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Martin MT, Pham AN, Wagner JS. A cross-sectional survey of viral hepatitis education within pharmacy curricula in the United States. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:648-655. [PMID: 38353914 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan emphasizes the importance of a collaborative provider workforce trained in hepatitis prevention and treatment to eliminate viral hepatitis in the United States by 2030. Although pharmacists play a key role in hepatitis management, literature lacks documentation of the amount of viral hepatitis education provided to pharmacy students. AIM Our study goal was to describe viral hepatitis education provided at United States pharmacy schools. METHOD In this cross-sectional survey study, investigators developed a 19-item Qualtrics questionnaire, sent questionnaire links to curricula content experts at 140 accredited pharmacy colleges/schools in May-June 2022, and allotted 28 days for completion. Questions assessed the viral hepatitis instruction provided to students and hepatitis instructors' training/experience. We used descriptive statistics for analysis. RESULTS Forty-eight pharmacy institutions across 29 states/territories responded; 44% had 50-99 students/class, and 58% used lecture and discussion to provide required hepatitis education. Students received more lecture (average = 3.4 h, range 0.8-1.6 h/hepatitis topic) than discussion (average = 1.7 h, range 0.6-0.9 h/hepatitis topic), with the most time spent on hepatitis C, followed by hepatitis B virus. Respondents reported 93% of their instructors had post-graduate training/certifications and 67% worked in clinical settings with hepatitis patients. CONCLUSION Survey results demonstrate variability in hepatitis education across United States pharmacy curricula. Data offer stakeholders in hepatitis elimination efforts knowledge about the viral hepatitis education provided to Doctor of Pharmacy students. Future directions include consideration of implementation of minimum hepatitis education standards to further support work toward national hepatitis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Martin
- University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System (UI Health), 833 South Wood Street, Suite 164, M/C 886, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Aileen N Pham
- University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jessica S Wagner
- University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Chiew BA, Fong AYP, Cosgrove LT, Mohajerani SA, Ramji A, Lee SS. Pharmacy-based screening program to detect hepatitis C in 'baby-boomer' cohorts in western Canada. CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2023; 6:388-394. [PMID: 38152322 PMCID: PMC10751003 DOI: 10.3138/canlivj-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The estimated prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Canada is approximately 1.0%. However, the number of individuals living with HCV but unaware of it is estimated to be 30%-44%. Increased screening programs that are accessible, effective, and feasible are important to ensure treatment and meet WHO elimination goals. We implemented an HCV point of care test (POCT) program in community pharmacies to examine the effectiveness and feasibility in screening. Methods Twenty two London Drugs pharmacies in British Columbia and Alberta implemented an HCV POC screening program using OraQuick rapid antibody tests. Consenting patients filled out a 10-question screening questionnaire to examine risk factors. The participants then were tested using the POCT. While waiting for the test (20 minutes), patients were educated on HCV and treatment options. Results Three hundred seventy-one participants underwent HCV screening. The most common HCV risk factor was being born between 1945 and 1975 (baby boomer) (93% of cohort), while the second most common was having a tattoo or body piercing (22%). Seven people (2%) tested positive; four were HCV-RNA PCR-positive and were treated, whereas the PCR status of three was unknown as they were lost to follow-up or not tested. Conclusions Pharmacy-based POCT was shown to be effective and feasible in the western Canadian context, especially for baby boomers. Sustainable funding for pharmacy screening programs may be considered nationwide to identify HCV-infected persons and help meet elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Chiew
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita YP Fong
- London Drugs, 12831 Horseshoe Place, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linh T Cosgrove
- London Drugs, 12831 Horseshoe Place, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seyed Amir Mohajerani
- Division of Gastroenterology, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alnoor Ramji
- Division of Gastroenterology, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Pegump KN, Nichols RE, Polgreen LA, Veach SR, Crowner AB, Witry MJ. Hepatitis C screening in a community pharmacy setting: Patient perspective. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:S78-S82. [PMID: 36804712 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an infection of the liver, which contributes to over 15,000 deaths in the United States annually. When treated, HCV has a 90% or greater cure rate, however testing for HCV remains low. OBJECTIVES To assess patient perspectives on HCV screenings in the community pharmacy setting including awareness of screening, willingness to be screened, barriers to screening, and willingness to pay for HCV screening. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional survey design. The surveys were distributed by staff at an independent community pharmacy participating in an HCV screening initiative through the state department of public health. Eligible patients were born between 1945 and 1965. Descriptive statistics were calculated for survey variables. Open-ended responses were analyzed for additional context. RESULTS Fifty-seven surveys were returned and analyzed. The majority of the respondents were White (94%), female (56%), and had some college education (26%). Only 7% were aware that a finger-stick point-of-care test was available and 67% were unaware of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendation for testing. The most frequently reported barrier or hesitation to screening was the patient not thinking they were at risk (29%) followed by uncertainty about cost (14%). Over half of respondents (63%) were either somewhat interested or very interested in testing in a community pharmacy, however, the majority (71%) were not willing to pay or only willing to pay less than $20. CONCLUSIONS Survey respondents were largely unaware of the recommendations and availability of finger-stick HCV screenings at community pharmacies but many were willing to be tested if low-cost. Providing patient education on the importance of HCV screenings and CDC recommendations may bolster interest in screening.
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Januszka J, Notarianni V, Devenny E, Harris E. Innovating the Model for Student Pharmacists to Increase Access to Hepatitis C Testing (Project IMPACT). J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1217-1221. [PMID: 37037394 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous initiatives have described the feasibility of conducting point-of-care testing (POCT) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) within community pharmacies. Limited research has been conducted to evaluate the role of student pharmacists and technicians in providing these services. OBJECTIVE Describe the implementation of a student pharmacist-run HCV POCT initiative within an independent community pharmacy and evaluate the linkage to care process. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION One specialty and 3 community pharmacies managed by one independent pharmacy chain. PRACTICE INNOVATION Pharmacy students screened participants for HCV and referred those with a reactive result or reporting untreated HCV to a partnering medical facility for confirmatory testing. Individuals with confirmed HCV had the option to receive their prescriptions, along with monthly telephonic monitoring services from the independent pharmacy's specialty pharmacy. EVALUATION METHODS Researchers evaluated the number of participants who screened reactive or reported current HCV infection, successful referrals to medical care, and prescriptions dispensed by the specialty pharmacy for HCV treatment. RESULTS From September 2020 to September 2022, 236 individuals were screened for HCV at the pharmacy, of whom 11 screened reactive (4.7%) and 4 participants reported untreated HCV infection. In total, 15 participants were referred to care and 4 of these participants (26.7%) were successfully linked. One participant received prescriptions and telephonic monitoring for HCV treatment from the specialty pharmacy as a direct result of Project IMPACT (Innovating the Model for Student Pharmacists to Increase Access to Hepatitis C Testing). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Project IMPACT demonstrated that community pharmacies can increase access to HCV screenings by using student pharmacists and technicians. Potential strategies to improve the linkage to care process include enhancing the quality of patient education and implementing telehealth services.
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Eldooma I, Maatoug M, Yousif M. Outcomes of Pharmacist-Led Pharmaceutical Care Interventions Within Community Pharmacies: Narrative Review. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 12:113-126. [PMID: 37216033 PMCID: PMC10198268 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s408340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care (PhC) services interventions led by pharmacists within community pharmacies (CPs) are essential in achieving optimal medication use outcomes. PhC is a concept related to medication use goals optimization through the reduction and prevention of drug-related problems (DRPs). This review paper summarized the literature on pharmacist-led PhC interventions within CPs. PubMed and Google Scholar publications were searched, identified, and summarized. Results showed that some studies handled community pharmacists' roles, and some talked about PhC interventions. However, some studies reviewed the use of medicines, adherence, and follow-up, while other groups were on counseling, patient education, and health promotion. Pharmacists integrated some studies concerning diagnosis and disease screening into community pharmacy services. Besides these studies, there were studies on system design and installation of PhC service models. Most of the identified research results showed pharmacist-led intervention benefits for patients. These benefits include reduced DRPs, clinical, economical, humane, education and knowledge, disease prevention and immunization, identification of practice process problems, and the need for current practice redesigning. In conclusion, pharmacists can help patients achieve optimal outcomes through pharmacist-led interventions. Despite mentioned results, We recommend researching comprehensively applied PhC services provision models within CPs for more pharmacists-led interventions and role activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeil Eldooma
- Department of Planning, Research, and Information; National Health Insurance Fund, Wad-Medani, Sudan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
| | - Maha Maatoug
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
| | - Mirghani Yousif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
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Klepser DG, Klepser ME, Peters PJ, Hoover KW, Weidle PJ. Implementation and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Pharmacy-Based Hepatitis C and HIV Screening Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E83. [PMID: 36480802 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.220129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy-based HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening services developed in conjunction with state and local health departments can improve public health through increased access to testing and a linkage-to-care strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing HIV and HCV screening in community pharmacies. METHODS This prospective, multicenter implementation project was conducted from July 2015 through August 2018. Sixty-one pharmacies participated in 3 US regions. We assessed the effectiveness of point-of-care testing, counseling, and disease education for populations at increased risk for HIV and HCV infection through screening programs offered in community pharmacies. Pharmacy customers were offered screening with point-of-care HIV and/or HCV tests. Reactive test results were reported to state or local health departments for disease surveillance. RESULTS A total of 1,164 patients were screened for HIV, HCV, or both at the 61 participating pharmacies; the average number of patients screened per pharmacy was 19. Pharmacists conducted 1,479 HIV or HCV tests among the 1,164 patients. Five of 612 (0.8%) HIV tests yielded a reactive result, and 181 of 867 (20.9%) of HCV tests yielded a reactive result. CONCLUSION Patients at increased risk of HIV or HCV can benefit from screening for infection at community pharmacies. Ease of accessibility to testing coupled with a strategy for linkage to care designed for the local community can improve patient care and improve the course of treatment for HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Klepser
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael E Klepser
- College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.,Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, 1000 Oakland Dr, Kalamazoo, MI 49008.
| | - Philip J Peters
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen W Hoover
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul J Weidle
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Klepser M, Koski RR. Molecular point-of-care testing in the community pharmacy setting: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:1-14. [PMID: 36269237 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2139178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-waived point-of-care tests (POCTs) have been available since the late 1980s, but their use in community pharmacy has expanded over the last several years. Barriers exist for community-pharmacy-based CLIA-waived POC testing, including pharmacy workflow, pharmacist scope of practice, and reimbursement. As pharmacies work to reduce these barriers, the number of pharmacies participating in POCT programs has dramatically increased. There are several lateral flow and nucleic acid amplification CLIA-waived POC tests available for use in community pharmacy settings. The majority of data regarding pharmacy-based POC testing programs currently highlights the role of lateral flow testing for influenza and acute pharyngitis. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive review of the current state of CLIA-waived rapid point-of-care infectious pathogen testing in community pharmacies is presented. EXPERT OPINION Knowing which CLIA-waived rapid POCTs are available and understanding their key characteristics will be helpful in identifying the best tests to incorporate into individual pharmacies. Choices will also depend on specific pharmacy workflow patterns, local populations and insurances, and state regulations regarding pharmacist scope of practice. As nucleic acid amplification tests evolve, the business case and the framework for implementation for using molecular tests in community pharmacy will become clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klepser
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Renee R Koski
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, USA
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8
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Point-of-care HIV and hepatitis screening in community pharmacies: a quantitative and qualitative study. Int J Clin Pharm 2022; 44:1158-1168. [PMID: 36098836 PMCID: PMC9469055 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Point-of-care tests can contribute to earlier diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, thereby affording the opportunity to prevent chronic stages and the spread to others. As part of the Fast-Track Cities initiative, a pilot study was initiated in community pharmacies in Portugal. Aim To characterize the individuals choosing to have point-of-care testing or screening for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B virus infections in community pharmacies, their risk behaviours and motivations to perform the tests, as well as to understand the facilitators and barriers from the perspective of pharmacists. Method A quantitative and qualitative study was conducted. A survey was applied to test users in pharmacies between May and December 2019, and three focus groups were conducted with six, four, and five pharmacists involved in the initiative. Qualitative data were analysed according to thematic content analysis. Results A total of 210 questionnaires were collected (57.9% response rate). Point-of-care test users were predominantly male, mean age of 35 (± 13.0) years, the majority had higher education level, and 22.8% were born outside of Portugal. Almost half of the users were first time tested and the main reason for screening was unprotected sexual intercourse. Pharmacists identified speed, confidentiality, counselling provided to users, pharmacists’ initial training to perform the tests, and trust in the pharmacist as facilitators of these tests. Stigma associated with infections, the procedure, logistical conditions, and the referral process were considered as barriers. Conclusion Pharmacies are a screening site with special importance for individuals who are first tested, heterosexuals, and some migrants. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand and reduce barriers and increase the support to specific groups.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11096-022-01444-1.
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Basheti MM, Gordon C, Bawa Z, Grunstein R, Saini B. Sleep health management in community pharmacy: Where are we and where should we be heading? Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1945-1956. [PMID: 33602626 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep health is now recognised as a significant risk factor for chronic diseases and is associated with considerable comorbidity and mortality. Community pharmacists are primary care clinicians with an integral role in sleep health promotion and chronic sleep disorder management; however, it is unclear to what extent this is currently being undertaken or what the perspectives of Australian community pharmacists regarding their role in sleep health are. OBJECTIVES To explore community pharmacists' current sleep health practice and perspectives on the potential future of sleep health care in community pharmacy. METHODS Qualitative semi-structured interviews were carried out with a maximally varied, convenience-based purposive sample of community pharmacists. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to, in sequence; an inductive analysis followed by a deductive approach where the inductively derived thematic structure was used as a framework. RESULTS Twenty-five community pharmacists from two Australian states were interviewed. Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were the most frequently encountered sleep disorders in community pharmacy presentations. Four key themes were derived from the data: 1) Preparedness, 2) Approach, 3) Capabilities and 4) What needs to change? All participants reported that their sleep health knowledge was insufficient and emphasized the need for more education and training. Although some were engaged in providing OSA services, none of the participants offered services for insomnia or other sleep disorders. Time/task pressures, low health system/health care professional sleep health recognition/awareness and the lack of standardised pharmacy-specific sleep health management guidelines were commonly cited barriers for sleep health service provision. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists commonly manage day-to-day sleep health; however, most expressed a need for increased sleep health recognition/awareness by the health system, targeted education/training for pharmacists and support for the future provision of community pharmacy-delivered sleep health services. With the appropriate implementation strategies, community pharmacists could utilise their availability and accessibility to improve the future of primary care sleep health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Basheti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sleep and Circadian Research Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Sleep and Circadian Research Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zeeta Bawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ron Grunstein
- Sleep and Circadian Research Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sleep and Circadian Research Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Elliott JP, Christian SN, Doong K, Hardy HE, Mendez DD, Gary-Webb TL. Pharmacist Involvement in Addressing Public Health Priorities and Community Needs: The Allegheny County Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) Project. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E07. [PMID: 33507859 PMCID: PMC7845549 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Community–clinical linkages are connections between community and clinical sectors to improve population health, and community-based pharmacists are well positioned to implement this strategy. We implemented a novel approach to community–clinical linkages in African American communities in which community-based pharmacists implement screenings for chronic disease and social determinants of health, make referrals to clinical and social services, and follow up with patients to support linkage to care in nontraditional health care settings. The community-based pharmacist navigation program works with multisector partners to increase referrals and access to existing health and social service programs. We used a mixed-methods evaluation approach to collect and analyze data on program characteristics and the linkage intervention. From February 2019 to March 2020, 702 African American community members received preventive health screenings, and 508 (72%) were referred to clinical and social services. Pharmacists demonstrated the ability to implement clinical preventive services in nontraditional health care settings and improve access to care through the provision of community–clinical linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Padden Elliott
- Duquesne University, Center for Integrative Health, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Duquesne University, 308 Bayer Learning Center, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282.
| | - Stephanie N Christian
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katie Doong
- Giant Eagle Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah E Hardy
- Allegheny County Health Department, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dara D Mendez
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany L Gary-Webb
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Llayton CK, Harlow CP, Burris JN, Rhodes J. Implementation of hepatitis C screening within a pharmacist-managed medication-assisted therapy opioid use disorder protocol program. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:e307-e311. [PMID: 32527703 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To describe an innovative medication-assisted therapy (MAT) opioid use disorder (OUD) protocol in an independent community pharmacy, (2) to assess patient retention of the protocol, and (3) to describe the implementation of pharmacist-initiated hepatitis C virus (HCV) screenings of patients enrolled in the protocol. SETTING Independent pharmacy affiliated with a detox and rehabilitation center in Louisville, KY. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION A postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) pharmacy resident-led OUD and HCV screening protocol. PRACTICE INNOVATION Under the Kentucky MAT OUD protocol, pharmacists at St. Matthews Community Pharmacy recognized the lack of HCV screening as a protocol requirement. To provide comprehensive care, the pharmacists added an HCV screening assessment for all patients enrolled in the pharmacy MAT OUD program. EVALUATION The pharmacy was the first in Kentucky to implement the MAT OUD protocol after state board approval in January 2018. Patient retention rates of the MAT OUD protocol were evaluated during the 2018-2019 PGY-1 pharmacy residency program. HCV screening was implemented and assessed during this time. RESULTS The service was implemented by the pharmacy practice resident with 77 patients enrolled in the MAT OUD program and 36 consenting to the HCV screening assessments. More than half (52%) of the study participants remained in the MAT OUD program for the recommended duration of 6 months or more. All study participants (n = 36) had recent HCV screenings. CONCLUSION This practice innovation, led through the PGY-1 pharmacy residency program, allowed patients to enroll in a MAT OUD program in the privacy of their community pharmacy. The patient retention rate was similar to those found in physician-provided OUD programs. HCV positive screenings were found in individuals with no previous history of intravenous drug use. This provides reasoning to consider adding HCV screenings as a requirement to OUD protocols.
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Graber ML, Grice GR, Ling LJ, Conway JM, Olson A. Pharmacy Education Needs to Address Diagnostic Safety. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7442. [PMID: 31507297 PMCID: PMC6718490 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, and the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education frame patient safety from the perspective of medication management, which is also the current focus of pharmacy education and training. With the growing appreciation that diagnostic errors represent an urgent and actionable patient safety concern, the National Academy of Medicine has recommended diagnostic safety training for all health care professions. The Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine has worked with an interprofessional consensus group to identify a set of 12 key competencies necessary to achieve diagnostic quality and safety that focuses on individual, team-based, and system-related competencies. Much of this already exists in pharmacy education, but pharmacy training programs need to give graduates more guidance on how they contribute to the diagnostic process and the prevention and detection of diagnostic errors. We describe the current state of progress in this regard, and what steps are needed by training programs to provide content and assessment so that graduates achieve the requisite competencies. Governing and advisory bodies need to expand the expectations around patient safety to include diagnostic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Graber
- The Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine, Plymouth, Massachusetts
| | | | - Louis J Ling
- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeannine M Conway
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew Olson
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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13
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Applying Contemporary Management Principles to Implementing and Evaluating Value-Added Pharmacist Services. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7030099. [PMID: 31330816 PMCID: PMC6789523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Value-added pharmacy services encompass traditional and emerging services provided by pharmacists to individual and entire populations of persons increasingly under the auspices of a public health mandate. The success of value-added pharmacy services is enhanced when they are carried out and assessed using appropriate theory-based paradigms. Many of the more important management theories for pharmacy services consider the “servicescape” of these services recognizing the uniqueness of each patient and service encounter that vary based upon health needs and myriad other factors. In addition, implementation science principles help ensure the financial viability and sustainability of these services. This commentary reviews some of the foundational management theories and provides a number of examples of these theories that have been applied successfully resulting in a greater prevalence and scope of value-added services being offered.
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14
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Ti L, Socías ME, Wood E, Milloy MJ, Nosova E, DeBeck K, Kerr T, Hayashi K. The impact of methadone maintenance therapy on access to regular physician care regarding hepatitis C among people who inject drugs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194162. [PMID: 29579073 PMCID: PMC5868786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aims People who inject drugs (PWID) living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often experience barriers to accessing HCV treatment and care. New, safer and more effective direct-acting antiviral-based therapies offer an opportunity to scale-up HCV-related services. Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) programs have been shown to be effective in linking PWID to health and support services, largely in the context of HIV. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between being enrolled in MMT and having access to regular physician care regarding HCV among HCV antibody-positive PWID in Vancouver, Canada. Design Three prospective cohort studies of people who use illicit drugs. Setting Vancouver, Canada. Participants We restricted the study sample to 1627 HCV-positive PWID between September 2005 and May 2015. Measurements A marginal structural model using inverse probability of treatment weights was used to estimate the longitudinal relationship between being enrolled in MMT and having a regular HCV physician and/or specialist. Findings In total, 1357 (83.4%) reported having access to regular physician care regarding HCV at least once during the study period. A marginal structural model estimated a 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77–2.20) greater odds of having a regular HCV physician among participants enrolled in MMT compared to those not enrolled. Conclusions HCV-positive PWID who enrolled in MMT were more likely to report access to regular physician care regarding HCV compared to those not enrolled in MMT. These findings demonstrate that opioid agonist treatment may be helpful in linking PWID to HCV care, and highlight the need to better engage people who use drugs in substance use care, when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Ti
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - María Eugenia Socías
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Suite, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Briggs AL. Pharmacists' increasing involvement in hepatitis C management and prevention. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 58:5-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Heaton PC. Community-based pharmacy residents: Engaged at the intersection of health and medication needs. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:S189-S190. [PMID: 28506376 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.04.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Heaton
- Chair and Professor, Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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