reduction was additionally applied, increases in poultry and pork (mainly for women) and decreases in beef/lamb and processed meat were accrued, with total meat staying constant until a 50-60% GHGE reduction. Increases in whole grains, nuts, and meat/dairy alternatives and decreases in discretionary products were needed to lower GHGEs. CONCLUSIONS A high-protein diet aligned with FBDG can be achieved in concert with reductions in GHGEs in Dutch older adults by consuming no more than the recommended 500 g meat per week while replacing beef and lamb and processed meat with poultry and pork and increasing intake of diverse plant-protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margreet R Olthof
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Amsterdam Public
Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Netherlands
| | - Corné van Dooren
- Netherlands Nutrition Centre (Voedingscentrum), The Hague,
Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Amsterdam Public
Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg A Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Amsterdam Public
Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Netherlands
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Peitz D, Schulze J, Warschburger P. Getting a deeper understanding of mindfulness in the context of eating behavior: Development and validation of the Mindful Eating Inventory. Appetite 2020; 159:105039. [PMID: 33186622 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current research supports the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for maladaptive eating behaviors associated with obesity and eating disorders. To investigate potential underlying mechanisms at work, reliable and valid instruments that allow for an exhaustive assessment of the context-specific construct Mindful Eating (ME) are needed. Therefore, the current work aimed to develop a comprehensive inventory reflecting a wide range of ME attitudes and behaviors: The Mindful Eating Inventory (MEI). METHODS & RESULTS Study 1 describes the item pool development for an initial version of the MEI comprising various steps (compilation of items, expert ratings, focus groups and think aloud protocols by laypersons). Within Study 2, the factor structure of this initial version was explored in an online sample of N = 828 participants and the item pool was shortened via a sequential process based on statistical and content-related considerations. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a seven-factor structure. This structure could be confirmed within Study 3 on an independent online sample of N = 612 participants using confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was supported by hypotheses-confirming correlations with eating-specific and global health-relevant outcomes. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the MEI is a valid and reliable (in terms of internal consistency and retest-reliability) tool, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of various ME attitudes and behaviors within one parsimonious inventory. It further enabled us to propose a so far missing, initial scientific operational definition of this eating-specific construct, that may help to advance future research and clinical application by clarifying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Peitz
- Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
| | - Julian Schulze
- Division Psychological Assessment, Differential and Personality Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Petra Warschburger
- Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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Abstract
Internally regulated eating style, the eating style that is driven by internal bodily sensations of hunger and satiation, is a concept that has received increasing attention in the literature and health practice over the last decades. The various attempts that have been made so far to conceptualise internally regulated eating have taken place independently of one another, and each sheds light on only parts of the total picture of what defines internally regulated eating. This has resulted in a literature that is rather fragmented. More importantly, it is not yet clear which are the characteristics that comprise this eating style. In this paper, we identify and describe the full spectrum of these characteristics, namely, sensitivity to internal hunger and satiation signals, self-efficacy in using internal hunger and satiation signals, self-trusting attitude for the regulation of eating, relaxed relationship with food and tendency to savour the food while eating. With this research, we introduce a common language to the field and we present a new theoretical framework that does justice not just to the full breadth of characteristics that are necessary for the internally regulated eating style but also to the associations between them and the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to this eating style.
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Winkens LHH, Elstgeest LEM, van Strien T, Penninx BWJH, Visser M, Brouwer IA. Does food intake mediate the association between mindful eating and change in depressive symptoms? Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:1532-1542. [PMID: 31957621 PMCID: PMC10200545 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019003732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine mediation by (i) diet quality and (ii) diet quantity in the associations of mindful eating domains with 3-year change in depressive symptoms. DESIGN Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Four mindful eating domains (Focused Eating; Eating in response to Hunger and Satiety Cues; Eating with Awareness; Eating without Distraction) were measured with the Mindful Eating Behavior Scale. Food intake was measured with a 238-item FFQ. Diet quality was defined as the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Diet quantity was defined as total energy intake (kcal/d; 1 kcal = 4·184 kJ). Mediation analyses with percentile-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals were conducted to calculate indirect effects. SETTING Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 55 years or above (n 929). RESULTS Diet quality (MDS) did not mediate associations of any of the four mindful eating domains with change in depressive symptoms. In contrast, total energy intake did mediate the associations with change in depressive symptoms for the mindful eating domains Eating with Awareness (indirect effects fully adjusted models: B = -0·014, 95 % CI -0·037, -0·002) and Eating without Distraction (B = -0·013, 95 % CI -0·033, -0·001), but not for the other two domains. Post hoc multiple mediation analyses showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Higher scores on two mindful eating domains were associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms through lower total energy intake. Diet quantity, but not diet quality, could be a possible underlying mechanism in the associations between mindful eating and change in depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- LHH Winkens
- Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Chair Group, Wageningen University & Research, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - LEM Elstgeest
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T van Strien
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - BWJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - IA Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Keyte R, Egan H, Mantzios M. How does mindful eating without non-judgement, mindfulness and self-compassion relate to motivations to eat palatable foods in a student population? Nutr Health 2020; 26:27-34. [PMID: 31779514 DOI: 10.1177/0260106019888367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research acknowledges the impact mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion has upon weight regulation and motives to eat palatable foods, with mindful eating showing an increased impact of eating behaviours. Some research has identified that present moment awareness should be the primary focus of mindful eating. AIM This research aimed to explore the relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating with motivations to eat palatable food. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate this relationship among university students (n = 211), utilizing a newly developed mindful eating scale primarily focusing on present moment awareness. RESULTS Results indicated significant negative correlations between both self-compassion and mindful eating and motives to eat palatable foods. Mindful eating positively correlated with self-compassion and other mindfulness elements that are suggesting indirect acceptance measurements of the mindful eating scale. CONCLUSION Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the reinterpretation of elements that are investigated and explored in eating literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
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The effects of mindful eating on food consumption over a half-day period. Appetite 2020; 145:104495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mediation of emotional and external eating between dieting and food intake or BMI gain in women. Appetite 2020; 145:104493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kawasaki Y, Akamatsu R. Appreciation for food, an important concept in mindful eating: association with home and school education, attitude, behavior, and health status in Japanese elementary school children. Glob Health Promot 2019; 27:140-149. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975919875650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Appreciating food is an important concept in mindful eating, mentioned by advocates of an expanded model of mindful eating in 2016. With the exception of Japan, this concept is not common in many countries. Objective: We aimed to describe the role that appreciation for food has in the health of children from two perspectives: 1) association between children’s appreciation for food and their backgrounds, such as home and school educational experiences related to food, and 2) association between their appreciation for food and outcomes, such as attitude toward food, eating behaviors, and health status. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Data were obtained from self-administered anonymous questionnaires sent to 2070 elementary school students in Tokyo, Japan, during October and December 2006. They contained several question items pertaining to the characteristics of participants: home and school educational experiences related to food, attitudes towards food (including level of appreciation for food), eating behaviors, and health status. T-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to compare the total score of appreciation for food with other factors. Results: Surveys were completed by 1994 children (response rate: 96.3%) and significant correlations were indicated by gender, educational experiences at home and school, attitudes toward healthy food, recommended food preferences, breakfast consumption, and body mass index. Conclusions: We concluded that appreciation for food plays an important role in children’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kawasaki
- Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Japan
| | - Rie Akamatsu
- Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Japan
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Barthels F, Barrada JR, Roncero M. Orthorexia nervosa and healthy orthorexia as new eating styles. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219609. [PMID: 31291364 PMCID: PMC6619829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently proposed that healthy orthorexia (HeOr) and orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) should be differentiated. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the two dimensions of orthorexia can be considered new eating styles or basically equivalent to restrained eating behavior. Two samples of university students (sample 1, n = 460; sample 2, n = 509) completed the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Factor analysis with the TOS and DEBQ items together revealed an adequate fit for the preexisting five-factor solution (TOS: OrNe and HeOr; DEBQ: Restrained Eating, Emotional Eating, and External Eating). This result points out that these factors are conceptually distinguishable. Moreover, we tested whether the different eating styles presented different patterns of correlations with gender, body mass index (BMI), and age, and whether OrNe and HeOr predicted Positive and Negative Affect after controlling for Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating. Whereas Restrained and Emotional Eating were higher for women and increased with BMI in both samples, HeOr and OrNe presented much lower associations with these variables. OrNe was positively related to Negative Affect and negatively to Positive Affect, whereas HeOr was positively related to Positive Affect. Again, this result supports the assumption that OrNe is a new variant of disordered eating, whereas HeOr could possibly be seen as a protective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Barthels
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Elstgeest LEM, Winkens LHH, Penninx BWJH, Brouwer IA, Visser M. Associations of depressive symptoms and history with three a priori diet quality indices in middle-aged and older adults. J Affect Disord 2019; 249:394-403. [PMID: 30822662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for the diet-depression link is growing but longitudinal studies on the reverse association are scarce. We investigated associations of (1) current depressive symptoms, (2) short-term changes in and (3) long-term history of depressive symptoms with three a priori diet quality indices. METHODS Data were from participants (≥ 55 years) of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH) were derived in 2014/2015. Depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CES-D) were assessed in 2014/2015 and at five regular 3-yearly cycles from 2001-2003 to 2015/2016. Associations between three depression determinants and the diet indices were analysed by multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS Cross-sectionally (n = 1312), current depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) were associated with lower MDS (adjusted B = -1.21, 95%CI = -2.41, -0.023) and AHEI (B = -2.72, 95%CI = -5.24, -0.20) scores in men only. Chronic/recurrent depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16 in both 2011-2013 and 2015/2016) were associated with lower MDS scores (n = 1233; B = -2.22, 95%CI = -3.40, -1.04) and a trend for lower AHEI scores (B = -2.37, 95%CI = -4.92, 0.18), compared to no depressive symptoms (twice CES-D < 16). History of depressive symptoms (ever CES-D ≥ 16 from 2001-2003 to 2011-2013; n = 687) was associated with lower MDS (B = -1.87, 95%CI = -3.47, -0.27) and AHEI (B = -4.33, 95%CI = -7.54, -1.13) scores in men only. No associations were found with the DASH score. LIMITATIONS Single dietary data collection impeded investigation of prospective depression-diet associations. CONCLUSIONS Our study in middle-aged and older adults suggests that current and past depressive symptoms are associated with poorer diet quality, particularly in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liset E M Elstgeest
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura H H Winkens
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg A Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sabatini F, Ulian MD, Perez I, Pinto AJ, Vessoni A, Aburad L, Benatti FB, Lopes de Campos-Ferraz P, Coelho D, de Morais Sato P, Roble OJ, Unsain RF, Schuster RC, Gualano B, Scagliusi FB. Eating Pleasure in a Sample of Obese Brazilian Women: A Qualitative Report of an Interdisciplinary Intervention Based on the Health at Every Size Approach. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 119:1470-1482. [PMID: 30940423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health at Every Size (HAES) is a weight-neutral approach focused on promoting healthy behaviors in people with different body sizes and on enhancing pleasure derived from consuming food to achieve sustainable healthy eating outcomes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in the literature assessing the effects of the HAES approach on perceptions of eating pleasure. OBJECTIVE We qualitatively investigated the perceptions of obese women about eating pleasure before and after a new interdisciplinary, nonprescriptive intervention based on the HAES approach. DESIGN The intervention was a randomized controlled clinical trial, designated as Health and Wellness in Obesity, conducted over 7 months at University of São Paulo (Brazil). We used a qualitative approach to data construction and analysis of perceptions about eating pleasure. Participants were randomized to either the intervention (I-HAES) group or the control (CTRL) group. The I-HAES group featured individual nutritional counseling, group practice of enjoyable physical activity, and philosophical workshops. The CTRL group was a traditional HAES intervention group (lecture-based model). Focus group discussions eliciting perceptions of pleasure around eating were conducted at baseline and post-study. Focus group transcripts were analyzed by exploratory content analysis. PARTICIPANTS Forty-three women aged 25 to 50 years with body mass index (measured in kilograms per square meter) between 30 and 39. 9 completed the intervention and the focus groups, with 32 in the I-HAES group and 11 in the CTRL group. RESULTS Lack of guilt about experiencing pleasure while eating and increased reflection on their own desires increased in participants of both groups after the study. The I-HAES group also displayed a greater sense of autonomy related to eating, increased pleasure in commensality, familiarity with the practice of cooking, and decreased automatic eating. CONCLUSION HAES-based intervention featuring nutritional counseling, appreciation for physical activity, and philosophical engagement was shown to stimulate pleasure around eating without leading to indiscriminate eating.
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Winkens L, van Strien T, Brouwer I, Penninx B, Visser M. Mindful eating and change in depressive symptoms: Mediation by psychological eating styles. Appetite 2019; 133:204-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mikhaylova A, Shtrakhova A. Eating Behavior in Norm, in Conditions of Stress and in the Presence of Pathology: Bibliographic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.14529/psy180310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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