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Langdon JA, Helgason BA, Qiu J, Effron DA. "It's Not Literally True, But You Get the Gist:" How nuanced understandings of truth encourage people to condone and spread misinformation. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 57:101788. [PMID: 38306926 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
People have a more-nuanced view of misinformation than the binary distinction between "fake news" and "real news" implies. We distinguish between the truth of a statement's verbatim details (i.e., the specific, literal information) and its gist (i.e., the general, overarching meaning), and suggest that people tolerate and intentionally spread misinformation in part because they believe its gist. That is, even when they recognize a claim as literally false, they may judge it as morally acceptable to spread because they believe it is true "in spirit." Prior knowledge, partisanship, and imagination increase belief in the gist. We argue that partisan conflict about the morality of spreading misinformation hinges on disagreements not only about facts but also about gists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Langdon
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK.
| | - Beth Anne Helgason
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
| | - Judy Qiu
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
| | - Daniel A Effron
- Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent's Park, UK
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2
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Sıtkı M, Ikier S, Şener N. Reduced false memory in the second language of Turkish-English bilinguals. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38569173 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2334345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, studying a list of semantically related words leads to false memory for the critical non-studied word that is related to all the words in the study list. Previous studies questioning whether bilinguals are more prone to false memory in their first language (L1) or second language (L2) in the DRM paradigm revealed mixed results. The present study investigated the same question with Turkish-English bilinguals. The revised hierarchical model proposes that the link between the lexicon and the semantic system is weaker in L2 than in L1, suggesting that false memory in the DRM paradigm that relies on semantic relatedness would be higher in L1 than in L2. Furthermore, previous studies showed that L2 is more resistant to errors in decision-making when the two languages are dissimilar, but not when they are similar, and Turkish and English are historically distant and typologically dissimilar languages. We tested Turkish-English bilingual participants whose L1 is Turkish with Turkish and English DRM word lists that had similar prior norms for generating false recognition. In the recognition test, some of the studied items and the critical non-studied items were presented and participants identified the studied items. False recognition for the critical non-studied items was lower and correct recognition for studied items was higher in L2 than in L1. The results suggest that L2 is more resistant to false memory due to its weaker lexicon and semantic system associations, at least when the two languages spoken by the bilingual are dissimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Sıtkı
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Simay Ikier
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nilüfer Şener
- Department of English Language and Literature, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Nieznański M, Ford D, Obidziński M. Representation of shared surface information and false memory for abstract versus concrete pictures in the conjoint recognition paradigm. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:950-973. [PMID: 38095739 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
An effective factor by which false memories can arise is relatedness which includes not only semantic associations but also perceptual resemblance. This issue raises questions about how patterns of perceptual features are represented in memory and how they relate to semantic representations. In five experiments, we investigated the memory processes underlying the false recognition of perceptually or semantically related pictures from the perspective of fuzzy trace theory. Multinomial processing tree model analyses for the conjoint recognition paradigm showed that the parameter representing gist trace retrieval not only contributes to false acceptances of semantically related pictures, but also underlies the false recognition of non-semantically related abstract shapes. These results challenged the hypothesis that the false recognition of non-semantically related distractors is solely due to interference with the verbatim suppression process. These experiments also showed that adding a surface feature (colour) to the category exemplars increases false recognition of related distractors by enhancing the contribution of the familiarity process, but only for pictures of real objects. Comparisons between experiments showed that different variants of the conjoint recognition model, used to analyse the effects of the same experimental manipulation, can lead to partially different conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Nieznański
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Daria Ford
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Obidziński
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 bud. 14, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
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Zimmer M, Czarniecki DM, Sahm S. Gender-sensitive considerations of prehospital teamwork in critical situations. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2024; 19:3. [PMID: 38504354 PMCID: PMC10953181 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-024-00153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teamwork in emergency medical services is a very important factor in efforts to improve patient safety. The potential differences of staff gender on communication, patient safety, and teamwork were omitted. The aim of this study is to evaluate these inadequately examined areas. METHODS A descriptive and anonymous study was conducted with an online questionnaire targeting emergency physicians and paramedics. The participants were asked about teamwork, communication, patient safety and handling of errors. RESULTS Seven hundred fourteen prehospital professionals from all over Germany participated. A total of 65.7% of the women harmed a patient (men 72.9%), and 52.6% were ashamed when mistakes were made (men 31.7%). 19.0% of the female participants considered their communication skills to be very good, compared to 81% of the men. More women than men did not want to appear incompetent (28.4%, 15.5%) and therefore did not speak openly about mistakes. Both genders saw the character of their colleagues as a reason for poor team communication (women 89.4%, men 84.9.%). Under high stress, communication decreased (women 35.9%, men 31.0%) and expression became inaccurate (women 18.7%, men 20.1%). CONCLUSIONS Team communication problems and teamwork in rescue services are independent of gender. Women seem to have more difficulty with open communication about mistakes because they seem to be subject to higher expectations. Work organization should be adapted to women's needs to enable more effective error management. We conclude that it is necessary to promote a positive error and communication culture to increase patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zimmer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ketteler Hospital, Hesse, Germany.
| | - Daria Magdalena Czarniecki
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for History and Ethics of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Stephan Sahm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ketteler Hospital, Hesse, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for History and Ethics of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
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Siestrup S, Schubotz RI. Minor Changes Change Memories: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Behavioral Reflections of Episodic Prediction Errors. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1823-1845. [PMID: 37677059 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memories can be modified, a process that is potentially driven by mnemonic prediction errors. In the present study, we used modified cues to induce prediction errors of different episodic relevance. Participants encoded episodes in the form of short toy stories and then returned for an fMRI session on the subsequent day. Here, participants were presented either original episodes or slightly modified versions thereof. Modifications consisted of replacing a single object within the episode and either challenged the gist of an episode (gist modifications) or left it intact (surface modifications). On the next day, participants completed a post-fMRI memory test that probed memories for originally encoded episodes. Both types of modifications triggered brain activation in regions we previously found to be involved in the processing of content-based mnemonic prediction errors (i.e., the exchange of an object). Specifically, these were ventrolateral pFC, intraparietal cortex, and lateral occipitotemporal cortex. In addition, gist modifications triggered pronounced brain responses, whereas those for surface modification were only significant in the right inferior frontal sulcus. Processing of gist modifications also involved the posterior temporal cortex and the precuneus. Interestingly, our findings confirmed the posterior hippocampal role of detail processing in episodic memory, as evidenced by increased posterior hippocampal activity for surface modifications compared with gist modifications. In the post-fMRI memory test, previous experience with surface modified, but not gist-modified episodes, increased erroneous acceptance of the same modified versions as originally encoded. Whereas surface-level prediction errors might increase uncertainty and facilitate confusion of alternative episode representations, gist-level prediction errors seem to trigger the clear distinction of independent episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Siestrup
- University of Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- University of Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
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Kafkas A, Brown T, Olusola N, Guo C. Pupil response patterns distinguish true from false memories. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17244. [PMID: 37821524 PMCID: PMC10567773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory is reconstructive and error-prone, which make memory illusions very common in everyday life. However, studying memory illusions can provide valuable insights into how memory works. Pupil response has emerged, in recent years, as an indicator of memory encoding and retrieval, however its validity as a measure of memory success is debated. In this study, we explored whether pupil response patterns can differentiate true from false memories and whether variations in the temporal dynamics of pupil response can elucidate the mechanisms underlying false memory creation. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was employed to generate false memories in two separate experiments involving visual and auditory stimuli. Pupil responses effectively differentiated true from false memories based on variations in pupil amplitude at different temporal components. This discrimination remained consistent across both experiments, with slightly stronger effects in the auditory condition, aligning with the more pronounced false memory effects in this condition. Notably, differential pupil responses between true and false memories varied based on the type of memory involved at recognition. These findings provide valuable insights into the cognitive processes underlying memory distortions, with implications for theoretical frameworks and real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Travorn Brown
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nifemi Olusola
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chaodong Guo
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Gronchi G, Righi S, Gavazzi G, Giganti F, Viggiano MP. Intuitive thinking predicts false memory formation due to a decrease in inhibitory efficiency. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1195668. [PMID: 37809292 PMCID: PMC10556870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
False memory formation is usually studied using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM), in which individuals incorrectly remember words that were not originally presented. In this paper, we systematically investigated how two modes of thinking (analytical vs. intuitive) can influence the tendency to create false memories. The increased propensity of intuitive thinkers to generate more false memories can be explained by one or both of the following hypotheses: a decrease in the inhibition of the lure words that come to mind, or an increased reliance on the familiarity heuristic to determine if the word has been previously studied. In two studies, we conducted tests of both recognition and recall using the DRM paradigm. Our observations indicate that a decrease in inhibitory efficiency plays a larger role in false memory formation compared to the use of the familiarity heuristic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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8
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Lentoor AG. Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memories: misinformation, distortion or erroneous configuration? AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:255-268. [PMID: 37841346 PMCID: PMC10567586 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Errors can affect our memory, yet even when there are gaps in our recollection of events, memory often serves us fairly well. Memory formation involves at least three different sub-processes, that are regulated by an underlying neural structure. From a cognitive neuropsychological perspective, a complex process of encoding, consolidating, and retrieval is involved in remembering an event, and it might be hindered by one's emotional state, physiological response to the event itself, and misinformation. As a result, it is very likely that one may struggle to remember specifics of what happened which can increase our susceptibility to the formation of false memories. This has major implications for everyday functioning, as in the case when you mistakenly remember you took your pills when you never did, or where errors have led to false accusations about trauma or abuse, and wrongful convictions of crimes. Memories sometimes contain biases and inaccuracies that prevent them from accurately recalling events. The review will provide an updated overview of current research advances on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying inaccurate, distorted, or false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Lentoor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
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9
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Thakral PP, Barberio NM, Devitt AL, Schacter DL. Constructive episodic retrieval processes underlying memory distortion contribute to creative thinking and everyday problem solving. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:1125-1144. [PMID: 36526954 PMCID: PMC10272288 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Constructive episodic retrieval processes play an adaptive role in supporting divergent thinking (i.e., creatively combining diverse bits of information) and means-end problem solving (i.e., generating steps to solve a social problem). However, the constructive nature of episodic memory that supports these adaptive functions also leads to memory error. In three experiments we aimed to identify a direct link between divergent thinking and means-end problem solving - as assessed in the Alternative Uses Task (AUT) and Means-End Problem Solving (MEPS) task - with the generation of false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. In Experiment 1, we replicated prior findings where false memory was positively correlated with performance on the AUT, and also showed for the first time that increased performance in the MEPS task is associated with increased false recall. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that the link between false recall and performance on the MEPS task did not extend to other forms of problem solving, as assessed with the Everyday Descriptions Task (EDT). In Experiment 3, we showed that when the EDT was preceded by the MEPS task in an attempt to influence participants to engage in a similar episodic-problem solving strategy, performance in both tasks was correlated with false memory. These findings provide evidence for a direct link between the adaptive benefits of constructive episodic processes, in the form of enhanced divergent creative thinking and problem solving, and costs, in the form of increased memory error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston P Thakral
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Natasha M Barberio
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Aleea L Devitt
- School of Psychology, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Fivush R, Grysman A. Accuracy and reconstruction in autobiographical memory: (Re)consolidating neuroscience and sociocultural developmental approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1620. [PMID: 36125799 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memories are never isolated episodes; they are embedded in a network that is continually updated and prediction driven. We present autobiographical memory as a meaning-driven process that includes both veridical traces and reconstructive schemas. Our developmental approach delineates how autobiographical memory develops across childhood and throughout adulthood, and our sociocultural approach examines the ways in which autobiographical memories are shaped by everyday social interactions embedded within cultural worldviews. These approaches are enhanced by a focus on autobiographical memory functions, namely self-coherence, social embeddedness, and directing future behaviors. Neuroscience models of memory outlined in multiple trace and trace transformation theories and perceptual principles of predictive processing establish mechanisms and frameworks into which autobiographical memory processes are incorporated. Rather than conceptualizing autobiographical and episodic memories as accurate versus error-prone, we frame memory as a dynamic process that is continuously updated to create coherent meaning for individuals living in complex sociocultural worlds. Autobiographical memory is a process of both accuracy and error, an intricate weaving of specific episodic details, inferences and confusions among similar experiences; it incorporates post-event information through reminiscing and conversations, in the service of creating more meaningful coherent memories that define self, others, and the world. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Fivush
- Institute for the Liberal Arts, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Azriel Grysman
- Psychology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Buil-Legaz L, Rodríguez-Ferreiro J, Cuetos F, Suárez-Coalla P. Spreading of phonological activation in dyslexia throughout life. REVISTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN LOGOPEDIA 2023. [DOI: 10.5209/rlog.81781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the developmental course of the spreading of phonological activation in individuals with and without dyslexia by means of a phonological version of the Deese/Roediger-McDermott false memory task. The false memory effect is assumed to reflect the spreading of activation from the presented stimuli to similar words in the lexicon. We assessed 35 volunteers with dyslexia and a group of matched controls with ages ranging from 6 to 58 years. They were first presented with six lists of ten two-syllable words each, all of which shared one syllable with a reference unpresented word. Then, they answered a recognition questionnaire including 24 presented words, 18 phonologically related unpresented words, and 12 unrelated unpresented words. False recognition of phonologically related words increased with age in the control group but stayed at very low levels in the dyslexia group. Our study indicates the existence of a deficit in the spreading of phonological activation in individuals with dyslexia throughout life.
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Obidziński M, Nieznański M. Context and target recollection for words and pictures in young adults with developmental dyslexia. Front Psychol 2022; 13:993384. [PMID: 36544458 PMCID: PMC9760829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The specificity of memory functioning in developmental dyslexia is well known and intensively studied. However, most research has been devoted to working memory, and many uncertain issues about episodic memory remain practically unexplored. Moreover, most studies have investigated memory in children and adolescents-much less research has been conducted on adults. The presented study explored the specificity of context and target memory functioning for verbal and nonverbal stimuli in young adults with developmental dyslexia. Methods The dual recollection theory, which distinguishes context recollection, target recollection, and familiarity as the processes underlying memory performance in the conjoint recognition paradigm, was adopted as the theoretical basis for the analysis of memory processes. The employed measurement model, a multinomial processing tree model, allowed us to assess the individual contributions of the basic memory processes to memory task performance. Results The research sample consisted of 82 young adults (41 with diagnosed dyslexia). The results showed significant differences in both verbal and nonverbal memory and context and target recollection between the dyslexic and the typically developing groups. These differences are not global; they only involve specific memory processes. Discussion In line with previous studies using multinomial modeling, this shows that memory functioning in dyslexia cannot be characterized as a simple impairment but is a much more complex phenomenon that includes compensatory mechanisms. Implications of the findings and possible limitations are discussed, pointing to the need for further investigation of the relationship between context memory functioning and developmental dyslexia, taking into account the type of material being processed.
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13
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Schacter DL. Memory Sins in Applied Settings: What Kind of Progress? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2022; 11:445-460. [PMID: 37035272 PMCID: PMC10077946 DOI: 10.1037/mac0000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over two decades ago, I proposed that memory errors could be classified into seven basic categories or sins (Schacter, 1999, 2001), comprising three sins of omission (transience, absentmindedness, and blocking) and four sins of commission (misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence). In the past two decades, much has been learned about the nature and basis of the memory sins. Here, I assess the extent of progress that has been made during that time regarding applied implications of five of the sins: transience, absentmindedness, misattribution, suggestibility, and persistence. The manifestations of these sins have been examined in a variety of applied settings, including educational, clinical, legal, and technological domains. I argue that considerable progress has been made in characterizing the impact of memory sins in each domain, identify gaps in and limitations of our current knowledge, and briefly consider how these developments bear on broad questions regarding the reliability of human memory.
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Greene CM, de Saint Laurent C, Hegarty K, Murphy G. False memories for true and false vaccination information form in line with pre-existing vaccine opinions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 36:ACP4002. [PMID: 36250192 PMCID: PMC9537901 DOI: 10.1002/acp.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Misinformation continually threatens efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccine misinformation now a key concern. False memories for misinformation can influence behavioural intentions, yet little is known about the factors affecting (false) memories for vaccine-related news items. Across two experiments (total n = 1481), this paper explores the effects of pre-existing vaccine opinions on reported memories for true and false news items. In Study 1, participants (n = 817) were exposed to fabricated pro- or anti-vaccine news items, and then asked if they have a memory of this news event having occurred. In Study 2, participants (n = 646) viewed true pro- or anti-vaccine news items. News items were more likely to be remembered when they aligned with participants' pre-existing vaccine beliefs, with stronger effects for pro-vaccine information. We conclude by encouraging researchers to consider the role of attitudinal bias when developing interventions to reduce susceptibility to misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M. Greene
- School of PsychologyUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
| | | | - Karen Hegarty
- School of PsychologyUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
| | - Gillian Murphy
- School of Applied PsychologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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15
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Mason A, Madan CR, Simonsen N, Spetch ML, Ludvig EA. Biased confabulation in risky choice. Cognition 2022; 229:105245. [PMID: 35961162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
When people make risky decisions based on past experience, they must rely on memory. The nature of the memory representations that support these decisions is not yet well understood. A key question concerns the extent to which people recall specific past episodes or whether they have learned a more abstract rule from their past experience. To address this question, we examined the precision of the memories used in risky decisions-from-experience. In three pre-registered experiments, we presented people with risky options, where the outcomes were drawn from continuous ranges (e.g., 100-190 or 500-590), and then assessed their memories for the outcomes experienced. In two preferential tasks, people were more risk seeking for high-value than low-value options, choosing as though they overweighted the outcomes from more extreme ranges. Moreover, in two preferential tasks and a parallel evaluation task, people were very poor at recalling the exact outcomes encountered, but rather confabulated outcomes that were consistent with the outcomes they had seen and were biased towards the more extreme ranges encountered. This common pattern suggests that the observed decision bias in the preferential task reflects a basic cognitive process to overweight extreme outcomes in memory. These results highlight the importance of the edges of the distribution in providing the encoding context for memory recall. They also suggest that episodic memory influences decision-making through gist memory and not through direct recall of specific instances.
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Sharman SJ, Danby MC, Christopoulos L. Mental context reinstatement improves adults’ reports of additional details from two instances of a repeated event. Memory 2022; 30:988-999. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2068610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coburn PI, Dogra KK, Rai IK, Bernstein DM. The Trajectory of Targets and Critical Lures in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Paradigm: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718818. [PMID: 34925128 PMCID: PMC8677658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm has been used extensively to examine false memory. During the study session, participants learn lists of semantically related items (e.g., pillow, blanket, tired, bed), referred to as targets. Critical lures are items which are also associated with the lists but are intentionally omitted from study (e.g., sleep). At test, when asked to remember targets, participants often report false memories for critical lures. Findings from experiments using the DRM show the ease with which false memories develop in the absence of suggestion or misinformation. Given this, it is important to examine factors which influence the generalizability of the findings. One important factor is the persistence of false memory, or how long false memories last. Therefore, we conducted a systemic review to answer this research question: What is the persistence of false memory for specific items in the DRM paradigm? To help answer this question our review had two research objectives: (1) to examine the trajectory of target memory and false memory for critical lures and (2) to examine whether memory for targets exceeded false memory for critical lures. We included empirical articles which tested memory for the same DRM lists with at least two testing sessions. We discuss the results with respect to single-session delays, long-term memory recall and recognition, remember and know judgments for memory, and the effect of development, valence, warning, and connectivity on the trajectory of memory. Overall, the trajectory of targets showed a relatively consistent pattern of decrease across delay. The trajectory of critical lures was inconsistent. The proportion of targets versus critical lures across delay was also inconsistent. Despite the inconsistencies, we conclude that targets and critical lures have a dissimilar trajectory across delay and that critical lures are more persistent than targets. The findings with respect to long-term recall and recognition are consistent with both Fuzzy Trace Theory and Associative-Activation Theory of the DRM effect. The generation of false memory with brief delays (3-4 s) is better explained by Associative-Activation Theory. Examining the connectivity between target items, and critical lures, and the effect that has during study and retrieval, can provide insight into the persistence of false memory for critical lures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Coburn
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Kirandeep K Dogra
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Iarenjit K Rai
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel M Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Smith KA, Huff MJ, Pazos LA, Smith JL, Cosentino KM. Item-specific encoding reduces false recognition of homograph and implicit mediated critical lures. Memory 2021; 30:293-308. [PMID: 34895075 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.2010762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of item-specific and relational encoding instructions on false recognition for critical lures that originated from homograph and mediated study lists. Homograph lists contained list items that were taken from two meanings of the same critical lure (e.g., autumn, trip, harvest, stumble; for fall) which disrupted thematic/gist consistency of the list. Mediated lists contained unrelated list items (e.g., slippery, spicy, vent, sleigh) that were indirectly related to a critical lure (e.g., cold), through a set of non-presented mediators (e.g., wet, hot, air, snow), and had no thematic/gist consistency. In two experiments, item-specific and relational encoding improved correct recognition relative to a read-only control task, but only item-specific encoding reduced false recognition of critical lures. Signal-detection analyses indicated that the item-specific reduction increased test-based monitoring. The item-specific reduction for homograph and mediated critical lures is consistent with the activation-monitoring framework given gist-based processes are reduced or eliminated on these list types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal A Smith
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Mark J Huff
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Laura A Pazos
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Joseph L Smith
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Kyla M Cosentino
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Wolfe CR. Fuzzy-Trace Theory and the Battle for the Gist in the Public Mind. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021; 10:527-531. [PMID: 34926137 PMCID: PMC8668039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Reyna VF, Broniatowski DA, Edelson SM. Viruses, Vaccines, and COVID-19: Explaining and Improving Risky Decision-making. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021; 10:491-509. [PMID: 34926135 PMCID: PMC8668030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Risky decision-making lies at the center of the COVID-19 pandemic and will determine future viral outbreaks. Therefore, a critical evaluation of major explanations of such decision-making is of acute practical importance. We review the underlying mechanisms and predictions offered by expectancy-value and dual-process theories. We then highlight how fuzzy-trace theory builds on these approaches and provides further insight into how knowledge, emotions, values, and metacognitive inhibition influence risky decision-making through its unique mental representational architecture (i.e., parallel verbatim and gist representations of information). We discuss how social values relate to decision-making according to fuzzy-trace theory, including how categorical gist representations cue core values. Although gist often supports health-promoting behaviors such as vaccination, social distancing, and mask-wearing, why this is not always the case as with status-quo gist is explained, and suggestions are offered for how to overcome the "battle for the gist" as it plays out in social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F Reyna
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Economics and Decision Research, Cornell University, USA
| | - David A Broniatowski
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics, George Washington University, USA
| | - Sarah M Edelson
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Economics and Decision Research, Cornell University, USA
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21
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Erens B, Otgaar H, Ruiter C, Bragt D, Hershkowitz I. The
NICHD
interview protocol used by Dutch child protection workers: Effects on interview style, children's reported information and susceptibility to suggestion. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Erens
- Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
- Faculty of Law Catholic University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Antal C, de Almeida RG. Indeterminate and Enriched Propositions in Context Linger: Evidence From an Eye-Tracking False Memory Paradigm. Front Psychol 2021; 12:741685. [PMID: 34744914 PMCID: PMC8567172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A sentence such as We finished the paper is indeterminate with regards to what we finished doing with the paper. Indeterminate sentences constitute a test case for two major issues regarding language comprehension: (1) how we compose sentence meaning; and (2) what is retained in memory about what we read in context over time. In an eye-tracking experiment, participants read short stories that were unexpectedly followed by one of three recognition probes: (a) an indeterminate sentence (Lisa began the book), that is identical to the one in the story; (b) an enriched but false probe (Lisa began reading the book); and (c) a contextually unrelated probe (Lisa began writing the book). The probes were presented either at the offset of the original indeterminate sentence in context or following additional neutral discourse. We measured accuracy, probe recognition time, and reading times of the probe sentences. Results showed that, at the immediate time point, participants correctly accepted the identical probes with high accuracy and short recognition times, but that this effect reversed to chance-level accuracy and significantly longer recognition times at the delayed time point. We also found that participants falsely accept the enriched probe at both time points 50% of the time. There were no reading-time differences between identical and enriched probes, suggesting that enrichment might not be an early, mandatory process for indeterminate sentences. Overall, results suggest that while context produces an enriched proposition, an unenriched proposition true to the indeterminate sentence also lingers in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Antal
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Urreta Benítez FA, Leon CS, Bonilla M, Flores-Kanter PE, Forcato C. Identification Performance During Quarantine by COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Emotional Variables and Sleep Quality. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691583. [PMID: 34721142 PMCID: PMC8554020 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions in people's lives around the globe. Sleep habits and emotional balance have been disturbed in a way that could be comparable to the havoc caused by a deep personal crisis or a traumatic experience. This unfortunate situation provides a unique context in which to study the impact of these imbalances on cognitive processes. In particular, the field of eyewitness science could benefit from these conditions, since they are also often present in crime victims, but can only be generated in the laboratory up to a certain ethical and practical limit. For several decades, eyewitness studies have tried to discover what variables affect people's ability to properly recognize faces. However, the disparity of experimental designs and the limitations of laboratory work could be contributing to the lack of consensus around several factors, such as sleep, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, the possibility of observing the influence of these agents in natural contexts could shed light on this discussion. Here, we perform simple and repeated lineups with witnesses of mock-crime, considering the conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which to some extent allow emulating the deterioration in general well-being that often afflicts crime victims. For this, 72 participants completed symptomatology scales, and watched a video portraying a staged violent episode. Subsequently, they gave testimony and participated in two lineups, in which we manipulated the presence/absence of the perpetrator, to recreate critical scenarios for the appearance of false recognitions. We found an increase in recognition errors in those individuals who did not have access to the perpetrator during the Initial lineup. Additionally, the conditions of the pandemic appear to have adversely affected the ability to witness and accurately perform lineups. These results reaffirm the need to move toward the standardization of research practices and methods for assessing testimonial evidence, especially in relation to the results of the lineups. Considering the degree of fallibility of these processes can lead to a reduction of wrongful convictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo A. Urreta Benítez
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Innocence Project Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candela S. Leon
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Innocence Project Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Bonilla
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Innocence Project Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ezequiel Flores-Kanter
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Can you mend a broken heart? Awakening conventional metaphors in the maze. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 29:253-261. [PMID: 34341971 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conventional metaphors such as broken heart are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is because they might be stored as lexicalized, noncompositional expressions. If so, they require sense retrieval rather than sense creation. But can their literal meanings be recovered or "awakened"? We examined whether the literal meaning of a conventional metaphor could be triggered by a later cue. In a maze task, participants (N = 40) read sentences word by word (e.g., John is an early bird so he can . . .) and were presented with a two-word choice. Participants took longer and were less accurate when the correct word (attend) was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of a conventional metaphor is not circumvented, nor that metaphors simply involve sense retrieval. The metaphor awakening effect suggests that the mechanisms employed to process conventional metaphors are dynamic with both metaphorical sense and literal meaning being available.
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25
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Abstract
Although false memories have largely been examined with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, little research has focused on the semantic context in which associates are encoded. Across three experiments, we varied semantic context during a sentence-processing task with DRM associates embedded within sentences. More meaningful sentences resulted in greater memory errors (Experiment 1). Furthermore, providing contextual information to discriminate old from new items did not reduce false alarms relative to encoding words in isolation when sentences converged on the meaning of the critical lure (Experiment 2), and actually increased memory errors (Experiment 3). These results suggest that semantic context that allows for meaningful relational processing of items within-lists and that converge on the semantic meaning of the critical lure increases the likelihood that the list theme is identified, resulting in more errors at test.
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26
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Reyna VF. A scientific theory of gist communication and misinformation resistance, with implications for health, education, and policy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e1912441117. [PMID: 32312815 PMCID: PMC8054009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912441117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A framework is presented for understanding how misinformation shapes decision-making, which has cognitive representations of gist at its core. I discuss how the framework goes beyond prior work, and how it can be implemented so that valid scientific messages are more likely to be effective, remembered, and shared through social media, while misinformation is resisted. The distinction between mental representations of the rote facts of a message-its verbatim representation-and its gist explains several paradoxes, including the frequent disconnect between knowing facts and, yet, making decisions that seem contrary to those facts. Decision makers can falsely remember the gist as seen or heard even when they remember verbatim facts. Indeed, misinformation can be more compelling than information when it provides an interpretation of reality that makes better sense than the facts. Consequently, for many issues, scientific information and misinformation are in a battle for the gist. A fuzzy-processing preference for simple gist explains expectations for antibiotics, the spread of misinformation about vaccination, and responses to messages about global warming, nuclear proliferation, and natural disasters. The gist, which reflects knowledge and experience, induces emotions and brings to mind social values. However, changing mental representations is not sufficient by itself; gist representations must be connected to values. The policy choice is not simply between constraining behavior or persuasion-there is another option. Science communication needs to shift from an emphasis on disseminating rote facts to achieving insight, retaining its integrity but without shying away from emotions and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F Reyna
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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27
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Riven L, de Almeida RG. Context Breeds False Memories for Indeterminate Sentences. Front Psychol 2021; 12:616065. [PMID: 33776841 PMCID: PMC7994259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
What are the roles of semantic and pragmatic processes in the interpretation of sentences in context? And how do we attain such interpretations when sentences are deemed indeterminate? Consider a sentence such as "Lisa began the book" which does not overtly express the activity that Lisa began doing with the book. Although it is believed that individuals compute a specified event to enrich the sentential representation - yielding, e.g., "began [reading] the book" - there is no evidence that a default event meaning is attained. Moreover, if indeterminate sentences are enriched, it is not clear where the information required to generate enriched interpretations come from. Experiment 1 showed that, in isolation, there is no default interpretation for indeterminate sentences. The experiment also showed that biasing contexts constrain event interpretations and improve plausibility judgments, suggesting that event representations for indeterminate sentences are generated by context. In Experiment 2, participants heard biasing discourse contexts and later falsely recognized foil sentences containing the biased events ("Lisa began reading the book") at the same proportion and with the same confidence as the original indeterminate sentence ("Lisa began the book"). We suggest that indeterminate sentences trigger event-enriching inferences but only in sufficiently constraining contexts. We also suggest that indeterminate sentences create two memory traces, one for the proposition consistent with the denotational, compositional meaning, and another for the proposition that is enriched pragmatically over time.
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28
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Obidziński M. Response frequencies in the conjoint recognition memory task as predictors of developmental dyslexia diagnosis: A decision-trees approach. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:50-61. [PMID: 32167644 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presented study applies the methods of data mining and prediction models to the subject of memory functioning in developmental dyslexia. This article sets forth the results of an analysis of the decision tree algorithm for the classification of dyslexia/non-dyslexia, based on frequency data from the modified simplified conjoint recognition experiment-a paradigm based on the fuzzy-trace theory used to investigate verbatim and gist memory. This decision tree model was created with the use of the C&RT algorithm, which makes a prediction of the classification with the use of four predictors: the numbers of different types of answers depending on the specific stimuli presented. Seventy-one high school students, 33 with developmental dyslexia, took part in a memory experiment. The model created using the decision tree algorithm has a very good overall validity. Excellent developmental dyslexia classification was accompanied by satisfactory non-dyslexia classification. The decision tree proposed predictors that are supported both theoretically and empirically. The results obtained show an important role of verbatim and gist memory functioning in developmental dyslexia and suggest that the pattern of performance observed in the memory tests can be used as a predictor of the developmental dyslexia disorder. Results encourage further usage of decision trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Obidziński
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Christian Philosophy, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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The effect of categories on relative encoding biases in memory-based judgments. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Huff MJ, Bodner GE, Gretz MR. Reducing False Recognition in the Deese-Roediger/McDermott Paradigm: Related Lures Reveal How Distinctive Encoding Improves Encoding and Monitoring Processes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:602347. [PMID: 33329270 PMCID: PMC7714777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.602347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Deese-Roediger/McDermott (DRM) paradigm, distinctive encoding of list items typically reduces false recognition of critical lures relative to a read-only control. This reduction can be due to enhanced item-specific processing, reduced relational processing, and/or increased test-based monitoring. However, it is unclear whether distinctive encoding reduces false recognition in a selective or global manner. To examine this question, participants studied DRM lists using a distinctive item-specific anagram generation task and then completed a recognition test which included both DRM critical lures and either strongly related lures (Experiment 1) or weakly related lures (Experiment 2). Compared to a read-control group, the generate groups showed increased correct recognition and decreased false recognition of all lure types. We then estimated the separate contributions of encoding and retrieval processes using signal-detection indices. Generation improved correct recognition by both increasing encoding of memory information for list words and by increasing memory monitoring at test. Generation reduced false recognition by reducing the encoding of memory information and by increasing memory monitoring at test. The reduction in false recognition was equivalent for critical lures and related lures, indicating that generation globally reduces the encoding of related non-presented items at study (not just critical lures), while globally increasing list-theme-based monitoring at test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Huff
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Glen E Bodner
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Gretz
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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31
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Dilevski N, Paterson HM, Walker SA, van Golde C. Adult memory for specific instances of a repeated event: a preliminary review. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:711-732. [PMID: 35571600 PMCID: PMC9103626 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1837031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In cases of repeated victimisation, a complainant's statement of abuse, and therefore memory, is often critical evidence for forensic investigations and legal proceedings. It is therefore important to understand the functioning of adults' memory for repeated events. As such, the purpose of this paper was to review the extant literature on adult memory for instances of a repeated event. The results of the review revealed a small number of heterogeneous studies on adult repeated-event memory (N = 12). The literature so far shows that while adults might have difficulty in recalling information specific to instances (narrow accuracy), they are capable of remembering information across multiple instances (broad accuracy). It was also found that several factors may impact recall of instances including age, the number of experienced instances, rehearsing an event, repeated retrieval and event distinctiveness. The discussion highlights the forensic implications of this research and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Dilevski
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah A. Walker
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Celine van Golde
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Broniatowski DA, Reyna VF. To illuminate and motivate: A fuzzy-trace model of the spread of information online. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY 2020; 26:431-464. [PMID: 33737859 PMCID: PMC7962747 DOI: 10.1007/s10588-019-09297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose, and test, a model of online media platform users' decisions to act on, and share, received information. Specifically, we focus on how mental representations of message content drive its spread. Our model is based on Fuzzy-Trace Theory (FTT), a leading theory of decision under risk. Per FTT, online content is mentally represented in two ways: verbatim (objective, but decontextualized, facts), and gist (subjective, but meaningful, interpretation). Although encoded in parallel, gist tends to drive behaviors more strongly than verbatim representations for most individuals. Our model uses factors derived from FTT to make predictions regarding which content is more likely to be shared, namely: a) different levels of mental representation, b) the motivational content of a message, c) difficulty of information processing (e.g., the ease with which a given message may be comprehended and, therefore, its gist extracted), and d) social values.
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Abstract
Memory is highly susceptible to distortions, which can exert serious consequences in daily life. Despite this, we still know little about the role of factors that comprise social contexts in which memory processes occur. In the present study, we attempted to address this issue by examining how social competition influences true and false recognition. Participants performed a version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm designed to lure them into producing both true and false recognition either in competition against or independently of another person. We found that participants in the competition group showed lower levels of true and false recognition than those in the control group. Signal-detection analyses revealed that participants in both groups showed equivalent memory sensitivity for true recognition, while those in the competition group exhibited a decreased sensitivity for false recognition, which implies enhanced item-specific encoding during social competition. Moreover, participants in the competition group showed a more conservative response bias for both true and false recognition at retrieval than those in the control group, indicating a shift towards conservatism in decision strategy for both true and false recognition during social competition. The results provide compelling evidence for a decision-based reduction of true recognition and both encoding-based and decision-based reductions of false recognition under competitive contexts. Therefore, these novel findings may have implications both for understanding the powerful role of social competition on true and false memories and for understanding the potential role of social competition on other aspects of memory processes.
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34
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Yi B, Cao YP, Song Y. Network security risk assessment model based on fuzzy theory. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-179617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yi
- School of Law, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Economic and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Base of Cyberspace Global Governance Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Ping Cao
- School of Business, Wuzhou University, Wu zhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Song
- School of Economic and Management, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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35
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Reyna VF, Brust‐Renck PG. How representations of number and numeracy predict decision paradoxes: A fuzzy‐trace theory approach. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang SY. Wisdom and memory: Autobiographical memories as the foundation for the recall of wisdom incidents. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Helm RK, Hans VP, Reyna VF, Reed K. Numeracy in the jury box: Numerical ability, meaningful anchors, and damage award decision making. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerie F. Reyna
- Department of Human DevelopmentCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Krystia Reed
- Cornell Law School Ithaca New York
- Department of PsychologyThe University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas
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Pansuwan T, Breuer F, Gazder T, Lau Z, Cueva S, Swanson L, Taylor M, Wilson M, Morcom AM. Evidence for adult age-invariance in associative false recognition. Memory 2019; 28:172-186. [PMID: 31868124 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1705351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Older people are more prone to memory distortions and errors than young people, but do not always show greater false recognition in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task. We report two preregistered experiments investigating whether recent findings of age-invariant false recognition extend to designs in which studied items are blocked. According to (Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., Rosen, M. J., & Blanchard, L. (1998). Response latencies for false memories: Gist-based processes in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(2), 230-241.), age effects on false recognition in the DRM task are due to a greater reliance on gist processing which is enhanced under blocked study conditions. Experiment 1 assessed false recognition in an online variant of the DRM task where words were presented visually, with incidental encoding. The results showed Bayesian evidence against greater false recognition by older adults, whether lures were semantically associated with studied lists, or perceptually related (presented in the same distinctive font as studied lists) or both. Experiment 2 used a typical DRM procedure with auditory lists and intentional encoding, closely reproducing (Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., Rosen, M. J., & Blanchard, L. (1998). Response latencies for false memories: Gist-based processes in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 13(2), 230-241.) Experiment 2 but omitting an initial test of recall. The results showed evidence against an age-related increase in critical lure false recognition under these conditions. Together, the data suggest that older people do not make more associative memory errors in recognition tests than young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pansuwan
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Breuer
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Gazder
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Z Lau
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Cueva
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Swanson
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Taylor
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Wilson
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M Morcom
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Wolfe CR, Dandignac M, Sullivan R, Moleski T, Reyna VF. Automatic Evaluation of Cancer Treatment Texts for Gist Inferences and Comprehension. Med Decis Making 2019; 39:939-949. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989x19874316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. It is difficult to write about cancer for laypeople such that everyone understands. One common approach to readability is the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). However, FKGL has been shown to be less effective than emerging discourse technologies in predicting readability. Objective. Guided by fuzzy-trace theory, we used the discourse technology Coh-Metrix to create a Gist Inference Score (GIS) and applied it to texts from the National Cancer Institute website written for patients and health care providers. We tested the prediction that patient cancer texts with higher GIS scores are likely to be better understood than others. Design. In study 1, all 244 cancer texts were systematically subjected to an automated Coh-Metrix analysis. In study 2, 9 of those patient texts (3 each at high, medium, and low GIS) were systematically converted to fill-the-blanks (Cloze) tests in which readers had to supply the missing words. Participants (162) received 3 texts, 1 at each GIS level. Measures. GIS was measured as the mean of 7 Coh-Metrix variables, and comprehension was measured through a Cloze procedure. Results. Although texts for patients scored lower on FKGL than those for providers, they also scored lower on GIS, suggesting difficulties for readers. In study 2, participants scored higher on the Cloze task for high GIS texts than for low- or medium-GIS texts. High-GIS texts seemed to better lend themselves to correct responses using different words. Limitations. GIS is limited to text and cannot assess inferences made from images. The systematic Cloze procedure worked well in aggregate but does not make fine-grained distinctions. Conclusions. GIS appears to be a useful, theoretically motivated supplement to FKGL for use in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatum Moleski
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Valerie F. Reyna
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Abstract
It is well established that processing information in relation to oneself (i.e., self-referencing) leads to better memory for that information than processing that same information in relation to others (i.e., other-referencing). However, it is unknown whether self-referencing also leads to more false memories than other-referencing does. In the current two experiments with European and East Asian samples, we presented participants the Deese-Roediger-McDermott lists together with their own name or other people's name (i.e., "Trump" in Experiment 1 and "Li Ming" in Experiment 2). We found consistent results across the two experiments; that is, in the self-reference condition, participants had higher true and false memory rates compared with those in the other-reference condition. Moreover, we found that self-referencing did not exhibit superior mnemonic advantage in terms of net accuracy compared with other-referencing and neutral conditions. These findings are discussed in terms of theoretical frameworks such as spreading activation theories and the fuzzy-trace theory. We propose that our results reflect the adaptive nature of memory in the sense that cognitive processes that increase mnemonic efficiency may also increase susceptibility to associative false memories.
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Ober TM, Brooks PJ, Plass JL, Homer BD. Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects of Executive Functions on Reading Comprehension in Adolescents. READING PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02702711.2019.1635239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Ober
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
- CREATE Lab, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia J. Brooks
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
- College of Staten Island, CUNY, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Jan L. Plass
- CREATE Lab, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York University New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce D. Homer
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
- CREATE Lab, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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McBride DM, Coane JH, Xu S, Feng Y, Yu Z. Short-term false memories vary as a function of list type. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:2726-2741. [PMID: 31184272 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819859880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
False memories have primarily been investigated at long-term delays in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, but a few studies have reported meaning-based false memories at delays as short as 1-4 s. The current study further investigated the processes that contribute to short-term false memories with semantic and phonological lists (Experiment 1) and hybrid lists containing items of each type (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, more false memories were found for phonological than for semantic lists. In Experiment 2, an asymmetrical hyper-additive effect was found such that including one or two phonological associates in pure semantic lists yielded a robust increase in false alarms, whereas including semantic associates in pure phonological lists did not affect false alarms. These results are more consistent with the activation-monitoring account of false memory creation than with fuzzy trace theory that has not typically been referenced when describing phonological false memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M McBride
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Feng
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
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Abstract
Decades of research show that people are susceptible to developing false memories. But if they do so in one task, are they likely to do so in a different one? The answer: "No". In the current research, a large number of participants took part in three well-established false memory paradigms (a misinformation task, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] list learning paradigm, and an imagination inflation exercise) as well as completed several individual difference measures. Results indicate that many correlations between false memory variables in all three inter-paradigm comparisons are null, though some small, positive, significant correlations emerged. Moreover, very few individual difference variables significantly correlated with false memories, and any significant correlations were rather small. It seems likely, therefore, that there is no false memory "trait". In other words, no one type of person seems especially prone, or especially resilient, to the ubiquity of memory distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Nichols
- a School of Social Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Elizabeth F Loftus
- b Psychology and Social Behavior , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
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Abstract
Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) provides well-researched scientific principles that explain worrisome forms of false memory in the law. False memories are of great legal concern because memory reports are frequently the evidence that determines guilt/innocence and are sometimes the only evidence that crimes have been committed. FTT’s principles reveal errors in commonsense theories that jurors use to judge the credibility of witnesses’ memory reports. This science versus commonsense disconnect is salient in cases involving child witnesses, eyewitness identifications, and confessions. The consequences of this disconnect for justice could be ameliorated by a simple change in federal rules of evidence.
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LaPaglia JA, Chan JCK. Telling a good story: The effects of memory retrieval and context processing on eyewitness suggestibility. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212592. [PMID: 30789952 PMCID: PMC6383884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Witnesses are likely to describe a crime many times before testifying or encountering misinformation about that crime. Research examining the effect of retrieval on later suggestibility has yielded mixed results. LaPaglia and Chan manipulated whether misinformation was presented in a narrative or misleading questions, and they found that retrieval increased suggestibility when misinformation was presented in a narrative, but reduced suggestibility when the same misinformation was presented in questions. In the current study, we aimed to address why these differences occurred. Specifically, we examined whether contextual detail and narrative coherence during misinformation exposure influenced the relation between retrieval and suggestibility. Participants watched a robbery video and some were questioned about the event afterwards. They were then exposed to misinformation presented in a narrative (Experiment 1) or questions (Experiment 2) before taking a final memory test. Testing enhanced suggestibility when the misinformation phase reinstated contextual information of the event, but not when the misinformation phase included few contextual details–regardless of whether the misinformation was in a narrative or questions. In Experiment 3, disrupting narrative coherence by randomizing the order of contextual information eliminated retrieval-enhanced suggestibility. Therefore, context processing during the post-event information phase influences whether retrieval enhances or reduces eyewitness suggestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. LaPaglia
- Department of Social Sciences, Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jason C. K. Chan
- Department Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nieznański M, Obidziński M. Verbatim and gist memory and individual differences in inhibition, sustained attention, and working memory capacity. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1567517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Nieznański
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Obidziński
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland
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Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF. Replication, Registration, and Scientific Creativity. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 13:428-432. [PMID: 29961417 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617739421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bureaucratization of psychological science exacts intellectual costs that go beyond the sheer amount of time that is drained away from creative scientific activity. Additional administrative hurdles are now being generated in an attempt to ensure the replicability of psychological effects. A cognitive analysis of those hurdles shows that impairment of scientific creativity is a foreseeable consequence, owing to their frequent verbatim-processing focus and the negative emotional context in which they are embedded. We consider whether it is possible to enhance replicability without increasing bureaucratic obstacles and to enhance scientific creativity in the presence of such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development and Institute for Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Department of Human Development and Institute for Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
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Wilhelms EA, Fraenkel L, Reyna VF. Effects of Probabilities, Adverse Outcomes, and Status Quo on Perceived Riskiness of Medications: Testing Explanatory Hypotheses Concerning Gist, Worry, and Numeracy. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 32:714-726. [PMID: 30686857 PMCID: PMC6345391 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We tested predictions of fuzzy-trace theory that qualitative health status and gist representations (ordinal and categorical) of risks contribute to willingness to start medications, beyond effects of objective risk, emotion (worry), and numeracy. Adults in two experiments were given hypothetical scenarios based on actual medications, varying health status quo (acceptable or unacceptable), adverse event (pneumonia or cancer), and four levels of quantitative risk (from 1/100,000 to 1/100) between subjects. In both experiments, cancer and higher quantitative risk elicited greater worry and risk perceptions and reduced willingness to start a new medication. Willingness to start was also influenced by health status quo. After controlling for other variables, only status quo and gist representations consistently predicted willingness to start in both experiments. Results support an integrated approach to understanding and predicting perceptions of the risks of medications that encompasses numerical cognition, emotions (such as worry), and qualitative gist representations of medical information.
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Sheaffer R, Goldsmith M, Pansky A. Why Were Those Details So Hard for Me to Recall? Experienced Ease of Selective Retrieval Modulates Episodic Gist Memory. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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50
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Dimsdale-Zucker HR, Flegal KE, Atkins AS, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Serial position-dependent false memory effects. Memory 2018; 27:397-409. [PMID: 30152262 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1513039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for false recognition within seconds of encoding suggests that semantic-associative influences are not restricted to long-term memory, consistent with unitary memory accounts but contrary to dual store models. The present study sought further relevant evidence using a modified free recall converging associates task where participants studied 12-item lists composed of 3 semantically distinct quartets (sublists) related to a separate, non-presented theme word (i.e., words 1-4/theme1, 5-8/theme2, and 9-12/theme3). This list construction permits assessment of false recall errors from each sublist, and, particularly, the primacy and recency sublists that have been linked to long- and short-term memory stores. Experiment 1 tested immediate free recall for items. Associative false memories were evident from all sublists, however, significantly less so from the recent sublist, which also showed the highest levels of veridical memory. By inserting a brief (3 s) distractor prior to recall, Experiment 2 selectively reduced veridical memory and increased false memory for the recent sublist while leaving the primacy sublist unaffected. These recall results converge with prior evidence indicating the immediacy of false recognition, and can be understood within a unitary framework where the differential availability of verbatim features and gist-based cues affect memory for primacy and recency sublists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle R Dimsdale-Zucker
- a Department of Psychology, UC Davis Center for Neuroscience , University of California, Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Kristin E Flegal
- b Imaging Centre of Excellence, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , Scotland
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