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Cen X, Fang Y, Chen Z, Zhu X. Development of benzimidazole derivatives as efficient matrices for the analysis of acidic small-molecule compounds using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9751. [PMID: 38680091 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE With the development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) in spatial localisation omics research on small molecules, the detection sensitivity of the matrix must increase. However, the types of matrices suitable for detecting acidic small molecules in (-) MALDI-MS mode are very limited and are either not sensitive enough or difficult to obtain. METHODS More than 10 commercially available benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives were selected as MALDI matrices in negative ion mode. MALDI-MS analysis was performed on 38 acidic small molecules and mouse serum, and the matrix effects were compared with those of the common commercial matrices 9-aminoacridine (9AA), 1,5-naphthalenediamine (DAN) and 3-aminoquinoline (3AQ). Moreover, the proton affinity (PA) of the selected potential matrix was calculated, and the relationships among the compound structure, PA value and matrix effect were discussed. RESULTS In (-) MALDI-MS mode, a higher PA value generally indicates a better matrix effect. Amino-substituted 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives had well-defined matrix effects on all analytes and were generally superior to the commonly used matrices 9AA, DAN and 3AQ. Among them, 2-(4-(dimethylamino-phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-amine (E-4) has the best sensitivity and versatility for detecting different analytes and has the best ability to detect fatty acids in mouse serum; moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) of some analytes can reach as low as ng/L. CONCLUSIONS Compared to 9AA, DAN and 3AQ, matrix E-4 is more effective at detecting low-molecular-weight acidic compounds in (-) MALDI-MS mode, with higher sensitivity and better versatility. In addition, there is a clear correlation between compound structure, PA and matrix effects, which provides a basis for designing more efficient matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Cen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Fang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Chen
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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DeFiglia SA, Szot CW, Håkansson K. Negative-Ion Electron Capture Dissociation of MALDI-Generated Peptide Anions. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8800-8806. [PMID: 38742421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Negative-ion electron capture dissociation (niECD) is an anion MS/MS technique that provides fragmentation analogous to conventional ECD, including high peptide sequence coverage and retention of labile post-translational modifications (PTMs). niECD has been proposed to be the most efficient for salt-bridged zwitterionic precursor ion structures. Several important PTMs, e.g., sulfation and phosphorylation, are acidic and can, therefore, be challenging to characterize in the positive-ion mode. Furthermore, PTM-friendly techniques, such as ECD, require multiple precursor ion-positive charges. By contrast, singly charged ions, refractory to ECD, are most compatible with niECD. Because electrospray ionization (ESI) typically yields multiply charged ions, we sought to explore matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in combination with niECD. However, the requirement for zwitterionic gaseous structures may preclude efficient niECD of MALDI-generated anions. Unexpectedly, we found that niECD of anions from MALDI is not only possible but proceeds with similar or higher efficiency compared with ESI-generated anions. Matrix selection did not appear to have a major effect. With MALDI, niECD is demonstrated up to m/z ∼4300. For such larger analytes, multiple electron captures are observed, resulting in triply charged fragments from singly charged precursor ions. Such charge-increased fragments show improved detectability. Furthermore, significantly improved (∼20-fold signal-to-noise increase) niECD spectral quality is achieved with equivalent sample amounts from MALDI vs ESI. Overall, the reported combination with MALDI significantly boosts the analytical utility of niECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A DeFiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Carson W Szot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Kobylis P, Kasprzyk M, Nowacki A, Caban M. An investigation of the ionicity of selected ionic liquid matrices used for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Borisov RS, Matveeva MD, Zaikin VG. Reactive Matrices for Analytical Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1027-1043. [PMID: 34969337 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a special focus is placed on the usage of reactive matrices for analytical matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Since 2003, when the term "reactive matrices" was suggested and the dignity of compounds, possessing dualistic properties as matrices and derivatization agents was demonstrated, corresponding approach has found application in various fields and, in particular, in bioanalysis (metabolomics, lipidomics, etc.). The main advantage of this methodology is that it reduces sample treatment time, simplifies the procedure of sample handling, improves the sensitivity of analysis, enhances the molecular identification and profiling. Within the framework of this review, the main attention is paid to "true" reactive matrices that interact with analyte molecules through an exchange or addition reactions. A special section discusses practical application of reactive matrices in the determination of the distribution of targeted and non-targeted organic substances on the surface of biological tissue sections by MALDI-MS imaging. In this critical review, a controversial proposal is made to consider protonating and deprotonating matrices as reactive, because they can undergo a chemical reaction such as proton transfer that occurs in both target solution and MALDI plume. In this respect, special attention is paid to "proton sponge" matrices that have found a wide application in the analysis of various acidic compounds by MALDI-MS in the negative mode. Historical data on the formation of ions and the fate of matrices in MALDI are considered at the beginning of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya D Matveeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Pizzala H, Claeys-Bruno M, Monnier V, Sergent M, Charles L. Design of Experiments for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization of Amphiphilic Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-b-Polystyrene Block Copolymers. Front Chem 2021; 9:740495. [PMID: 34568285 PMCID: PMC8458736 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.740495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) has become a very popular ionization technique for mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers because it allows high throughput analysis of low amounts of sample while avoiding the complexity introduced by extensive multiple charging of electrospray ionization. Yet, fundamental mechanisms underlying this ionization process are not fully understood, so development of sample preparation methods remains empirical. Reliable prediction for the optimal matrix/analyte/salt system is indeed still not possible for homopolymers and it becomes even more challenging in the case of amphiphilic block copolymers where conditions dictated by one block are not compatible with MALDI requirements of the second block. In order to perform MALDI of copolymers composed of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polystyrene (PS) blocks, it was postulated here that experimental conditions suitable for both species would also be successful for PEO-b-PS. Accordingly, designs of experiments based on Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis were first implemented, studying the influence of 19 matrices and 26 salts on the laser fluence requested for successful MALDI. This analysis first permitted to highlight correlations between the investigated 10 descriptors of matrices and salts and the analytical response, and then to construct models that permits reliable predictions of matrix/salt couples to be used for one or the other homopolymer. Selected couples were then used for MALDI of a PEO-b-PS copolymer but no general trend was observed: experimental conditions expected to work often failed whereas ionic adducts of the copolymer were clearly detected with some matrix/salt systems that were shown to badly perform for constituting homopolymers. Overall, this rules out the working assumption stating that the MALDI behavior of chains composed of PEO and PS segments should combine the behavior of the two polymeric species. Yet, although requiring a dedicated design of experiments, MALDI of the amphiphilic PEO-b-PS copolymer was achieved for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pizzala
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Magalie Claeys-Bruno
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS IRD 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité Marine et Continentale, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FR 1739, Fédérations des Sciences Chimiques, Marseille, France
| | - Michelle Sergent
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS IRD 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité Marine et Continentale, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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Bai Y, Chen H, Wu S, Wang G, Li Y, Liu Y, Huang Y. Extensive generation and characterization of ion clusters by silicopolyoxometalate anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions in the gas phase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9011. [PMID: 33232557 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The research area of ion clusters has helped to enrich the study of chemical bonding theory, clarify the crystal nucleation process and investigate the cluster ion-molecule reactions. The mass spectrometry (MS) technique, especially high-resolution MS, is an important method for investigating ion clusters in the gas phase. As polyoxometalates (POMs) have been attracting considerable interest in biochemistry, medicine and materials science due to their excellent structural and electronic features it is important to characterize these clusters by MS. METHODS Singly negatively charged molybdenum-containing and tungsten-containing ion clusters with different matrices were produced by Keggin-type silicopolyoxometalate anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS) conditions. RESULTS The matrices displayed an obvious influence on the formation of ion clusters. It was found that the molybdenum-containing ion species [(HSiO3 )(MoO3 )n ]- , [(SiO2 )m (MoO3 )n (H2 O)x ] -• , [(OH)(MoO3 )n ]-• , [(MoO3 )n ]-• , and [Hx SiMoy Oz ]- were the main ion series in the mass spectra. For the tungsten-containing ion clusters, [(HSiO3 )(WO3 )n ]- , [(C8 H5 Om )(WO3 )n (H2 O)x ]- , [(OH)(WO3 )n ]- , and [(WO3 )n ]-• were the main ion species in the mass spectra, and a series of organic-inorganic hybrid tungsten-containing ion clusters [(C8 H5 Om )(WO3 )n (H2 O)x ]- were generated by the interaction of DHAP and THAP matrices with tungstate anions. Furthermore, the most abundant species (magic number) in each ion series indicated that they might adopt more stable structures than other relevant clusters. CONCLUSIONS Keggin-type silicopolyoxometalate anions can produce several series of singly charged molybdenum-containing/tungsten-containing ion clusters in negative-ion generating mode under MALDI conditions. It is proposed that the "Lucky Survivors" hypothesis may be used to illustrate the generation of ion clusters in the gas phase during the early stages of plume expansion. In addition, clear evidence of hydrogen transfer and electron capture to POMs was found in the obtained MALDI mass spectra. These results highlight the utility of the MALDI-FT method for obtaining novel ion clusters and also show the stability of these clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Bai
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Maoming People's Hosptical, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Shuixing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Yingbang Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oncology, Maoming People's Hosptical, Maoming, 525000, China
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Krivosheina MS, Borisov RS, Zhilyaev DI, Matveeva MD, Zaikin VG. New suitable deprotonating matrices for the analysis of carboxylic acids and some acidic compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8954. [PMID: 32979299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct non-derivatization analysis of organic acids and acidic compounds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) in positive ion mode is not always possible due to the low ionization efficiency of analytes. Some new efficient deprotonating matrices were suggested that allowed the production of negative ions from acidic compounds during MALDI-MS experiments. METHODS Various tested carboxyl-containing compounds as well as compounds with acidic properties were mixed with the suggested deprotonating matrices [4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMABA), N,N-dimethylamino-p-phenylenediamine or 3-aminoquinoline] and applied on a standard MALDI target followed by recording MALDI mass spectra in negative ion mode. RESULTS All the tested acidic compounds mixed with the suggested deprotonating matrices produced abundant [M - H]- ions under MALDI conditions. DMABA produced the strongest signals reflecting greater sensitivity of analysis. CONCLUSIONS The suggested deprotonating matrices are commercially available compounds and are good alternatives to well-known matrices of this kind and, in particular, the often used 9-aminoacridine. DMABA is the best of the tested potential matrices and is suitable for the detection of low molecular weight carboxyl-containing compounds, substituted phenols, and mixtures of naphthenic acids by (-)MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya S Krivosheina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- People's Friendship University of Russia, ul. Miklukho-Maklay 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry I Zhilyaev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- People's Friendship University of Russia, ul. Miklukho-Maklay 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya D Matveeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Nagaveni V, Karthikraj R, Chitumalla RK, Bhanuprakash K, Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Gas-phase basicity and proton affinity measurements of Alzheimer's disease drugs by the extended kinetic method and a theoretical investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:388-399. [PMID: 33153323 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720971449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study has been carried out to obtain the thermochemical parameters of drugs used for Alzheimer's disease. The measurement of gas-phase basicity (GB) and proton affinity (PA) values of four important and commercially available drugs for Alzheimer's disease namely, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and tacrine, is attempted for the first time. This study also includes the measurement of GB and PA values for the proposed drug curcumin, a natural product. We calculated the GB and PA values for all these drugs by applying electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with the extended kinetic method. Since, all these drugs possessing amino groups (basic nature), the PA values for all these drugs are high i.e., the PA values range from 923.6 to 979.7 kJ/mol and the GB values range from 886.2 to 943.3 kJ/mol. The GB and PA values obtained from the mass spectrometric experiments are well supported with the theoretical calculations. A high-level theoretical B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) method is used for the PA and GB calculation and the deviations are in the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voleti Nagaveni
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, Bharat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Chitumalla
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kotamarthi Bhanuprakash
- Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mariappandar Vairamani
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Sripadi Prabhakar
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical & Structural Chemistry Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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Kato Y, Hirosawa N, Sakamoto T, Moriguchi T, Takayama J, Xuan M, Okazaki M, Suzuki Y, Hoshi A, Sakamoto Y. Characterization of 6-bromoferulic acid as a novel common-use matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8636. [PMID: 31659809 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ferulic acid (FA) is a standard matrix used for analyzing proteins. In this study, the ability of a halogenated FA to serve as an effective MALDI matrix was investigated. Various halogenated FAs were synthesized, and the characteristics and performance of each were compared with those of the standard matrices α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydrobenzoic acid (DHBA). METHODS The abilities of 6-bromoferulic acid (6-BFA), ferulic acid (FA), and eight other halogenated FA derivatives to ionize eight synthetic peptides were examined. Absorption measurements, MM2 structure optimizations, and proton affinity (PA) calculations were also performed for 6-BFA and FA. The suitabilities of these compounds as matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for lipids, sugar chains, polymers, cyanocobalamin, synthetic peptides, and tryptic peptides originating from two types of serum proteins were also tested. RESULTS The 6-position of FA was found to be the best site for introducing a bromine because the generated compound allowed facile detection of cyanocobalamin and several peptides. 6-BFA exhibited good sensitivity for large peptides (3-5 kDa) and peptides containing acidic amino acids or proline. 6-BFA was also shown to be a suitable matrix for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis when using MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) with a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) system. CONCLUSIONS The properties of 6-BFA as a MALDI matrix differed from those of DHBA and CHCA. 6-BFA appears to be a useful matrix for de novo sequencing using MALDI-QIT-TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Narumi Hirosawa
- Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriguchi
- Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Jun Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Meiyan Xuan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Mari Okazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yuko Suzuki
- Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ayako Hoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakamoto
- Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
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Lai YH, Wang YS. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Mechanistic Studies and Methods for Improving the Structural Identification of Carbohydrates. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0072. [PMID: 28959517 PMCID: PMC5610957 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is one of the most widely used soft ionization methods for biomolecules, the lack of detailed understanding of ionization mechanisms restricts its application in the analysis of carbohydrates. Structural identification of carbohydrates achieved by MALDI mass spectrometry helps us to gain insights into biological functions and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we highlight mechanistic details of MALDI, including both ionization and desorption. Strategies to improve the ion yield of carbohydrates are also reviewed. Furthermore, commonly used fragmentation methods to identify the structure are discussed.
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Organic matrices, ionic liquids, and organic matrices@nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Gross JH. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chen JL, Lee C, Lu IC, Chien CL, Lee YT, Hu WP, Ni CK. Theoretical investigation of low detection sensitivity for underivatized carbohydrates in ESI and MALDI. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1180-1186. [PMID: 27677117 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mainly generate protonated ions from peptides and proteins but sodiated (or potassiated) ions from carbohydrates. The ion intensities of sodiated (or potassiated) carbohydrates generated by ESI and MALDI are generally lower than those of protonated peptides and proteins. Ab initio calculations and transition state theory were used to investigate the reasons for the low detection sensitivity for underivatized carbohydrates. We used glucose and cellobiose as examples and showed that the low detection sensitivity is partly attributable to the following factors. First, glucose exhibits a low proton affinity. Most protons generated by ESI or MALDI attach to water clusters and matrix molecules. Second, protonated glucose and cellobiose can easily undergo dehydration reactions. Third, the sodiation affinities of glucose and cellobiose are small. Some sodiated glucose and cellobiose dissociate into the sodium cations and neutral carbohydrates during ESI or MALDI process. The increase of detection sensitivity of carbohydrates in mass spectrometry by various methods can be rationalized according to these factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jien-Lian Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chuping Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Chien
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tseh Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Nguyen HN, Tanaka M, Komabayashi G, Matsui T. The photobase generator nifedipine as a novel matrix for the detection of polyphenols in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:938-946. [PMID: 27378535 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is widely used for the detection and analysis of ionizable compounds. However, the method has less potential for the analysis of neutral compounds, such as polyphenols, owing to their lack of favorable proton-attachment or -removal groups. In this study, we reported for the first time that nifedipine (2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine), which is a strong photobase generator commonly used in polymerization, can abstract protons from neutral compounds in negative mode-MALDI experiments. When nifedipine (5 mg/ml) was used as a matrix reagent, the limit of detection (LOD) for epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) was determined to be 100 fmol/spot, which constitutes >50-fold improvement compared to the LOD obtained when trans-3-indoleacrylic acid, a matrix reagent previously reported for polyphenol detection, was used. Of the dihydropyridines investigated, only nifedipine facilitated the detection of EGCG, suggesting that the nitrosophenyl pyridine derivative of nifedipine formed by photoreduction under laser irradiation at 355 nm plays a crucial role in detecting polyphenols in negative mode. Reduced MS detection of 5-O-methylnaringenin indicated that nifedipine may preferably remove a proton from the 5-position OH group in the A ring of the flavonoid skeleton. The significant MS detection by nifedipine was extensively observed for polyphenols including flavones, flavonones, chalcones, stilbenoids and phenolic acids. In conclusion, nifedipine can act as a novel matrix for improving polyphenol detection by MALDI-MS in negative mode. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Genki Komabayashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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15
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Calvano CD, Ventura G, Palmisano F, Cataldi TRI. 4-Chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid is an efficient soft matrix for cyanocobalamin detection in foodstuffs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:841-848. [PMID: 27468135 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid (ClCCA) is a very useful matrix able to give the protonated adduct [M+H](+) of intact cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) as the base peak (m/z 1355.58) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). The only fragment observed is [M-CN + H](+•) formed through the facile (•) CN neutral loss reflecting the fairly low Co-C bond energy. All other investigated proton transfer matrices, including α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, para-nitroaniline and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, give rise to a complete decyanation of CNCbl with concomitant formation of [M-CN + H](+•) , [M-CN + Na](+•) and [M-CN + K](+•) adducts at m/z 1329.57, 1351.55 and 1367.51, respectively. Depending on the matrix used, a variable degree of fragmentation involving the α-side axial ligand was observed. A plausible explanation of the specific behaviour of 4-chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid as a soft matrix is discussed. Tandem mass spectra of both [M + H](+) and [M-CN + H](+•) ions were obtained and product ions successfully assigned. The possibility of detecting the protonated adduct of intact CNCbl was exploited in foodstuff samples such as cow milk and hen egg yolk by MALDI tandem MS upon sample extraction. We believe that our data provide strong basis for the application of MALDI tandem MS in the qualitative analysis of natural CNCbl, including fish, liver and meat samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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16
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Multigrid MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (mMALDI MSI). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3769-81. [PMID: 27039200 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is an important technique for the spatially resolved molecular analysis of tissue sections. The selection of matrices influences the resulting mass spectra to a high degree. For extensive and simultaneous analysis, the application of different matrices to one tissue sample is desirable. To date, only a single matrix could be applied to a tissue section per experiment. However, repetitive removal of the matrix makes this approach time-consuming and damaging to tissue samples. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a multigrid MALDI MSI technique (mMALDI MSI) that relies on automated inkjet printing to place differing matrices onto predefined dot grids. We used a cooled printhead to prevent cavitation of low viscosity solvents in the printhead nozzle. Improved spatial resolution of the dot grids was achieved by using a triple-pulse procedure that reduced droplet volume. The matrices can either be applied directly to the thaw-mounted tissue sample or by precoating the slide followed by mounting of the tissue sample. During the MALDI imaging process, we were able to precisely target different matrix point grids with the laser to simultaneously produce distinct mass spectra. Unlike the standard method, the prespotting approach optimizes the spectra quality, avoids analyte delocalization, and enables subsequent hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Graphical Abstract Scheme of the pre-spotted multigrid MALDI MSI workflow.
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17
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Improvement of chlorophyll identification in foodstuffs by MALDI ToF/ToF mass spectrometry using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene electron transfer secondary reaction matrix. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6369-79. [PMID: 25976392 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) are important pigments responsible for the characteristic green color of chloroplasts in algae and plants. In this study, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was introduced as an electron transfer secondary reaction matrix for the identification of intact chlorophylls and their derivatives, by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). DAN was proved to drastically outperform conventional matrices such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnnamic acid, dithranol, antracene, and even terthiophene, since loss of the metal ion and fragmentation of the phytol-ester linkage are negligible. Absence of significant fragmentation of radical cations of Chls a and b at m/z 892.529 and 906.513, respectively, makes MALDI MS capable of following natural degradation of intact porphyrin-based pigments whose initial steps are just represented by demetalation and dephytylation. Chl by-products, such as pyropheophytins, have been identified in dried tea leaves showing the potential of MALDI MS to follow chlorophyll biotransformation occurring in processed foodstuffs. Finally, preliminary results show the potential of MALDI MS to detect illegal vegetable oil re-greening practices.
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18
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Lu IC, Lee C, Chen HY, Lin HY, Hung SW, Dyakov YA, Hsu KT, Liao CY, Lee YY, Tseng CM, Lee YT, Ni CK. Ion Intensity and Thermal Proton Transfer in Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4132-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5008076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lu
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chuping Lee
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yuan Chen
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Yu Lin
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Hung
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuri A. Dyakov
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Hsu
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Liao
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tseh Lee
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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19
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Asakawa D, Smargiasso N, De Pauw E. New approach for pseudo-MS(3) analysis of peptides and proteins via MALDI in-source decay using radical recombination with 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2451-7. [PMID: 24512348 DOI: 10.1021/ac403285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in-source decay (MALDI-ISD) is a useful method for top-down sequencing of proteins and preferentially produces the c'/z(•) fragment pair. Subsequently, radical z(•) fragments undergo a variety of radical reactions. This work is focused on the chemical properties of the 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN) adducts on z fragment ions (zn*), which are abundant in MALDI-ISD spectra. Postsource decay (PSD) of the zn* fragments resulted in specific peptide bond cleavage adjacent to the binding site of 1,5-DAN, leading to the preferential formation of y'n-1 fragments. The dominant loss of an amino acid with 1,5-DAN from zn* can be used in pseudo-MS(3) mode to identify the C-terminal side fragments from a complex MALDI-ISD spectrum or to determine missed cleavage residues using MALDI-ISD. Although the N-Cα bond at the N-terminal side of Pro is not cleaved by MALDI-ISD, pseudo-MS(3) via zn* can confirm the presence of a Pro residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GIGA-R, University of Liege , 4000 Liege, Belgium
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20
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Xu RF, Bai YP, Liu S, Song FR, Liu ZQ, Liu SY. Formation of molybdate ion clusters by phosphomolybdic anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:348-351. [PMID: 23494791 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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21
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Li J, Inutan ED, Wang B, Lietz CB, Green DR, Manly CD, Richards AL, Marshall DD, Lingenfelter S, Ren Y, Trimpin S. Matrix assisted ionization: new aromatic and nonaromatic matrix compounds producing multiply charged lipid, peptide, and protein ions in the positive and negative mode observed directly from surfaces. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1625-43. [PMID: 22895857 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted inlet ionization (MAII) is a method in which a matrix:analyte mixture produces mass spectra nearly identical to electrospray ionization without the application of a voltage or the use of a laser as is required in laserspray ionization (LSI), a subset of MAII. In MAII, the sample is introduced by, for example, tapping particles of dried matrix:analyte into the inlet of the mass spectrometer and, therefore, permits the study of conditions pertinent to the formation of multiply charged ions without the need of absorption at a laser wavelength. Crucial for the production of highly charged ions are desolvation conditions to remove matrix molecules from charged matrix:analyte clusters. Important factors affecting desolvation include heat, vacuum, collisions with gases and surfaces, and even radio frequency fields. Other parameters affecting multiply charged ion production is sample preparation, including pH and solvent composition. Here, findings from over 100 compounds found to produce multiply charged analyte ions using MAII with the inlet tube set at 450 °C are presented. Of the compounds tested, many have -OH or -NH(2) functionality, but several have neither (e.g., anthracene), nor aromaticity or conjugation. Binary matrices are shown to be applicable for LSI and solvent-free sample preparation can be applied to solubility restricted compounds, and matrix compounds too volatile to allow drying from common solvents. Our findings suggest that the physical properties of the matrix such as its morphology after evaporation of the solvent, its propensity to evaporate/sublime, and its acidity are more important than its structure and functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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22
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Bouchoux G, Salpin JY. Gas-phase basicities of polyfunctional molecules. Part 2: Saturated basic sites. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:353-390. [PMID: 21773983 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present article is the second part of a general overview of the gas-phase protonation thermochemistry of polyfunctional molecules. The first part of the review (Mass Spectrom. Rev., 2007, 26:775-835) was devoted to the description of the physico-chemical concepts and of the methods of determination, both experimental and theoretical, of gas-phase basicity. Several clues concerning the structural and energetic aspects of the protonation of isolated species have been emphasized. In the present article, specific examples are examined. The field of investigation is limited to molecules containing a "saturated" basic site, that is, nitrogen or oxygen atoms engaged in simple σ bonds with their neighboring. Aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic poly-amines, amino alcohols, alcohols, ethers, and hydroxyl-ethers, are successively presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bouchoux
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels (DCMR), Département de Chimie, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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23
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Chinthaka SDM, Rodgers MT. Sodium cation affinities of commonly used MALDI matrices determined by guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:676-689. [PMID: 22302589 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The sodium cation affinities of six commonly used MALDI matrices are determined here using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The collision-induced dissociation behavior of six sodium cationized MALDI matrices, Na+(MALDI), with Xe is studied as a function of kinetic energy. The MALDI matrices examined here include: nicotinic acid, quinoline, 3-aminoquinoline, 4-nitroaniline, picolinic acid, and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid. In all cases, the primary dissociation pathway corresponds to endothermic loss of the intact MALDI matrix. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield zero and 298 K Na+−MALDI bond dissociation energies (BDEs), or sodium cation affinities, after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-neutral collisions, the kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* and MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory are used to characterized the structures and energetics for these systems. The calculated BDEs exhibit very good agreement with the measured values for most systems. The experimental and theoretical Na+−MALDI BDEs determined here are compared with those previously measured by cation transfer equilibrium methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D M Chinthaka
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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24
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Bai YP, Liu S, Song FR, Liu ZQ, Liu SY. Generation of tungstate ion clusters by Keggin-type silicopolyoxotungstate anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions in the gas phase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:715-718. [PMID: 22328227 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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25
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Même A, Stefankiewicz AR, Harrowfield J, Cao XY, Huuskonen J, Rissanen K, Lehn JM, Nierengarten H, Leize E. A Novel MALDI-MS Approach for the Analysis of Neutral Metallosupramolecular Architectures. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Calligaris D, Villard C, Lafitte D. Advances in top-down proteomics for disease biomarker discovery. J Proteomics 2011; 74:920-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Jaskolla TW, Karas M. Compelling evidence for Lucky Survivor and gas phase protonation: the unified MALDI analyte protonation mechanism. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:976-88. [PMID: 21953039 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work experimentally verifies and proves the two long since postulated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analyte protonation pathways known as the Lucky Survivor and the gas phase protonation model. Experimental differentiation between the predicted mechanisms becomes possible by the use of deuterated matrix esters as MALDI matrices, which are stable under typical sample preparation conditions and generate deuteronated reagent ions, including the deuterated and deuteronated free matrix acid, only upon laser irradiation in the MALDI process. While the generation of deuteronated analyte ions proves the gas phase protonation model, the detection of protonated analytes by application of deuterated matrix compounds without acidic hydrogens proves the survival of analytes precharged from solution in accordance with the predictions from the Lucky Survivor model. The observed ratio of the two analyte ionization processes depends on the applied experimental parameters as well as the nature of analyte and matrix. Increasing laser fluences and lower matrix proton affinities favor gas phase protonation, whereas more quantitative analyte protonation in solution and intramolecular ion stabilization leads to more Lucky Survivors. The presented results allow for a deeper understanding of the fundamental processes causing analyte ionization in MALDI and may alleviate future efforts for increasing the analyte ion yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten W Jaskolla
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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28
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Przybylski C, Blin F, Jarroux N. Toward a More Accurate Structural Determination of High Molecular Weight Polyrotaxanes Based on Cyclodextrins by MALDI−TOF MS. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102641q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Przybylski
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, 91025 Evry, France
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CNRS UMR 8587, Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Bâtiment Maupertuis, bd F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry, France
| | - François Blin
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, 91025 Evry, France
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CNRS UMR 8587, Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Bâtiment Maupertuis, bd F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Nathalie Jarroux
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, 91025 Evry, France
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CNRS UMR 8587, Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Bâtiment Maupertuis, bd F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry, France
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29
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De Winter J, Deshayes G, Boon F, Coulembier O, Dubois P, Gerbaux P. MALDI-ToF analysis of polythiophene: use of trans-2-[3-(4-t-butyl-phenyl)-2-methyl- 2-propenylidene]malononitrile-DCTB-as matrix. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:237-246. [PMID: 21394839 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous experimental and theoretical studies are devoted to the research field of polythiophenes and other electroconjugated polymers due to the huge potentialities of those conducting polymers. Synthetic procedures are now developed to reach the highest control over both polymerization and analytical methodologies allowing an in-depth and straightforward characterization of the polymer samples without any required doubt. Mass spectrometry methodologies and in particular MALDI-ToF measurements are definitively suitable to meet the characterization requirements. In the present study, trans-2-[3-(4-t-butyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile (DCTB) was shown to afford better results than the reported terthiophene and dithranol matrices as far as sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio are concerned. We tentatively proposed that the ionization of the P3HT molecules is performed by charge exchange in the condensed phase (clusters) with matrix molecule radical cations and subsequent neutral matrix molecule evaporation from the clusters. The putative key parameters to account for the really high efficiency of DCTB for the MALDI analysis of P3HT are (1) the highest ionization energy of DCTB amongst the three matrices, (2) the really high absorptivity of the matrix molecule at the laser wavelength and (3) the presence of the tertiobutyl group on the matrix molecule. The presence of this substituent is likely to decrease the intermolecular interactions in the condensed phase rendering the evaporation of the neutral matrix molecules less energy demanding. We also demonstrated for polymer samples presenting an average number molecular weight (M(n) ) below 10 000 g mol(-1) that the systematic overestimation of the low mass oligomers upon MALDI measurements ends up with wrong M(n) and polydispersity index (PDI) values. A systematic Soxhlet extraction against heptane was shown to allow the recording of absolute M(n) and PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Spectrométrie de Masse (CISMa), University of Mons-Umons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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30
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Porta T, Grivet C, Knochenmuss R, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. Alternative CHCA-based matrices for the analysis of low molecular weight compounds by UV-MALDI-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:144-152. [PMID: 21259393 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) in complex matrices by vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) often suffers from matrix interferences, which can severely degrade limits of quantitation. It is, therefore, useful to have available a range of suitable matrices, which exhibit complementary regions of interference. Two newly synthesized α-cyanocinnamic acid derivatives are reported here; (E)-2-cyano-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylic acid (NpCCA) and (2E)-3-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-cyanoprop-2enoic acid (AnCCA). Along with the commonly used α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), and the recently developed 4-chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid (Cl-CCA) matrices, these constitute a chemically similar series of matrices covering a range of molecular weights, and with correspondingly differing ranges of spectral interference. Their performance was compared by measuring the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 47 analytes, mostly pharmaceuticals, with the different matrices using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode on a triple quadrupole instrument equipped with a vacuum MALDI source. AnCCA, NpCCA and Cl-CCA were found to offer better signal-to-noise ratios in SRM mode than CHCA, but Cl-CCA yielded the best results for 60% of the compounds tested. To better understand the relative performance of this matrix series, the proton affinities (PAs) were measured using the kinetic method. Their relative values were: AnCCA > CHCA > NpCCA > Cl-CCA. This ordering is consistent with the performance data. The synthesis of the new matrices is straightforward and they provide (1) tunability of matrix background interfering ions and (2) enhanced analyte response for certain classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Porta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Gross JH. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10711-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Demeure K, Gabelica V, De Pauw EA. New advances in the understanding of the in-source decay fragmentation of peptides in MALDI-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1906-1917. [PMID: 20832332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In-source decay (ISD) is a rapid fragmentation occurring in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source before the ion extraction. Despite the increasing interest for peptides de novo sequencing by ISD, the influence of the matrix and of the peptide itself is not yet fully understood. Here we compare matrices with high ISD efficiencies to gain deeper insight in the ISD fragmentation process(es). The major ISD fragments are the c- and z-ions, but other types of fragments are also observed, and their origin is studied here. Two main pathways lead to fragmentation in the source: a radical-induced pathway that leads to c-, z-, w-, and d-ions, and a thermally activated pathway that leads to y-, b-, and a-ions. A detailed analysis of the ISD spectra of selected peptides revealed that (1) the extents of the two in-source pathways are differently favored depending on the matrix used, that (2) the presence of a positive/negative charge on the radical-induced fragments is necessary for their observation in positive/negative mode, respectively, and that (3), for a same peptide, the patterns of the different types of fragments differ according to the matrix used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Demeure
- General and Physical Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
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Significant sensitivity improvements by matrix optimization: a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric study of lipids from hen egg yolk. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:552-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Crank JA, Armstrong DW. Towards a second generation of ionic liquid matrices (ILMs) for MALDI-MS of peptides, proteins, and carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1790-1800. [PMID: 19665903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Second generation ionic liquid matrices are developed, examined, and tested. They have shown a wide mass detection range (<1000 Da to >270,000 Da) for proteins and peptides with greater S/N ratios than solid matrices. These ionic liquid matrices also exhibit the ability to effectively ionize proteins of large mass without disrupting noncovalent interactions between monomers. Both the anionic and cationic moieties have been varied systematically to find an ionic liquid matrix with the best physical properties, analyte signal intensity, and widest mass detection range. It was determined that both the proton affinity and pKa of the cation have a large effect on the ionic liquid matrices' ability to effectively ionize the analyte. The ionic liquid matrices can be used to detect polysaccharides with fewer degradation products than solid matrices. N,N-diisopropylethylammonium alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and N-isopropyl-N-methyl-t-butylammonium alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate were the best matrices for proteins and peptides, while N,N-diisopropylethylammonium alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and N,N-diisopropylethylammonium ferulate were the best matrices for carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Crank
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Sachon E, Clodic G, Blasco T, Jacquot Y, Bolbach G. In-Source Fragmentation of Very Labile Peptides in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8986-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Sachon
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université P. et M. Curie, UMR-CNRS 7203, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 182, 75005 Paris, France, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, IFR83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 41, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Clodic
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université P. et M. Curie, UMR-CNRS 7203, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 182, 75005 Paris, France, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, IFR83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 41, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Blasco
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université P. et M. Curie, UMR-CNRS 7203, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 182, 75005 Paris, France, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, IFR83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 41, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacquot
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université P. et M. Curie, UMR-CNRS 7203, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 182, 75005 Paris, France, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, IFR83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 41, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université P. et M. Curie, UMR-CNRS 7203, 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 182, 75005 Paris, France, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, IFR83, Université P. et M. Curie, 7-9 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 41, 75005 Paris, France
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Brancia FL, Stener M, Magistrato A. A density functional theory (DFT) study on gas-phase proton transfer reactions of derivatized and underivatized peptide ions generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1327-1333. [PMID: 19372050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, classic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to calculate the proton transfer reaction enthalpy shifts for native and derivatized peptide ions in the MALDI plume. First, absolute protonation and deprotonation enthalpies are calculated for native peptides (RPPGF and AFLDASR), the corresponding hexyl esters and three common matrices alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4HCCA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), and 6 aza-2-thiothymine (ATT). From the proton exchange reaction calculations, protonation and deprotonation of the neutral peptides are thermodynamically favorable in the gas phase as long as the corresponding protonated/deprotonated matrix ions are present in the plume. Moreover, the gain in proton affinity shown by the ester ions suggests that the increase in ion yield is likely to be related to an easier proton transfer from the matrix to the peptide.
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Tang HW, Ng KM, Chui SSY, Che CM, Lam CW, Yuen KY, Siu TS, Lan LCL, Che X. Analysis of Melamine Cyanurate in Urine Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3676-82. [PMID: 19341248 DOI: 10.1021/ac802752n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Wai Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Kwan-Ming Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Stephen Sin-Yin Chui
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Ching-Wan Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Tak-Shing Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Lawrence Chuen-Leung Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Clinical Biochemistry Division, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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4-Chloro-alpha-cyanocinnamic acid is an advanced, rationally designed MALDI matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12200-5. [PMID: 18723668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803056105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has become an enabling technology for the fields of protein mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomics. Despite its widespread use, for example, in protein identification via peptide mass fingerprinting, a comprehensive model for the generation of free gas-phase ions has not yet been developed. All matrices in use today, such as alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), have been found empirically and stem from the early days of MALDI. By systematic and targeted variation of the functional groups of the alpha-cyanocinnamic acid core unit, 4-chloro-alpha-cyanocinnamic acid (Cl-CCA) was selected and synthesized, and it exhibited outstanding matrix properties. Key features are a substantial increase in sensitivity and a considerably enhanced peptide recovery in proteomic analyses because of a much more uniform response to peptides of different basicity. Using Cl-CCA as a matrix for a 1 fmol bovine serum albumin (BSA) in-solution digest, the sequence coverage is raised to 48%, compared with 4% for CHCA. For a gel band containing 25 fmol of BSA, unambiguous protein identification becomes possible with Cl-CCA. These findings also imply ion formation via a chemical ionization mechanism with proton transfer from a reactive protonated matrix species to the peptide analytes. The considerable increase in performance promises to have a strong impact on future analytical applications of MALDI, because current sensitivity limits are overcome and more comprehensive analyses come into reach.
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40
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Tsai ST, Chen CH, Lee Y, Wang YS. Desorption dynamics of neutral molecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701779671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Somogyi Á, Elandaloussi EH, Hall DE, Padías AB, Bates RB, Hall HK. Powerfully Solvating Matrices for MALDI-TOF Spectroscopy of Aromatic Polyesters. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062200m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Somogyi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | | | - Douglas E. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Anne Buyle Padías
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Robert B. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - H. K. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Elandaloussi EH, Somogyi A, Padias AB, Bates RB, Hall HK. Resequencing of Comonomer Units of Well-Defined Vectra Oligomers during MALDI-TOF Mass Spectral Measurements. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060238t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Anne Buyle Padias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Robert B. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - H. K. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
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Yassin FH, Marynick DS. A computational study of the thermodynamic properties of sinapic and ferulic acids and their corresponding radical cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schulz E, Karas M, Rosu F, Gabelica V. Influence of the matrix on analyte fragmentation in atmospheric pressure MALDI. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1005-1013. [PMID: 16713286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the measurement of the degree of analyte fragmentation in AP-MALDI as a function of the matrix and of the laser fluence. The analytes include p-OCH3-benzylpyridinium, three peptides containing the sequence EEPP (which cleave very efficiently at the E-P site), and three deoxynucleosides (dA, dG, and dC), which lose the neutral sugar to give the protonated base. We found that the matrix hardness/softness was consistent when comparing the analytes, with a consensus ranking from hardest to softest: CHCA >> DHB > SA approximately THAP > ATT > HPA. However, the exact ranking can be fluence-dependent, for example between ATT and HPA. Our goal here was to provide the scientific community with a detailed dataset that can be used to compare with theoretical predictions. We tried to correlate the consensus ranking with different matrix properties: sublimation or decomposition temperature (determined using thermogravimetry), analyte initial velocity, and matrix proton affinity. The best correlation was found with the matrix proton affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schulz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - F Rosu
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Institut de Chimie, Bat. B6c, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - V Gabelica
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Institut de Chimie, Bat. B6c, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Kinsel GR, Yao D, Yassin FH, Marynick DS. Equilibrium conditions in laser-desorbed plumes: thermodynamic properties of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and protonation of amino acids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:359-67. [PMID: 17404426 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium nature of a plume of laser desorbed material is explored through the application of a simple equilibrium model to the ion signals observed in 355 nm laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of mixtures of the MALDI matrix alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (alphaCHCA) with the amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. In these studies it is found that there are systematic and predictable increases in the relative yield of protonated amino acid with increases in amino acid gas-phase basicity. In addition, the thermodynamic values extracted from the equilibrium plot are shown to be in good agreement with values obtained from computational investigation of plausible alphaCHCA proton donor species. These results are supportive of a picture wherein the laser-desorbed material is viewed as a dense plume in which facile charge transfer occurs leading, ultimately, to a thermodynamically equilibrated distribution of proton donor and proton acceptor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Kinsel
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1245 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL 62901-4409, USA
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Alves S, Fournier F, Afonso C, Wind F, Tabet JC. Gas-phase ionization/desolvation processes and their effect on protein charge state distribution under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:369-83. [PMID: 17404427 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The charge state distribution of proteins was studied as a function of experimental conditions, to improve the understanding of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mechanisms. The relative abundances of the multiply-charged ions appear to be a function of the matrix chosen, the laser fluence and the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio. A correlation is found between the matrix proton affinity and the yield of singly- versus multiply-charged ions. These results are in good agreement with a model in which gas-phase intracluster reactions play a significant role in analyte ion formation. A new model for endothermic desolvation processes in ultraviolet/MALDI is presented and discussed. It is based upon the existence of highly-charged precursor clusters and, complementary to the ion survivor model of Karas et al., assumes that two energy-dependent processes exist: (i) a soft desolvation involving consecutive losses of neutral matrix molecules, leading to a multiply-charged analyte and (ii) hard desolvation leading to a low charge state analyte, by consecutive losses of charged matrix molecules. These desolvations pathways are discussed in terms of kinetically limited processes. The efficiency of the two competitive desolvation processes seems related to the internal energy carried away by clusters during ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alves
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique et Biologique, UMR 7613, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bat F, BP 45, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) is a very widely used analytical method, but has been developed in a highly empirical manner. Deeper understanding of ionization mechanisms could help to design better methods and improve interpretation of mass spectra. This review summarizes current mechanistic thinking, with emphasis on the most common MALDI variant using ultraviolet laser excitation. A two-step framework is gaining acceptance as a useful model for many MALDI experiments. The steps are primary ionization during or shortly after the laser pulse, followed by secondary reactions in the expanding plume of desorbed material. Primary ionization in UV-MALDI remains somewhat controversial, the two main approaches are the cluster and pooling/photoionization models. Secondary events are less contentious, ion-molecule reaction thermodynamics and kinetics are often invoked, but details differ. To the extent that local thermal equilibrium is approached in the plume, the mass spectra may be straightforwardly interpreted in terms of charge transfer thermodynamics.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:129-140. [PMID: 15672451 DOI: 10.1002/jms.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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49
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Srikanth R, Raju NP, Reddy PN, Srinivas R, Sharma GVM, Subash V, Krishna PR. In-source decay of Boc-carbo-beta3-peptides in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2105-9. [PMID: 15988712 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Bhaskar G, Chary MA, Kumar MK, Syamasundar K, Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Electrospray ionization studies of transition-metal complexes of 2-acetylbenzimidazolethiosemicarbazone using collision-induced dissociation and ion-molecule reactions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1536-44. [PMID: 15880669 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The complexes of transition-metal ions (M2+, where M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg) with 2-acetylbenzimidazolethiosemicarbazone (L) are studied under electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions. The ESI mass spectra of Fe and Co complexes showed the complex ions corresponding to [M+2L-2H]+, and those of Ni and Zn complexes showed [M+2L-H]+ ions, wherein the metal/ligand ratio is 1:2 and the oxidation state of the central metal ion is +3 in the case of Fe and Co and +2 in the case of Ni and Zn. The Cd and Cu complexes showed preferentially 1:1 complex ions, i.e., [M+L-H]+ or [M+L+Cl]+, whereas Hg formed both 1:1 and 1:2 complex ions. During formation of the above complex ions one or two ligands are deprotonated after keto-enol tautomerism, depending on the nature and oxidation state of central metal ion. The structures and coordination numbers of the metal ions in the complex ions were studied by their collision-induced dissociation spectra and ion-molecule reactions with acetonitrile or propylamine in the collision cell. Based on these results it is concluded that Fe, Co, Ni and Zn form stable octahedral complexes, whereas tetrahedral or square planar complexes are formed preferentially for other metals. In addition, the Cu complex showed a [2L+2Cu-3H]+ ion with a Cu-Cu bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bhaskar
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad--500007, India
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