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Sarbu M, Seidler DG, Clemmer DE, Zamfir AD. Introducing Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry in Brain Glycosaminoglycomics: Application to Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Octasaccharide Domains. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:2102-2117. [PMID: 39178342 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are sulfated linear O-glycan chains abundantly expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Among GAGs, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) play important roles at the brain level, where the distribution and location of the sulfates within the CS/DS chains are responsible for numerous biological events. The diversity of the neural hybrid CS/DS expressed in the brain and the need to elucidate their structure gave rise to considerable efforts toward the development of analytical methods able to discover novel regularly and irregularly sulfated domains. In this context, we report here the introduction of ion mobility separation (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) in brain glycosaminoglycomics. Based on IMS MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) by collision-induced dissociation (CID), we have developed a powerful approach for the screening and structural analysis of neural CS/DS and optimized and validated the method for the structural analysis of octasaccharides that were released from brain proteoglycans by β-elimination and pooled after chain depolymerization using chondroitin AC lyase. The IMS MS data revealed the separation of CS/DS octamers into mobility families based on the amount of sulfation. Among the discovered oversulfated domains, of major biological importance is the pentasulfated-[4,5-Δ-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)3], for which the (-) nanoESI IMS CID MS/MS analysis disclosed through the presence of distinct drift times, the incidence of two isomers. Moreover, the generated fragment ions revealed an uncommon trisulfated motif and an uncommon pentasulfated motif. Hence, using IMS MS and CID MS/MS, novel brain-related CS/DS domains of atypical sulfation patterns were discovered and structurally characterized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Sarbu
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara 300224, Romania
| | | | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Arts & Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara 300224, Romania
- Department of Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad 310330, Romania
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2
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Pepi LE, Leach FE, Klein DR, Brodbelt JS, Amster IJ. Investigation of the Experimental Parameters of Ultraviolet Photodissociation for the Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Isomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1759-1770. [PMID: 34096288 PMCID: PMC8377745 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that participate in a broad range of biological functions. Their incomplete biosynthesis pathway leads to nonuniform chains and complex mixtures. For this reason, the characterization of GAGs has been a difficult hurdle for the analytical community. Recently, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has emerged as a useful tool for determining sites of modification within a GAG chain. Here, we investigate the ability for UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate epimers and the effects of UVPD experimental parameters on fragmentation efficiency. Chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate B (CS-B), commonly referred to as dermatan sulfate (DS), differ only in C-5 uronic acid stereochemistry. This uronic acid difference can influence GAG-protein binding and therefore can alter the specific biological function of a GAG chain. Prior tandem mass spectrometry methods investigated for the elucidation of GAG structures also have difficulty differentiating 4-O from 6-O sulfation in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. Preliminary data using UVPD to characterize GAGs showed a promising ability to characterize 4-O sulfation in CS-A GAGs. Here, we look in depth at the capability of UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate C-5 diastereomers and the role of key experimental parameters in making this distinction. Results using a 193 nm excimer laser and a 213 nm solid-state laser are compared for this study. The effect of precursor ionization state, the number of laser pulses (193 or 213 nm UVPD), and the use of the low-pressure versus high-pressure trap are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dustin R Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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5
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Pepi LE, Amster IJ. Electron-Activated Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e83. [PMID: 33798269 PMCID: PMC8034365 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides found in a variety of organisms. GAGs contribute to biochemical pathway regulation, cell signaling, and disease progression. GAG sequence information is imperative for determining structure-function relationships. Recent advances in electron-activation techniques paired with high-resolution mass spectrometry allow for full sequencing of GAG structures. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) are two electron-activation methods that have been utilized for GAG characterization. Both methods produce an abundance of informative glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions without producing a high degree of sulfate decomposition. Here, we provide detailed protocols for using EDD and NETD to sequence GAG chains. In addition to protocols directly involving performing these MS/MS methods, protocols include sample preparation, method development, internal calibration, and data analysis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of glycosaminoglycan samples Basic Protocol 2: FTICR method development Basic Protocol 3: Internal calibration with NaTFA Basic Protocol 4: Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 5: Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 6: Analysis of MS/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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6
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Bilong M, Bayat P, Bourderioux M, Jérôme M, Giuliani A, Daniel R. Mammal Hyaluronidase Activity on Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate: Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligosaccharide Products. Glycobiology 2021; 31:751-761. [PMID: 33442722 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hyaluronidases are endo-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases involved in the catabolism of hyaluronic acid (HA) but their role in the catabolism of chondroitin sulfate (CS) is also examined. HA and CS are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, and understanding their metabolism is of significant importance. Data have been previously reported on the degradation of CS under the action of hyaluronidase, yet a detailed structural investigation of CS depolymerization products remains necessary to improve our knowledge of the CS depolymerizyng activity of hyaluronidase. For that purpose, the fine structural characterization of CS oligosaccharides formed upon the enzymatic depolymerization of various CS sub-types by hyaluronidase has been carried out by high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and extreme UV (XUV) photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry. The exact mass measurements show the formation of wide size range of even oligosaccharides upon digestion of CS-A and CS-C comprising hexa- and octa-saccharides among the main digestion products, as well as formation of small quantities of odd-numbered oligosaccharides, while no hyaluronidase activity was detected on CS-B. In addition, slight differences have been observed in the distribution of oligosaccharides in the digestion mixture of CS-A and CS-C, the contribution of longer oligosaccharides being significantly higher for CS-C. The sequence of CS oligosaccharide products determined XUV photodissociation experiments verifies the selective β(1 → 4) glycosidic bond cleavage catalyzed by mammal hyaluronidase. The ability of the mammal hyaluronidase to produce hexa- and higher oligosaccharides supports its role in the catabolism of CS anchored to membrane proteoglycans and in extra-cellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bilong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Parisa Bayat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Matthieu Bourderioux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Murielle Jérôme
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.,UAR1008, Transform, INRAe, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
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7
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Pepi LE, Sanderson P, Stickney M, Amster IJ. Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100025. [PMID: 32938749 PMCID: PMC8724624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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8
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Hogan JD, Wu J, Klein JA, Lin C, Carvalho L, Zaia J. GAGrank: Software for Glycosaminoglycan Sequence Ranking Using a Bipartite Graph Model. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100093. [PMID: 33992776 PMCID: PMC8214146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharide chains that are typically found as the glycan portion of proteoglycans. These GAGs are characterized by repeating disaccharide units with variable sulfation and acetylation patterns along the chain. GAG length and modification patterns have profound impacts on growth factor signaling mechanisms central to numerous physiological processes. Electron activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry is a very effective technique for assigning the structures of GAG saccharides; however, manual interpretation of the resulting complex tandem mass spectra is a difficult and time-consuming process that drives the development of computational methods for accurate and efficient sequencing. We have recently published GAGfinder, the first peak picking and elemental composition assignment algorithm specifically designed for GAG tandem mass spectra. Here, we present GAGrank, a novel network-based method for determining GAG structure using information extracted from tandem mass spectra using GAGfinder. GAGrank is based on Google's PageRank algorithm for ranking websites for search engine output. In particular, it is an implementation of BiRank, an extension of PageRank for bipartite networks. In our implementation, the two partitions comprise every possible sequence for a given GAG composition and the tandem MS fragments found using GAGfinder. Sequences are given a higher ranking if they link to many important fragments. Using the simulated annealing probabilistic optimization technique, we optimized GAGrank's parameters on ten training sequences. We then validated GAGrank's performance on three validation sequences. We also demonstrated GAGrank's ability to sequence isomeric mixtures using two mixtures at five different ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hogan
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua A Klein
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luis Carvalho
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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9
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Pepi LE, Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP, Amster IJ. Structural Characterization of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Using Charge-Transfer Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2143-2153. [PMID: 32820910 PMCID: PMC8045215 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a broad range of physiological processes, and their structures are of interest to researchers in structural biology and medicine. Although they are abundant in tissues and extracellular matrices, their structural heterogeneity makes them challenging analytes. Mass spectrometry, and more specifically, tandem mass spectrometry, is particularly well suited for their analysis. Many tandem mass spectrometry techniques have been examined for their suitability toward the structural characterization of GAGs. Threshold activation methods such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) produce mainly glycosidic cleavages and do not yield a broad range of structurally informative cross-ring fragments. Considerable research efforts have been directed at finding other means of dissociating gas-phase GAG ions to produce more comprehensive structural information. Here, we compare the structural information on GAGs obtained by charge-transfer dissociation (CTD) and electron detachment dissociation (EDD). EDD has previously been applied to GAGs and is known to produce both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages in similar abundance. CTD has not previously been used to analyze GAGs but has been shown to produce abundant cross-ring cleavages and no sulfate loss when applied to another class of sulfated carbohydrates like algal polysaccharides. In contrast to EDD, which is restricted to FTICR mass spectrometers, CTD can be implemented on other platforms, such as ion trap mass spectrometers (ITMS). Here, we show the capability of CTD-ITMS to produce structurally significant details of the sites of modification in both heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) standards ranging in length from degree of polymerization (dp) 4 to dp6. EDD and CTD both yield more structural information than CID and yield similar fractional abundances to one another for glycosidic fragments, cross-ring fragments, and neutral losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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10
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Bayat P, Lesage D, Cole RB. TUTORIAL: ION ACTIVATION IN TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY USING ULTRA-HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTATION. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:680-702. [PMID: 32043643 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry involves isolation of specific precursor ions and their subsequent excitation through collision-, photon-, or electron-mediated activation techniques in order to induce unimolecular dissociation leading to formation of fragment ions. These powerful ion activation techniques, typically used in between mass selection and mass analysis steps for structural elucidation, have not only found a wide variety of analytical applications in chemistry and biology, but they have also been used to study the fundamental properties of ions in the gas phase. In this tutorial paper, a brief overview is presented of the theories that have been used to describe the activation of ions and their subsequent unimolecular dissociation. Acronyms of the presented techniques include CID, PQD, HCD, SORI, SID, BIRD, IRMPD, UVPD, EPD, ECD, EDD, ETD, and EID. The fundamental principles of these techniques are discussed in the context of their implementation on ultra-high resolution tandem mass spectrometers. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, IPCM (UMR 8232), F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, IPCM (UMR 8232), F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, IPCM (UMR 8232), F-75252, Paris, France
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11
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Han X, Sanderson P, Nesheiwat S, Lin L, Yu Y, Zhang F, Amster IJ, Linhardt RJ. Structural analysis of urinary glycosaminoglycans from healthy human subjects. Glycobiology 2020; 30:143-151. [PMID: 31616929 PMCID: PMC7415306 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can reflect the health condition of a human being, and the GAGs composition can be directly related to various diseases. In order to effectively utilize such information, a detailed understanding of urinary GAGs in healthy individuals can provide insight into the levels and structures of human urinary GAGs. In this study, urinary GAGs were collected and purified from healthy males and females of adults and young adults. The total creatinine-normalized urinary GAG content, molecular weight distribution and disaccharide compositions were determined. Using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-mass spectrometry (MS) and CZE-MS/MS relying on negative electron transfer dissociation, the major components of healthy human urinary GAGs were determined. The structures of 10 GAG oligosaccharides representing the majority of human urinary GAGs were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Han
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Patience Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sara Nesheiwat
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Lei Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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12
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Duan J, Pepi L, Amster IJ. A Scoring Algorithm for the Automated Analysis of Glycosaminoglycan MS/MS Data. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2692-2703. [PMID: 31673949 PMCID: PMC6917907 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in major biological functions is numerous and diverse, yet structural characterization of them by mass spectrometric techniques proves to be challenging. Characterization of GAG structure from tandem mass spectrometry is a tedious and time-consuming process but one that can be automated in a database-independent, high-throughput fashion through the assistance of software implementing a genetic algorithm (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 29, 1802-1911, 2018). This work presents the manner in which this data is interpreted by the software, specifically addressing the development of a scoring algorithm. The significance of glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions and the implications that specific fragments provide for assigning the positions of modifications are discussed. The scoring algorithm is tested for statistical merit using the widely accepted expectation value as the criterion for quality. Using MS/MS data for well-characterized standards, this scoring approach is shown to assign the correct structure, with a low likelihood (1 in 1012 chances) that the assigned structure matches the data due to random chance. The integrated software that automates the structure assignment is called Glycosaminoglycan-Unambiguous Identification Technology (G-UNIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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13
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Guo Q, Reinhold VN. Advancing MSn spatial resolution and documentation for glycosaminoglycans by sulfate-isotope exchange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5033-5045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Klein DR, Leach FE, Amster IJ, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization of Glycosaminoglycan Carbohydrates Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6019-6026. [PMID: 30932467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by mass spectrometry has long been a formidable analytical challenge owing to their high structural variability and the propensity for sulfate decomposition upon activation with low-energy ion activation methods. While derivatization and complexation workflows have aimed to generate informative spectra using low-energy ion activation methods, alternative ion activation methods present the opportunity to obtain informative spectra from native GAG structures. Both electron- and photon-based activation methods, including electron detachment dissociation (EDD), negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), and extreme ultraviolet photon activation, have been explored previously to overcome the limitations associated with low-energy activation methods for GAGs and other sulfated oligosaccharides. Further, implementation of such methods on high-resolution mass spectrometers has aided the interpretation of the complex spectra generated. Here, we explore ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) implemented on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer as another option for structural characterization of GAGs. UVPD spectra for both dermatan and heparan sulfate structures display extensive fragmentation including both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages with the extent of sulfate retention comparable to that observed by EDD and NETD. In addition, the relatively short activation time of UVPD makes it promising for higher throughput analysis of GAGs in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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15
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Duan J, Jonathan Amster I. An Automated, High-Throughput Method for Interpreting the Tandem Mass Spectra of Glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1802-1811. [PMID: 29790112 PMCID: PMC6087482 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other biomolecules are heavily influenced by structural features of the glycan. The structure of GAGs can be assigned using tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), but analysis of these data, to date, requires manually interpretation, a slow process that presents a bottleneck to the broader deployment of this approach to solving biologically relevant problems. Automated interpretation remains a challenge, as GAG biosynthesis is not template-driven, and therefore, one cannot predict structures from genomic data, as is done with proteins. The lack of a structure database, a consequence of the non-template biosynthesis, requires a de novo approach to interpretation of the mass spectral data. We propose a model for rapid, high-throughput GAG analysis by using an approach in which candidate structures are scored for the likelihood that they would produce the features observed in the mass spectrum. To make this approach tractable, a genetic algorithm is used to greatly reduce the search-space of isomeric structures that are considered. The time required for analysis is significantly reduced compared to an approach in which every possible isomer is considered and scored. The model is coded in a software package using the MATLAB environment. This approach was tested on tandem mass spectrometry data for long-chain, moderately sulfated chondroitin sulfate oligomers that were derived from the proteoglycan bikunin. The bikunin data was previously interpreted manually. Our approach examines glycosidic fragments to localize SO3 modifications to specific residues and yields the same structures reported in literature, only much more quickly. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
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16
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Compagnon I, Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Daniel R. Lasers and ion mobility: new additions to the glycosaminoglycanomics toolkit. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:171-180. [PMID: 30005299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biopolymers present in mammalian cells or in the extracellular matrix. To address their structure, the nature of the hexuronic acids and the position of sulfate groups must be determined. Tandem mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation or electron-based fragmentation techniques, is a well-established approach for the identification of glycans but suffers from the frequent lack of diagnostic fragments in the case of glycosaminoglycans. This review presents alternative fragmentation techniques, namely photofragmentation in the IR and the UV ranges. Alternative approaches based on the direct analysis of the molecular structure, including ion mobility spectrometry and ion spectroscopies are reviewed. The potential of future multidimensional workflows for glycosaminoglycanomics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris F-75005, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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17
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Renois-Predelus G, Schindler B, Compagnon I. Analysis of Sulfate Patterns in Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides by MS n Coupled to Infrared Ion Spectroscopy: the Case of GalNAc4S and GalNAc6S. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1242-1249. [PMID: 29700727 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report distinctive spectroscopic fingerprints of the monosaccharide standards GalNAc4S and GalNAc6S by coupling mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy in the 3-μm range. The disaccharide standards CSA and CSC are used to demonstrate the applicability of a novel approach for the analysis of sulfate position in GalNAc-containing glycosaminoglycans. This approach was then used for the analysis of a sample containing CSA and CSC disaccharides. Finally, we discuss the generalization of the coupling of mass spectrometry with ion spectroscopy for the structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans on a tetrasaccharide from dermatan sulfate source. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - B Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - I Compagnon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005, Paris, France.
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18
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Wu J, Wei J, Hogan JD, Chopra P, Joshi A, Lu W, Klein J, Boons GJ, Lin C, Zaia J. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of 3-O-Sulfation-Containing Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1262-1272. [PMID: 29564812 PMCID: PMC6004244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among dissociation methods, negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) has been proven the most useful for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequencing because it produces informative fragmentation, a low degree of sulfate losses, high sensitivity, and translatability to multiple instrument types. The challenge, however, is to distinguish positional sulfation. In particular, NETD has been reported to fail to differentiate 4-O- versus 6-O-sulfation in chondroitin sulfate decasaccharide. This raised the concern of whether NETD is able to differentiate the rare 3-O-sulfation from predominant 6-O-sulfation in heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides. Here, we report that NETD generates highly informative spectra that differentiate sites of O-sulfation on glucosamine residues, enabling structural characterizations of synthetic HS isomers containing 3-O-sulfation. Further, lyase-resistant 3-O-sulfated tetrasaccharides from natural sources were successfully sequenced. Notably, for all of the oligosaccharides in this study, the successful sequencing is based on NETD tandem mass spectra of commonly observed deprotonated precursor ions without derivatization or metal cation adduction, simplifying the experimental workflow and data interpretation. These results demonstrate the potential of NETD as a sensitive analytical tool for detailed, high-throughput structural analysis of highly sulfated GAGs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Juan Wei
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - John D Hogan
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, Utrecht, CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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19
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Persson A, Gomez Toledo A, Vorontsov E, Nasir W, Willén D, Noborn F, Ellervik U, Mani K, Nilsson J, Larson G. LC-MS/MS characterization of xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans with cytotoxic properties reveals structural diversity and novel glycan modifications. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10202-10219. [PMID: 29739851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans remains a challenge but is essential for determining structure-function relationships between glycosaminoglycans and the biomolecules with which they interact and for gaining insight into the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. We have recently reported that xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast carcinoma cell line, HCC70, has cytotoxic effects and shown that it differs in disaccharide composition from nontoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast fibroblast cell line, CCD-1095Sk. To further investigate the structural requirements for the cytotoxic effect, we developed a novel LC-MS/MS approach based on reversed-phase dibutylamine ion-pairing chromatography and negative-mode higher-energy collision dissociation and used it in combination with cell growth studies and disaccharide fingerprinting. This strategy enabled detailed structural characterization of linkage regions, internal oligosaccharides, and nonreducing ends, revealing not only differences between xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells and CCD-1095Sk cells, but also sialylation of the linkage region and previously undescribed methylation and sulfation of the nonreducing ends. Although the xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells was less complex in terms of presence and distribution of iduronic acid than that from CCD-1095Sk cells, both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid appeared to be essential for the cytotoxic effect. Our data have moved us one step closer to understanding the structure of the cytotoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells primed on xylosides and demonstrate the suitability of the LC-MS/MS approach for structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund.,the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- the Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, and
| | - Waqas Nasir
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Daniel Willén
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Göran Larson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg,
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20
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Schaller-Duke RM, Bogala MR, Cassady CJ. Electron Transfer Dissociation and Collision-Induced Dissociation of Underivatized Metallated Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1021-1035. [PMID: 29492773 PMCID: PMC5943087 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were used to investigate underivatized, metal-cationized oligosaccharides formed via electrospray ionization (ESI). Reducing and non-reducing sugars were studied including the tetrasaccharides maltotetraose, 3α,4β,3α-galactotetraose, stachyose, nystose, and a heptasaccharide, maltoheptaose. Univalent alkali, divalent alkaline earth, divalent and trivalent transition metal ions, and a boron group trivalent metal ion were adducted to the non-permethylated oligosaccharides. ESI generated [M + Met]+, [M + 2Met]2+, [M + Met]2+, [M + Met - H]+, and [M + Met - 2H]+ most intensely along with low intensity nitrate adducts, depending on the metal and sugar ionized. The ability of these metal ions to produce oligosaccharide adduct ions by ESI had the general trend: Ca(II) > Mg(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Na(I) > K(I) > Al(III) ≈ Fe(III) ≈ Cr(III). Although trivalent metals were utilized, no triply charged ions were formed. Metal cations allowed for high ESI signal intensity without permethylation. ETD and CID on [M + Met]2+ produced various glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, with ETD producing more cross-ring and internal ions, which are useful for structural analysis. Product ion intensities varied based on glycosidic-bond linkage and identity of monosaccharide sub-unit, and metal adducts. ETD and CID showed high fragmentation efficiency, often with complete precursor dissociation, depending on the identity of the adducted metal ion. Loss of water was occasionally observed, but elimination of small neutral molecules was not prevalent. For both ETD and CID, [M + Co]2+ produced the most uniform structurally informative dissociation with all oligosaccharides studied. The ETD and CID spectra were complementary. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranelle M Schaller-Duke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Mallikharjuna R Bogala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carolyn J Cassady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
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21
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Sanderson P, Stickney M, Leach FE, Xia Q, Yu Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Heparin/heparan sulfate analysis by covalently modified reverse polarity capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1545:75-83. [PMID: 29501428 PMCID: PMC5862776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reverse polarity capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to negative ion mode mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) is shown to be an effective and sensitive tool for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan mixtures. Covalent modification of the inner wall of the separation capillary with neutral or cationic reagents produces a stable and durable surface that provides reproducible separations. By combining CZE-MS with a cation-coated capillary and a sheath flow interface, a rapid and reliable method has been developed for the analysis of sulfated oligosaccharides from dp4 to dp12. Several different mixtures have been separated and detected by mass spectrometry. The mixtures were selected to test the capability of this approach to resolve subtle differences in structure, such as sulfation position and epimeric variation of the uronic acid. The system was applied to a complex mixture of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides varying in chain length from dp3 to dp12 and more than 80 molecular compositions were identified by accurate mass measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- 760 Parkside Avenue, STE 211, CMP Scientific, Corp., Brooklyn, NY, 11226, United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Biotech 4005, 110 8th Street, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Biotech 4005, 110 8th Street, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biotech 4005, 110 8th Street, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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22
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Agyekum I, Pepi L, Yu Y, Li J, Yan L, Linhardt RJ, Chen S, Amster IJ. Structural elucidation of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumber using FTICR-MS/MS. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:157-167. [PMID: 29232996 PMCID: PMC5732082 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717731900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates are complex polysaccharides extracted from sea cucumber. They have been extensively studied for their anticoagulant properties and have been implicated in other biological activities. While nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to extensively characterize fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligomers, we herein report the first detailed mass characterization of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The two species of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates considered for this work include Pearsonothuria graeffei (FCS-Pg) and Isostichopus badionotus (FCS-Ib). Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides were prepared by N-deacetylation-deaminative cleavage of the two fucosylated chondroitin sulfates and purified by repeated gel filtration. Accurate mass measurements obtained from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry measurements confirmed the oligomeric nature of these two fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides with each trisaccharide repeating unit averaging four sulfates per trisaccharide. Collision-induced dissociation of efficiently deprotonated molecular ions through Na/H+ exchange proved useful in providing structurally relevant glycosidic and cross-ring product ions, capable of assigning the sulfate modifications on the fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligomers. Careful examination of the tandem mass spectrometry of both species deferring in the positions of sulfate groups on the fucose residue (FCS-Pg-3,4- OS) and (FCS-Ib-2,4- OS) revealed cross-ring products 0,2Aαf and 2,4X2αf which were diagnostic for (FCS-Pg-3,4- OS) and 0,2X2αf diagnostic for (FCS-Ib-2,4- OS). Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data acquired for both species varying in oligomer length (dp3-dp15) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Agyekum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Lufeng Yan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
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23
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Leach FE, Riley NM, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Amster IJ. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of Increasingly Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1844-1854. [PMID: 28589488 PMCID: PMC5711533 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates remains an important target for analytical chemists attributable to challenges introduced by the natural complexity of these mixtures and the defined need for molecular-level details to elucidate biological structure-function relationships. Tandem mass spectrometry has proven to be the most powerful technique for this purpose. Previously, electron detachment dissociation (EDD), in comparison to other methods of ion activation, has been shown to provide the largest number of useful cleavages for de novo sequencing of GAG oligosaccharides, but such experiments are restricted to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FTICR-MS). Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) provides similar fragmentation results, and can be achieved on any mass spectrometry platform that is designed to accommodate ion-ion reactions. Here, we examine for the first time the effectiveness of NETD-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of GAG oligosaccharides. Compounds ranging in size from tetrasaccharides to decasaccharides were dissociated by NETD, producing both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages that enabled the location of sulfate modifications. The highly-sulfated, heparin-like synthetic GAG, ArixtraTM, was also successfully sequenced by NETD. In comparison to other efforts to sequence GAG chains without fully ionized sulfate constituents, the occurrence of sulfate loss peaks is minimized by judicious precursor ion selection. The results compare quite favorably to prior results with electron detachment dissociation (EDD). Significantly, the duty cycle of the NETD experiment is sufficiently short to make it an effective tool for on-line separations, presenting a straightforward path for selective, high-throughput analysis of GAG mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Agyekum I, Zong C, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. Single Stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assignment of the C-5 Uronic Acid Stereochemistry in Heparan Sulfate Tetrasaccharides using Electron Detachment Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1741-1750. [PMID: 28389983 PMCID: PMC5632119 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans presents many challenges, due to the high degree of structural heterogeneity arising from their non-template biosynthesis. Complete structural elucidation of glycosaminoglycans necessitates the unambiguous assignments of sulfo modifications and the C-5 uronic acid stereochemistry. Efforts to develop tandem mass spectrometric-based methods for the structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans have focused on the assignment of sulfo positions. The present work focuses on the assignment of the C-5 stereochemistry of the uronic acid that lies closest to the reducing end. Prior work with electron-based tandem mass spectrometry methods, specifically electron detachment dissociation (EDD), have shown great promise in providing stereo-specific product ions, such as the B3´ -CO2, which has been found to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA) in some HS tetrasaccharides. The previously observed diagnostic ions are generally not observed with 2-O-sulfo uronic acids or for more highly sulfated heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides. A recent study using electron detachment dissociation and principal component analysis revealed a series of ions that correlate with GlcA versus IdoA for a set of 2-O-sulfo HS tetrasaccharide standards. The present work comprehensively investigates the efficacy of these ions for assigning the C-5 stereochemistry of the reducing end uronic acid in 33 HS tetrasaccharides. A diagnostic ratio can be computed from the sum of the ions that correlate to GlcA to those that correlate to IdoA. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Agyekum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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25
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Khanal N, Masellis C, Kamrath MZ, Clemmer DE, Rizzo TR. Glycosaminoglycan Analysis by Cryogenic Messenger-Tagging IR Spectroscopy Combined with IMS-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7601-7606. [PMID: 28636333 PMCID: PMC5675075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We combine ion mobility spectrometry with cryogenic, messenger-tagging, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to identify different isomeric disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), which are representatives of two major subclasses of glycosaminoglycans. Our analysis shows that while CS and HS disaccharide isomers have similar drift times, they can be uniquely distinguished by their vibrational spectrum between ∼3200 and 3700 cm-1 due to their different OH hydrogen-bonding patterns. We suggest that this combination of techniques is well suited to identify and characterize glycan isomers directly, which presents tremendous challenges for existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chiara Masellis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Z. Kamrath
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Ropartz D, Li P, Jackson GP, Rogniaux H. Negative Polarity Helium Charge Transfer Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Radical-Initiated Fragmentation of Complex Polysulfated Anions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3824-3828. [PMID: 28300396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work provides the first use of helium charge transfer dissociation (He-CTD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in negative polarity mode. Three sulfated oligosaccharides of natural origin were chosen as representative structures that are difficult to solve by conventional MS/MS approaches. Negative polarity He-CTD provided a full set of structurally informative fragments, which permitted the unambiguous determination of the complete structures of these molecules, including the characterization of labile sulfated functional groups. Despite close structural features, the three molecules led to distinct fragmentation patterns depending on the position of the sulfate group in the heterocycle. The observed fragments showed a consistent radical-initiated mechanism of dissociation, which shares similarities with fragment types produced in electron detachment dissociation (EDD), negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), or extreme UV photodissociation (XUV-PD). Short times of data collection and the fact that the technique can be affordably implementable in any standard laboratory and with a classical ion trap mass spectrometer were other remarkable characteristics of negative polarity He-CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ropartz
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Rue de la Géraudière B.P. 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Pengfei Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6121, United States
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Rue de la Géraudière B.P. 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
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27
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Huang R, Zong C, Venot A, Chiu Y, Zhou D, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. De Novo Sequencing of Complex Mixtures of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5299-307. [PMID: 27087275 PMCID: PMC5068567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the first sequencing method of a complex mixture of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by LC-MS/MS. Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are linear polysaccharides that are modified in a complex manner by N- and O-sulfation, N-acetylation, and epimerization of the uronic acid. Heparin and HS are involved in various essential cellular communication processes. The structural analysis of these glycosaminoglycans is challenging due to the lability of their sulfate groups, the high heterogeneity of modifications, and the epimerization of the uronic acids. While advances in liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) have enabled compositional profiling of HS oligosaccharide mixtures, online separation and detailed structural analysis of isomeric and epimeric HS mixtures has not been achieved. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a chemical derivatization and tandem mass spectrometry method that can separate and identify isomeric and epimeric structures from complex mixtures. A series of well-defined synthetic HS tetrasaccharides varying in sulfation patterns and uronic acid epimerization were analyzed by chemical derivatization and LC-MS/MS. These synthetic compounds made it possible to establish relationships between HS structure, chromatographic behavior and MS/MS fragmentation characteristics. Using the analytical characteristics determined through the analysis of the synthetic HS tetrasaccharide standards, an HS tetrasacharide mixture derived from natural sources was successfully sequenced. This method represents the first sequencing of complex mixtures of HS oligosaccharides, an essential milestone in the analysis of structure-function relationships of these carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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28
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Agyekum I, Patel AB, Zong C, Boons GJ, Amster J. Assignment Of Hexuronic Acid Stereochemistry In Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Tetrasaccharides With 2- O-Sulfo Uronic Acids Using Electron Detachment Dissociation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 390:163-169. [PMID: 26612977 PMCID: PMC4655891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the assignment of uronic acid stereochemistry in heparan sulfate (HS) oligomers. The structural elucidation of HS glycosaminoglycans is the subject of considerable importance due to the biological and biomedical significance of this class of carbohydrates. They are highly heterogeneous due to their non-template biosynthesis. Advances in tandem mass spectrometry activation methods, particularly electron detachment dissociation (EDD), has led to the development of methods to assign sites of sulfo modification in glycosaminoglycan oligomers, but there are few reports of the assignment of uronic acid stereochemistry, necessary to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA). Whereas preceding studies focused on uronic acid epimers with no sulfo modification, the current work extends the assignment of the hexuronic acid stereochemistry to 2-O-sulfo uronic acid epimeric tetrasaccharides. The presence of a 2-O-sulfo group on the central uronic acid was found to greatly influence the formation of B3, C2, Z2, and Y1 ions in glucuronic acid and Y2 and 1,5X2 for iduronic acid. The intensity of these peaks can be combined to yield a diagnostic ratios (DR), which can be used to confidently assign the uronic acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Agyekum
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA
| | - Anish B Patel
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA
| | - Chengli Zong
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
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29
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Robu AC, Popescu L, Munteanu CVA, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Orbitrap mass spectrometry characterization of hybrid chondroitin/dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide domains expressed in brain. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:122-31. [PMID: 26123275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) modulate neurotrophic effects and glial cell maturation during brain development. Previous reports revealed that GAG composition could be responsible for CS/DS activities in brain. In this work, for the structural characterization of DS- and CS-rich domains in hybrid GAG chains extracted from neural tissue, we have developed an advanced approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) using nanoelectrospray ionization Orbitrap in the negative ion mode. Our high-resolution MS and multistage MS approach was developed and applied to hexasaccharides obtained from 4- and 14-week-old mouse brains by GAG digestion with chondroitin B and in parallel with AC I lyase. The expression of DS- and CS-rich domains in the two tissues was assessed comparatively. The analyses indicated an age-related structural variability of the CS/DS motifs. The older brain was found to contain more structures and a higher sulfation of DS-rich regions, whereas the younger brain was found to be characterized by a higher sulfation of CS-rich regions. By multistage MS using collision-induced dissociation, we also demonstrated the incidence in mouse brain of an atypical [4,5-Δ-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)2], presenting a bisulfated CS disaccharide formed by 3-O-sulfate-4,5-Δ-GlcA and 6-O-sulfate-GalNAc moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Robu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Popescu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, RO-060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela G Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, D-49149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, RO-310130 Arad, Romania.
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30
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Ropartz D, Giuliani A, Hervé C, Geairon A, Jam M, Czjzek M, Rogniaux H. High-Energy Photon Activation Tandem Mass Spectrometry Provides Unprecedented Insights into the Structure of Highly Sulfated Oligosaccharides Extracted from Macroalgal Cell Walls. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1042-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5036007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ropartz
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers
Interactions Assemblies F-44316 NANTES, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UAR 1008
CEPIA,
INRA, F-44316 NANTES, France
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, UMR 8227, Station Biologique, Place George Teissier, F29688 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Audrey Geairon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers
Interactions Assemblies F-44316 NANTES, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, UMR 8227, Station Biologique, Place George Teissier, F29688 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, UMR 8227, Station Biologique, Place George Teissier, F29688 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers
Interactions Assemblies F-44316 NANTES, France
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31
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Leary JA, Miller RL, Wei W, Schwörer R, Zubkova OV, Tyler PC, Turnbull JE. Composition, sequencing and ion mobility mass spectrometry of heparan sulfate-like octasaccharide isomers differing in glucuronic and iduronic acid content. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:245-254. [PMID: 26307704 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) separation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) sequencing methods used to analyze and differentiate six synthetically produced heparin/heparan sulfate (HS)-like octasaccharide (dp8) isomeric structures. These structures are isomeric with regard to either glucuronic acid (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA) residues at various positions. IMMS analysis showed that a fully GlcA structure exhibited a more compact conformation, whereas the fully IdoA structure was more extended. Interestingly, the change from IdoA to GlcA in specific locations resulted in strong conformational distortions. MS(2) of the six isomers showed very different spectra with unique sets of diagnostic product ions. Analysis of MS(2) product ion spectra suggests that the GlcA group correlated with the formation of a glycosidic product ion under lower energy conditions. This resulted in an earlier product ion formation and more intense product ions. Importantly, this knowledge enabled a complete sequencing of the positions of GlcA and IdoA in each of the four positions located in each unique dp8 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Leary
- De partments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California, USA..
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California. Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Wei Wei
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California, USA..
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Peter C Tyler
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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32
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Kailemia MJ, Patel AB, Johnson DT, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Differentiating chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans using collision-induced dissociation; uronic acid cross-ring diagnostic fragments in a single stage of tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:275-85. [PMID: 26307707 PMCID: PMC4552082 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of the hexuronic acid residues of the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a key feature that affects their interactions with proteins and other biological functions. Electron based tandem mass spectrometry methods, in particular electron detachment dissociation (EDD), have been able to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA) residues in some heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by producing epimer-specific fragments. Similarly, the relative abundance of glycosidic fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) or EDD has been shown to correlate with the type of hexuronic acid present in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. The present work examines the effect of charge state and degree of sodium cationization on the CID fragmentation products that can be used to distinguish GlcA and IdoA containing chondroitin sulfate A and dermatan sulfate chains. The cross-ring fragments (2,4)A(n) and (0,2)X(n) formed within the hexuronic acid residues are highly preferential for chains containing GlcA, distinguishing it from IdoA. The diagnostic capability of the fragments requires the selection of a molecular ion and fragment ions with specific ionization characteristics, namely charge state and number of ionizable protons. The ions with the appropriate characteristics display diagnostic properties for all the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains (degree of polymerization of 4-10) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish B Patel
- De partment of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dane T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Huang Y, Mao Y, Zong C, Lin C, Boons GJ, Zaia J. Discovery of a heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfation specific peeling reaction. Anal Chem 2014; 87:592-600. [PMID: 25486437 PMCID: PMC4287833 DOI: 10.1021/ac503248k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Heparan sulfate (HS) 3-O-sulfation determines
the binding specificity of HS/heparin for antithrombin III and plays
a key role in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. However, the low
natural abundance of HS 3-O-sulfation poses a serious
challenge for functional studies other than the two cases mentioned
above. By contrast, multiple distinct isoforms of 3-O-sulfotranserases exist in mammals (up to seven isoenzymes). Here
we describe a novel peeling reaction that specifically degrades HS
chains with 3-O-sulfated glucosamine at the reducing-end.
When HS/heparin is enzymatically depolymerized for compositional analysis,
3-O-sulfated glucosamine at the reducing ends appears
to be susceptible to degradation under mildly basic conditions. We
propose a 3-O-desulfation initiated peeling reaction
mechanism based on the intermediate and side-reaction products observed.
Our discovery calls for the re-evaluation of the natural abundance
and functions of HS 3-O-sulfation by taking into
consideration the negative impact of this novel peeling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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34
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Structural analysis of isomeric chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using regioselective 6-O-desulfation method and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 843:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Kailemia MJ, Park M, Kaplan DA, Venot A, Boons GJ, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry and electron detachment dissociation of isobaric mixtures of glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:258-68. [PMID: 24254578 PMCID: PMC3946938 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is shown to be capable of resolving isomeric and isobaric glycosaminoglycan negative ions and to have great utility for the analysis of this class of molecules when combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and other ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry can be used to determine the sites of labile sulfate modifications and for assigning the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, mixtures with overlapping mass-to-charge values present a challenge, as their precursor species cannot be resolved by a mass analyzer prior to ion activation. FAIMS is shown to resolve two types of mass-to-charge overlaps. A mixture of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) oligomers with 4-10 saccharides units produces ions of a single mass-to-charge by electrospray ionization, as the charge state increases in direct proportion to the degree of polymerization for these sulfated carbohydrates. FAIMS is shown to resolve the overlapping charge. A more challenging type of mass-to-charge overlap occurs for mixtures of diastereomers. FAIMS is shown to separate two sets of epimeric GAG tetramers. For the epimer pairs, the complexity of the separation is reduced when the reducing end is alkylated, suggesting that anomers are also resolved by FAIMS. The resolved components were activated by EDD and the fragment ions were analyzed by FTICR-MS. The resulting tandem mass spectra were able to distinguish the two epimers from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Address for correspondence: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: (706) 542-2001, Fax: (706) 542-9454,
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36
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Huang Y, Yu X, Mao Y, Costello CE, Zaia J, Lin C. De novo sequencing of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides by electron-activated dissociation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11979-86. [PMID: 24224699 PMCID: PMC3912864 DOI: 10.1021/ac402931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) is challenging because of the extensive sulfate losses mediated by free protons. While removal of the free protons may be achieved through the use of derivatization, metal cation adducts, and/or electrospray supercharging reagents, these steps add complexity to the experimental workflow. It is therefore desirable to develop an analytical approach for GAG sequencing that does not require derivatization or addition of reagents to the electrospray solution. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) can produce extensive and informative fragmentation for GAGs without the need to remove free protons from the precursor ions. However, EDD is an inefficient process, often requiring consumption of large sample quantities (typically several micrograms), particularly for highly sulfated GAG ions. Here, we report that with improved instrumentation, optimization of the ionization and ion transfer parameters, and enhanced EDD efficiency, it is possible to generate highly informative EDD spectra of highly sulfated GAGs on the liquid chromatography (LC) timescale, with consumption of only a few nanograms of sample. We further show that negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) is an even more effective fragmentation technique for GAG sequencing, producing fewer sulfate losses while consuming smaller amount of samples. Finally, a simple algorithm was developed for de novo HS sequencing based on their high-resolution tandem mass spectra. These results demonstrate the potential of EDD and NETD as sensitive analytical tools for detailed, high-throughput, de novo structural analyses of highly sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Mao
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Cheng Lin
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine 670 Albany Street, Suite 504, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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37
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Zhou W, Håkansson K. Electron capture dissociation of divalent metal-adducted sulfated N-glycans released from bovine thyroid stimulating hormone. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1798-806. [PMID: 23982932 PMCID: PMC3867818 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated N-glycans released from bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (bTSH) were ionized with the divalent metal cations Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Co by electrospray ionization (ESI). These metal-adducted species were subjected to infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) and the corresponding fragmentation patterns were compared. IRMPD generated extensive glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, but most product ions suffered from sulfonate loss. Internal fragments were also observed, which complicated the spectra. ECD provided complementary structural information compared with IRMPD, and all observed product ions retained the sulfonate group, allowing sulfonate localization. To our knowledge, this work represents the first application of ECD towards metal-adducted sulfated N-glycans released from a glycoprotein. Due to the ability of IRMPD and ECD to provide complementary structural information, the combination of the two strategies is a promising and valuable tool for glycan structural characterization. The influence of different metal ions was also examined. Calcium adducts appeared to be the most promising species because of high sensitivity and ability to provide extensive structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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Shi X, Shao C, Mao Y, Huang Y, Wu ZL, Zaia J. LC-MS and LC-MS/MS studies of incorporation of 34SO3 into glycosaminoglycan chains by sulfotransferases. Glycobiology 2013; 23:969-79. [PMID: 23696150 PMCID: PMC3695753 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificities of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modification enzymes, particularly sulfotransferases, and the locations and concentrations of these enzymes in the Golgi apparatus give rise to the mature GAG polysaccharides that bind protein ligands. We studied the substrate specificities of sulfotransferases with a stable isotopically labeled donor substrate, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. The sulfate incorporated by in vitro sulfation using recombinant sulfotransferases was easily distinguished from those previously present on the GAG chains using mass spectrometry. The enrichment of the [M + 2] isotopic peak caused by (34)S incorporation, and the [M + 2]/[M + 1] ratio, provided reliable and sensitive measures of the degree of in vitro sulfation. It was found that both CHST3 and CHST15 have higher activities at the non-reducing end (NRE) units of chondroitin sulfate, particularly those terminating with a GalNAc monosaccharide. In contrast, both NDST1 and HS6ST1 showed lower activities at the NRE of heparan sulfate (HS) chains than at the interior of the chain. Contrary to the traditional view of HS biosynthesis processes, NDST1 also showed activity on O-sulfated GlcNAc residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yang Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Zhengliang L Wu
- R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Asakawa D. 5-nitrosalicylic Acid as a novel matrix for in-source decay in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2013; 2:A0019. [PMID: 24860709 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay (MALDI-ISD) of peptides and glycans was studied using an oxidizing chemical, 5-nitrosalicylic acid (5-NSA) as the matrix. The use of 5-NSA for the MALDI-ISD of peptides and glycans promoted fragmentation pathways involving "hydrogen-deficient" radical precursors. Hydrogen abstraction from peptides resulted in the production of a "hydrogen-deficient" peptide radical that contained a radical site on the amide nitrogen in the peptide backbone with subsequent radical-induced cleavage at the Cα-C bonds. Cleavage at the Cα-C bond leads to the production of an a (•)/x fragment pair and the radical a (•) ions then undergo further hydrogen abstraction to form a ions after Cα-C bond cleavage. Since the Pro residue does not contain a nitrogen-centered radical site, Cα-C bond cleavage does not occur at this site. Alternatively, the specific cleavage of CO-N bonds leads to a b (•)/y fragment pair at Xxx-Pro which occurs via hydrogen abstraction from the Cα-H in the Pro residue. In contrast, "hydrogen-deficient" glycan radicals were generated by hydrogen abstraction from hydroxyl groups in glycans. Both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages occurred as the result of the degradation of "hydrogen-deficient" glycan radicals. Cross-ring cleavage ions are potentially useful in linkage analysis, one of the most critical steps in the characterization of glycans. Moreover, isobaric glycans could be distinguished by structure specific ISD ions, and the molar ratio of glycan isomers in a mixture can be estimated from their fragment ions abundance ratios. MALDI-ISD with 5-NSA could be a useful method for the sequencing of peptides including the location of post-translational modifications, identification and semi-quantitative analysis of mixtures of glycan isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège
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40
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Flangea C, Petrescu AJ, Seidler DG, Munteanu CVA, Zamfir AD. Identification of an unusually sulfated tetrasaccharide chondroitin/dermatan motif in mouse brain by combining chip-nanoelectrospray multistage MS2-MS4and high resolution MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1581-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela G. Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University of Münster; Münster; Germany
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41
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Kailemia MJ, Li L, Xu Y, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Structurally informative tandem mass spectrometry of highly sulfated natural and chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:979-90. [PMID: 23429520 PMCID: PMC3617343 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides derived from heparin and heparan sulfate have been a highly intractable class of molecules to analyze by tandem mass spectrometry. Under the many methods of ion activation, this class of molecules generally exhibits SO3 loss as the most significant fragmentation pathway, interfering with the assignment of the location of sulfo groups in glycosaminoglycan chains. We report here a method that stabilizes sulfo groups and facilitates the complete structural analysis of densely sulfated (two or more sulfo groups per disaccharide repeat unit) heparin and heparan sulfate oligomers. This is achieved by complete removal of all ionizable protons, either by charging during electrospray ionization or by Na(+)/H(+) exchange. The addition of millimolar levels of NaOH to the sample solution facilitates the production of precursor ions that meet this criterion. This approach is found to work for a variety of heparin sulfate oligosaccharides derived from natural sources or produced by chemoenzymatic synthesis, with up to 12 saccharide subunits and up to 11 sulfo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchena J. Kailemia
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lingyun Li
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jian Liu
- the ¶Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- the §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, and
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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42
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Abstract
The fact that sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are necessary for the functioning of all animal physiological systems drives the need to understand their biology. This understanding is limited, however, by the heterogeneous nature of GAG chains and their dynamic spatial and temporal expression patterns. GAGs have a regulated structure overlaid by heterogeneity but lack the detail necessary to build structure/function relationships. In order to provide this information, we need glycomics platforms that are sensitive, robust, high throughput, and information rich. This review summarizes progress on mass-spectrometry-based GAG glycomics methods. The areas covered include disaccharide analysis, oligosaccharide profiling, and tandem mass spectrometric sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. ELECTRON DETACHMENT DISSOCIATION OF SYNTHETIC HEPARAN SULFATE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN TETRASACCHARIDES VARYING IN DEGREE OF SULFATION AND HEXURONIC ACID STEREOCHEMISTRY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 330-332:152-159. [PMID: 23230388 PMCID: PMC3517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates provide a challenging analytical target for structural determination due to their polydisperse nature, non-template biosynthesis, and labile sulfate modifications. The resultant structures, although heterogeneous, contain domains which indicate a sulfation pattern or code that correlates to specific function. Mass spectrometry, in particular electron detachment dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (EDD FT-ICR MS), provides a highly sensitive platform for GAG structural analysis by providing cross-ring cleavages for sulfation location and product ions specific to hexuronic acid stereochemistry. To investigate the effect of sulfation pattern and variations in stereochemistry on EDD spectra, a series of synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharides are examined. Whereas previous studies have focused on lowly sulfated compounds (0.5-1 sulfate groups per disaccharide), the current work extends the application of EDD to more highly sulfated tetrasaccharides (1-2 sulfate groups per disaccharide) and presents the first EDD of a tetrasaccharide containing a sulfated hexuronic acid. For these more highly sulfated HS oligomers, alternative strategies are shown to be effective for extracting full structural details. These strategies inlcude sodium cation replacement of protons, for determining the sites of sulfation, and desulfation of the oligosaccharides for the generation of product ions for assigning uronic acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Andre Venot
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
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Kornacki JR, Adamson JT, Håkansson K. Electron detachment dissociation of underivatized chloride-adducted oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:2031-2042. [PMID: 22911097 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloride anion attachment has previously been shown to aid determination of saccharide anomeric configuration and generation of linkage information in negative ion post-source decay MALDI tandem mass spectrometry. Here, we employ electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and collision activated dissociation (CAD) for the structural characterization of underivatized oligosaccharides bearing a chloride ion adduct. Both neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides are examined, including maltoheptaose, an asialo biantennary glycan (NA2), disialylacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), and two LS tetrasaccharides (LSTa and LSTb). Gas-phase chloride-adducted species are generated by negative ion mode electrospray ionization. EDD and CAD spectra of chloride-adducted oligosaccharides are compared to the corresponding spectra for doubly deprotonated species not containing a chloride anion to assess the role of chloride adduction in the stimulation of alternative fragmentation pathways and altered charge locations allowing detection of additional product ions. In all cases, EDD of singly chloridated and singly deprotonated species resulted in an increase in observed cross-ring cleavages, which are essential to providing saccharide linkage information. Glycosidic cleavages also increased in EDD of chloride-adducted oligosaccharides to reveal complementary structural information compared to traditional (non-chloride-assisted) EDD and CAD. Results indicate that chloride adduction is of interest in alternative anion activation methods such as EDD for oligosaccharide structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kornacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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45
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Leach FE, Ly M, Laremore TN, Wolff JJ, Perlow J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Hexuronic acid stereochemistry determination in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides by electron detachment dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1488-97. [PMID: 22825742 PMCID: PMC3875141 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) has previously provided stereo-specific product ions that allow for the assignment of the acidic C-5stereochemistry in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but application of the same methodology to an epimer pair in the chondroitin sulfate glycoform class does not provide the same result. A series of experiments have been conducted in which glycosaminoglycan precursor ions are independently activated by electron detachment dissociation (EDD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) to assign the stereochemistry in chondroitin sulfate (CS) epimers and investigate the mechanisms for product ion formation during EDD in CS glycoforms. This approach allows for the assignment of electronic excitation products formed by EID and detachment products to radical pathways in NETD, both of which occur simultaneously during EDD. The uronic acid stereochemistry in electron detachment spectra produces intensity differences when assigned glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are compared. The variations in the intensities of the doubly deprotonated (0,2)X(3) and Y(3) ions have been shown to be indicative of CS-A/DS composition during the CID of binary mixtures. These ions can provide insight into the uronic acid composition of binary mixtures in EDD, but the relative abundances, although reproducible, are low compared with those in a CID spectrum acquired on an ion trap. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) presents a multivariate approach to determining the uronic acid stereochemistry spectra of these GAGs by taking advantage of the reproducible peak distributions produced by electron detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Jacob Perlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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46
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Kailemia MJ, Li L, Ly M, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Complete mass spectral characterization of a synthetic ultralow-molecular-weight heparin using collision-induced dissociation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5475-8. [PMID: 22715938 PMCID: PMC4477280 DOI: 10.1021/ac3015824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biologically important molecules, and their structural analysis is the target of considerable research effort. Advances in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) have recently enabled the structural characterization of several classes of GAGs; however, the highly sulfated GAGs, such as heparins, have remained a relatively intractable class due their tendency to lose SO(3) during MS/MS, producing few sequence-informative fragment ions. The present work demonstrates for the first time the complete structural characterization of the highly sulfated heparin-based drug Arixtra. This was achieved by Na(+)/H(+) exchange to create a more ionized species that was stable against SO(3) loss, and that produced complete sets of both glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions. MS/MS enables the complete structural determination of Arixtra, including the stereochemistry of its uronic acid residues, and suggests an approach for solving the structure of more complex, highly sulfated heparin-based drugs.
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47
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Leymarie N, McComb ME, Naimy H, Staples GO, Zaia J. Differential Characterization and Classification of Tissue Specific Glycosaminoglycans by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Statistical Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 312:144-154. [PMID: 22523474 PMCID: PMC3329220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions of glycoconjugate glycans arise in the context of structural heterogeneity resulting from non-template driven biosynthetic reactions. Such heterogeneity is particularly apparent for the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) classes, of which heparan sulfate (HS) is of particular interest for its properties in binding to many classes of growth factors and growth factor receptors. The structures of HS chains vary according to spatial and temporal factors in biological systems as a mechanism where by the functions of the relatively limited number of associated proteoglycan core proteins is elaborated. Thus, there is a strong driver for the development of methods to discover functionally relevant structures in HS preparations for different sources. In the present work, a set of targeted tandem mass spectra were acquired in automated mode on HS oligosaccharides deriving from two different tissue sources. Statistical methods were used to determine the precursor and product ions, the abundances of which differentiate between the tissue sources. The results demonstrate considerable potential for using this approach to constrain the number of positional glycoform isomers present in different biological preparations toward the end of discovery of functionally relevant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Leymarie
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Hicham Naimy
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
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48
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Serb A, Sisu E, Zagrean L, Rizzi A, Seidler DG. Brain chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, from cerebral tissue to fine structure: extraction, preparation, and fully automated chip-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:145-159. [PMID: 22252633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently linked to proteins, building up a wide range of proteoglycans, with a prevalent expression in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In mammalian tissues, these GAG species are often found as hybrid CS/DS chains. Their structural diversity during chain elongation is produced by variability of sulfation in the repeating disaccharide units. In central nervous system, a large proportion of the ECM is composed of proteoglycans; therefore, CS/DS play a significant role in the functional diversity of neurons, brain development, and some brain diseases. A requirement for collecting consistent data on brain proteoglycan glycosylation is the development of adequate protocols for CS/DS extraction and detailed compositional and structure analysis. This chapter will present a strategy, which combines biochemical tools for brain CS/DS extraction, purification, and fractionation, with a modern analytical platform based on chip-nanoelectrospray multistage mass spectrometry (MS) able to provide information on the essential structural elements such as epimerization, chain length, sulfate content, and sulfation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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49
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Flangea C, Sisu E, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Analysis of oversulfation in biglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 420:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Leach FE, Xiao Z, Laremore TN, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. ELECTRON DETACHMENT DISSOCIATION AND INFRARED MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION OF HEPARIN TETRASACCHARIDES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 308:253-259. [PMID: 22247649 PMCID: PMC3254104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparin glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present the most difficult glycoform for analytical characterization due to high levels of sulfation and structural heterogeneity. Recent contamination of the clinical heparin supply and subsequent fatalities has highlighted the need for sensitive methodologies of analysis. In the last decade, tandem mass spectrometry has been increasingly applied for the analysis of GAGs, but developments in the characterization of highly sulfated compounds have been minimal due to the low number of cross-ring cleavages generated by threshold ion activation by collisional induced dissociation (CID). In the current work, electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) are applied to a series of heparin tetrasaccharides. With both activation methods, abundant glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are observed. The concept of Ionized Sulfate Criteria (ISC) is presented as a succinct method for describing the charge state, degree of ionization and sodium/proton exchange in the precursor ion. These factors contribute to the propensity for useful fragmentation during MS/MS measurements. Precursors with ISC values of 0 are studied here, and shown to yield adequate structural information from ion activation by EDD or IRMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E Leach
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
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