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Pinetre J, Delcourt V, Becher F, Garcia P, Barnabé A, Loup B, Popot MA, Fenaille F, Bailly-Chouriberry L. High-throughput untargeted screening of biotherapeutic macromolecules in equine plasma by UHPLC-HRMS/MS: Application to monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:199-209. [PMID: 37337992 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Many innovative biotherapeutics have been marketed in the last decade. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins (Fc-proteins) have been developed for the treatment of diverse diseases (cancer, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders) and now represent an important part of targeted therapies. However, the ready availability of such biomolecules, sometimes characterized by their anabolic, anti-inflammatory, or erythropoiesis-stimulating properties, raises concerns about their potential misuse as performance enhancers for human and animal athletes. In equine doping control laboratories, a method has been reported to detect the administration of a specific human biotherapeutic in equine plasma; but no high-throughput method has been described for the screening without any a priori knowledge of human or murine biotherapeutic. In this context, a new broad-spectrum screening method involving UHPLC-HRMS/MS has been developed for the untargeted analysis of murine or human mAbs and related macromolecules in equine plasma. This approach, consisting of a "pellet digestion" strategy performed in a 96-well plate, demonstrates reliable performances at low concentrations (pmol/mL range) with high-throughput capability (≈100 samples/day). Targeting species-specific proteotypic peptides located within the constant parts of mAbs enables the "universal" detection of human biotherapeutics only by monitoring 10 peptides. As proof of principle, this strategy successfully detected different biotherapeutics in spiked plasma samples, and allowed, for the first time, the detection of a human mAb up to 10 days after a 0.12 mg/kg administration to a horse. This development will expand the analytical capabilities of horse doping control laboratories towards protein-based biotherapeutics with adequate sensitivity, throughput, and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Pinetre
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, Ile de France, France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
| | - François Becher
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, Ile de France, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, Ile de France, France
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2
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Poltash ML, Srzentić K, Beil E, Gorre E, Damoc E, Mahan AD, Nanda H, Chowdhury P. Elucidating the Mechanism of Multispecific Antibody Aggregation through Subunit Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2654-2661. [PMID: 37922506 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibody constructs are quickly becoming more common constructs in biopharmaceuticals to improve specificity and efficacy. While the advent of this technology has led to improved therapeutics, its development has challenged the analytical tools through which these therapeutics are characterized. Moreover, new critical quality attributes, such as aggregation, have challenged the approaches to characterization even further. Herein, we describe a novel native subunit analysis using IdeS and IgdE analyzed by native size exclusion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to interrogate the mechanism of aggregation in a multispecific antibody. Digestion by IdeS and IdgE allows for the retention and detection of noncovalent interactions thereafter. Aggregation was localized to single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) wherein a domain swapping mechanism between VH1/VL2 and VH2/VL1 occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Eric Beil
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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3
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Woodall DW, Thomson CA, Dillon TM, McAuley A, Green LB, Foltz IN, Bondarenko PV. Native SEC and Reversed-Phase LC-MS Reveal Impact of Fab Glycosylation of Anti-SARS-COV-2 Antibodies on Binding to the Receptor Binding Domain. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15477-15485. [PMID: 37812809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The binding affinity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for their intended therapeutic targets is often affected by chemical and post-translational modifications in the antigen binding (Fab) domains. A new two-dimensional analytical approach is described here utilizing native size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to separate populations of antibodies and bound antibody-antigen complexes for subsequent characterization of these modifications by reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) at the intact antibody level. Previously, we utilized peptide mapping to measure modifications impacting binding. However, in this study, the large size of the modification (N-glycosylation) allowed assessing its impact from small amounts (∼20 ug) of intact antibody, without the need for peptide mapping. Here, we apply the native SEC-based competitive binding assay to quickly and qualitatively investigate the effects of Fab glycosylation of four antispike protein mAbs that were developed for use in the treatment of COVID-19 disease. Three of the mAbs were observed to have consensus N-glycosylation sites (N-X-T/S) in the Fab domains, a relatively rare occurrence in therapeutic mAbs. The goal of the study was to characterize the levels of Fab glycosylation present, as well as determine the impact of glycosylation on binding to the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the ability of the mAbs to inhibit RBD-ACE2 interaction at the intact antibody level, with minimal sample treatment and preparation. The three mAbs with Fab N-glycans were found to have glycosylation profiles ranging from full occupancy at each Fab (in one mAb) to partially glycosylated with mixed populations of two, one, or no glycan moieties. Competitive SEC analysis of mAb-RBD revealed that the glycosylated antibody populations outcompete their nonglycosylated counterparts for the available RBD molecules. This competitive SEC binding analysis was applied to investigate the three-body interaction of a glycosylated mAb blocking the interaction between endogenous binding partners RBD-ACE2, finding that both glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAb populations bound to RBD with high enough affinity to block RBD-ACE2 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Woodall
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christy A Thomson
- Discovery Protein Science, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lydia B Green
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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4
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Kline JT, Melani RD, Fornelli L. Mass spectrometry characterization of antibodies at the intact and subunit levels: from targeted to large-scale analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 492:117117. [PMID: 38855125 PMCID: PMC11160972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are one of the most formidable molecular weapons available to our immune system. Their high specificity against a target (antigen) and capability of triggering different immune responses (e.g., complement system activation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) make them ideal drugs to fight many different human diseases. Currently, both monoclonal antibodies and more complex molecules based on the antibody scaffold are used as biologics. Naturally, such highly heterogeneous molecules require dedicated analytical methodologies for their accurate characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS) can define the presence and relative abundance of multiple features of antibodies, including critical quality attributes. The combination of small and large variations within a single molecule can only be determined by analyzing intact antibodies or their large (25 to 100 kDa) subunits. Hence, top-down (TD) and middle-down (MD) MS approaches have gained popularity over the last decade. In this Young Scientist Feature we discuss the evolution of TD and MD MS analysis of antibodies, including the new frontiers that go beyond biopharma applications. We will show how this field is now moving from the "quality control" analysis of a known, single antibody to the high-throughput investigation of complex antibody repertoires isolated from clinical samples, where the ultimate goal is represented by the complete gas-phase sequencing of antibody molecules without the need of any a priori knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Rafael D. Melani
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Reinders LMH, Klassen MD, Endres P, Krumm A, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Teutenberg T. Development of a Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cell-Free Culture Supernatant via FcR Affinity Chromatography. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Campuzano IDG, Pelegri-O'Day EM, Srinivasan N, Lippens JL, Egea P, Umeda A, Aral J, Zhang T, Laganowsky A, Netirojjanakul C. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry for Biopharma: A Universal Modality and Target Independent Analytical Method for Accurate Biomolecule Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2191-2198. [PMID: 36206542 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (rpLC-MS) is a universal, platformed, and essential analytical technique within pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical research. Typical rpLC method gradient times can range from 5 to 20 min. As monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies continue to evolve and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) become more established, research stage engineering panels will clearly evolve in size. Therefore, high-throughput (HT) MS and automated deconvolution methods are key for success. Additionally, newer therapeutics such as bispecific T-cell engagers and nucleic acid-based modalities will also require MS characterization. Herein, we present a modality and target agnostic HT solid-phase extraction (SPE) MS method that affords the analysis of a 96-well plate in 41.4 min, compared to the traditional rpLC-MS method that would typically take 14.4 h. The described method can accurately determine the molecular weights for monodispersed and highly polydispersed biotherapeutic species and membrane proteins; determine levels of glycosylation, glycation, and formylation; detect levels of chain mispairing; and determine accurate drug-to-antibody ratio values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Emma M Pelegri-O'Day
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Nithya Srinivasan
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Jennifer L Lippens
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Process Development, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Pascal Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Aiko Umeda
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Jennifer Aral
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
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Yun K, Jalaludin I, Jung S, Jang KS, Kim J. Detection of multiply charged protein ions using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and a force-dried droplet method with a 2-nitrophloroglucinol matrix. Analyst 2022; 147:505-515. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-MS of myoglobin using 2-NPG with HCl additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangseok Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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8
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Neil JR, Verma A, Kronewitter SR, McGee WM, Mullen C, Viirtola M, Kotovuori A, Friedrich H, Finell J, Rannisto J, Syka JEP, Stephenson JL. Rapid MRSA detection via tandem mass spectrometry of the intact 80 kDa PBP2a resistance protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18309. [PMID: 34526615 PMCID: PMC8443585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections is dependent on the detection of specific bacterial genes or proteins in clinical assays. Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is often accomplished through the detection of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). With greater dependence on mass spectrometry (MS)-based bacterial identification, complementary efforts to detect resistance have been hindered by the complexity of those proteins responsible. Initial characterization of PBP2a indicates the presence of glycan modifications. To simplify detection, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept tandem MS approach involving the generation of N-terminal PBP2a peptide-like fragments and detection of unique product ions during top-down proteomic sample analyses. This approach was implemented for two PBP2a variants, PBP2amecA and PBP2amecC, and was accurate across a representative panel of MRSA strains with different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, PBP2amecA was successfully detected from clinical isolates using a five-minute liquid chromatographic separation and implementation of this MS detection strategy. Our results highlight the capability of direct MS-based resistance marker detection and potential advantages for implementing these approaches in clinical diagnostics.
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9
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Campuzano IDG, Sandoval W. Denaturing and Native Mass Spectrometric Analytics for Biotherapeutic Drug Discovery Research: Historical, Current, and Future Personal Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1861-1885. [PMID: 33886297 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role throughout all stages of drug development and is now as ubiquitous as other analytical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and supercritical fluid chromatography, among others. Herein, we aim to discuss the history of MS, both electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, specifically for the analysis of antibodies, evolving through to denaturing and native-MS analysis of newer biologic moieties such as antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific antibodies, and interfering nucleic acid-based therapies. We discuss challenging therapeutic target characterization such as membrane protein receptors. Importantly, we compare and contrast the MS and hyphenated analytical chromatographic methods used to characterize these therapeutic modalities and targets within biopharmaceutical research and highlight the importance of appropriate MS deconvolution software and its essential contribution to project progression. Finally, we describe emerging applications and MS technologies that are still predominantly within either a development or academic stage of use but are poised to have significant impact on future drug development within the biopharmaceutic industry once matured. The views reflected herein are personal and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all relevant MS performed within biopharmaceutical research but are what we feel have been historically, are currently, and will be in the future the most impactful for the drug development process.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Automation, Laboratory
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Industry/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteins/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 92130, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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10
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2021; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography – top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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11
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Chen Y, Yuan S, Liu Y, Huang G. Rapid desalting during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for investigating protein-ligand interactions in the presence of concentrated salts. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1141:120-126. [PMID: 33248644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of protein-ligand interactions in physiological conditions is crucial for better understanding of biochemistry because the binding stoichiometry and conformations of complexes in biological processes, such as various types of regulation and transportation, could reveal key pathways in organisms. Nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry is widely used in studies of biological processes and systems biology. However, non-volatile salts in biological fluid may adversely interfere with nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In this study, the previously developed method of induced nanoelectrospray ionization was used to facilitate in situ desalting of protein in solutions with high concentrations of non-volatile salts, and direct investigation of protein-ligand interactions for the first time. In situ desalting occurred at the tip of emitters within a short period lasting for a few to tens of milliseconds, enabling the maintenance of nativelike conditions compatible with mass spectrometry measurements. Induced nanoelectrospray ionization was driven by pulsed potential and exhibited microelectrophoresis effect in each spray cycle, which is not observed in conventional nanoelectrospray ionization because the continuous spray procedure is driven by direct current. Microelectrophoresis caused desalting through micron-sized spray emitters (1-20 μm), as confirmed experimentally with proteins in 100 mM NaCl solution. The method developed in this study has been further illustrated as a potential option for fast and direct identification of protein-ligand (small molecules or metal ions) interactions in complex samples. The results of this study demonstrate that the newly developed method may represent a reliable approach for investigations of proteins and protein complexes in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Siming Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, PR China.
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12
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Narvekar A, Gawali SL, Hassan PA, Jain R, Dandekar P. pH dependent aggregation and conformation changes of rituximab using SAXS and its comparison with the standard regulatory approach of biophysical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3084-3097. [PMID: 32835797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of biologics and biosimilars involves extensive physical and structural characterization, which underlines the further course of its implementation. These characterization techniques require considerable standardization and are labor intensive. It is therefore, important to have an immediate, independent and affordable characterization strategy that may meet the regulatory guidelines. In this study, we have compared the standard biophysical characterization of an anti-CD 20 antibody with characterization by small angle x ray scattering (SAXS). Aggregation of this mAb was analyzed using standard techniques like size exclusion HPLC, dynamic light scattering and sedimentation velocity - analytical ultracentrifugation, whereas structure analysis was conducted using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results demonstrated that the inferences about the state of mAb aggregation and its structure deduced using the standard approaches were comparable to the data interpreted using SAXS. The radius of gyration and the P(r) distribution plot obtained using the SAXS scattering data allowed analysis of aggregation and conformation of mAb via a single experiment. Thus, SAXS can be used as an independent technique to complement orthogonal analysis for determining the aggregation profile and structure of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Santosh L Gawali
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Puthusserickal A Hassan
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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13
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Makki AA, Massot V, Byrne HJ, Respaud R, Bertrand D, Mohammed E, Chourpa I, Bonnier F. Understanding the discrimination and quantification of monoclonal antibodies preparations using Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113734. [PMID: 33243491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of Raman spectroscopy for analytical quality control of anticancer drug preparations in clinical pharmaceutical dispensing units is increasing in popularity, notably supported by commercially available, purpose designed instruments. Although not legislatively compulsory, analytical methods are frequently used post-preparation to verify the accuracy of a preparation in terms of identity and quantity of the drug in solution. However, while the rapid, cost effective and label free analysis achieved with Raman spectroscopy is appealing, it is important to understand the molecular origin of the spectral contributions collected from the solution of actives and excipients, to evaluate the strength and limitation for the technique, which can be used to identify and quantify either the prescribed commercial formulation, and/or the active drug itself, in personalised solutions. In the current study, four commercial formulations, Erbitux®, Truxima®, Ontruzant® and Avastin® of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), corresponding respectively to cetuximab, rituximab, trastuzumab and bevacizumab have been used to highlight the key role of excipients in discrimination and quantification of the formulations. It is demonstrated that protein based anticancer drugs such as mAbs have a relatively weak Raman response, while excipients such as glycine, trehalose or histidine contribute significantly to the spectra. Multivariate analysis (partial least square regression and partial least square discriminant analysis) further demonstrates that the signatures of the mAbs themselves are not prominent in mathematical models and that those of the excipients are solely responsible for the differentiation of formulation and accurate determination of concentrations. While Raman spectroscopy can successfully validate the conformity of mAbs intravenous infusion solutions, the basis for the analysis should be considered, and special caution should be given to excipient compositions in commercial formulations to ensure reliability and reproducibility of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Makki
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, 21111 Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Victor Massot
- Unité de Biopharmacie Clinique Oncologique, Pharmacie, CHU de Tours, France
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Renaud Respaud
- Université de Tours, UMR 1100, CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacie, F-37032 Tours, France
| | | | - Elhadi Mohammed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, 21111 Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - Igor Chourpa
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bonnier
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
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14
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Srzentić K, Fornelli L, Tsybin YO, Loo JA, Seckler H, Agar JN, Anderson LC, Bai DL, Beck A, Brodbelt JS, van der Burgt YEM, Chamot-Rooke J, Chatterjee S, Chen Y, Clarke DJ, Danis PO, Diedrich JK, D'Ippolito RA, Dupré M, Gasilova N, Ge Y, Goo YA, Goodlett DR, Greer S, Haselmann KF, He L, Hendrickson CL, Hinkle JD, Holt MV, Hughes S, Hunt DF, Kelleher NL, Kozhinov AN, Lin Z, Malosse C, Marshall AG, Menin L, Millikin RJ, Nagornov KO, Nicolardi S, Paša-Tolić L, Pengelley S, Quebbemann NR, Resemann A, Sandoval W, Sarin R, Schmitt ND, Shabanowitz J, Shaw JB, Shortreed MR, Smith LM, Sobott F, Suckau D, Toby T, Weisbrod CR, Wildburger NC, Yates JR, Yoon SH, Young NL, Zhou M. Interlaboratory Study for Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies by Top-Down and Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1783-1802. [PMID: 32812765 PMCID: PMC7539639 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics (www.topdownproteomics.org) launched the present study to assess the current state of top-down mass spectrometry (TD MS) and middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) for characterizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) primary structures, including their modifications. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing therapeutic antibody market, it is important to develop analytical strategies to characterize the heterogeneity of a therapeutic product's primary structure accurately and reproducibly. The major objective of the present study is to determine whether current TD/MD MS technologies and protocols can add value to the more commonly employed bottom-up (BU) approaches with regard to confirming protein integrity, sequencing variable domains, avoiding artifacts, and revealing modifications and their locations. We also aim to gather information on the common TD/MD MS methods and practices in the field. A panel of three mAbs was selected and centrally provided to 20 laboratories worldwide for the analysis: Sigma mAb standard (SiLuLite), NIST mAb standard, and the therapeutic mAb Herceptin (trastuzumab). Various MS instrument platforms and ion dissociation techniques were employed. The present study confirms that TD/MD MS tools are available in laboratories worldwide and provide complementary information to the BU approach that can be crucial for comprehensive mAb characterization. The current limitations, as well as possible solutions to overcome them, are also outlined. A primary limitation revealed by the results of the present study is that the expert knowledge in both experiment and data analysis is indispensable to practice TD/MD MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Srzentić
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Loo
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Henrique Seckler
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Dina L Bai
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunqiu Chen
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | - David J Clarke
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O Danis
- Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ying Ge
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Young Ah Goo
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David R Goodlett
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sylvester Greer
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | - Lidong He
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | | | - Joshua D Hinkle
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Matthew V Holt
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Sam Hughes
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald F Hunt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Anton N Kozhinov
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziqing Lin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Alan G Marshall
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Millikin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Neil R Quebbemann
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Wendy Sandoval
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Richa Sarin
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | | | | | - Jared B Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Lloyd M Smith
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Frank Sobott
- University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy Toby
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John R Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Nicolas L Young
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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15
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Sénard T, Gargano AFG, Falck D, de Taeye SW, Rispens T, Vidarsson G, Wuhrer M, Somsen GW, Domínguez-Vega E. MS-Based Allotype-Specific Analysis of Polyclonal IgG-Fc N-Glycosylation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2049. [PMID: 32973813 PMCID: PMC7472933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to study glycosylation of polyclonal human immunoglobulins G (IgG) usually imply protein digestion or glycan release. While these approaches allow in-depth characterization, they also result in a loss of valuable information regarding certain subclasses, allotypes and co-occuring post-translational modifications (PTMs). Unfortunately, the high variability of polyclonal IgGs makes their intact mass spectrometry (MS) analysis extremely challenging. We propose here a middle-up strategy for the analysis of the intact fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of human plasma IgGs, with the aim of acquiring integrated information of the N-glycosylation and other PTMs of subclasses and allotypes. Human plasma IgG was isolated using Fc-specific beads followed by an on-bead C H 2 domain digestion with the enzyme IdeS. The obtained mixture of Fc subunits was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) hyphenated with MS. CE-MS provided separation of different IgG-subclasses and allotypes, while HILIC-MS allowed resolution of the different glycoforms and their oxidized variants. The orthogonality of these techniques was key to reliably assign Fc allotypes. Five individual donors were analyzed using this approach. Heterozygosis was observed in all the analyzed donors resulting in a total of 12 allotypes identified. The assignments were further confirmed using recombinant monoclonal IgG allotypes as standards. While the glycosylation patterns were similar within allotypes of the same subclass, clear differences were observed between IgG subclasses and donors, highlighting the relevance of the proposed approach. In a single analysis, glycosylation levels specific for each allotype, relative abundances of subclasses and information on co-occurring modifications are obtained. This middle-up method represents an important step toward a comprehensive analysis of immunoglobulin G-Fc variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sénard
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Analytical Chemistry Group, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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16
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D’Ippolito RA, Panepinto MC, Mahoney KE, Bai DL, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. Sequencing a Bispecific Antibody by Controlling Chain Concentration Effects When Using an Immobilized Nonspecific Protease. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10470-10477. [PMID: 32597636 PMCID: PMC8106826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complete sequence coverage of monospecific antibodies was previously achieved using immobilized aspergillopepsin I in a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Bispecific antibodies are asymmetrical compared to their monospecific antibody counterparts, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of individual subunits. Four standard proteins were used to characterize the effect of a decrease in concentration when using this immobilized enzyme reactor. Low concentration samples resulted in the elimination of large peptide products due to a greater number of enzymatic cleavages. A competitive inhibitor rich in arginine residues reduced the number of enzymatic cleavages to the protein and retained large molecular weight products. The digestion of a bispecific antibody with competitive inhibition of aspergillopepsin I maintained large peptide products better suited for sequence reconstruction, resulting in complete sequence coverage from a single LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. D’Ippolito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Maria C. Panepinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Keira E. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Dina L. Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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17
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Lodge JM, Schauer KL, Brademan DR, Riley NM, Shishkova E, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Top-Down Characterization of an Intact Monoclonal Antibody Using Activated Ion Electron Transfer Dissociation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10246-10251. [PMID: 32608969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutic glycoproteins, but their large size and structural complexity make them difficult to rapidly characterize. Top-down mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to overcome challenges of other common approaches by minimizing sample preparation and preserving endogenous modifications. However, comprehensive mAb characterization requires generation of many, well-resolved fragments and remains challenging. While ETD retains modifications and cleaves disulfide bonds-making it attractive for mAb characterization-it can be less effective for precursors having high m/z values. Activated ion electron transfer dissociation (AI-ETD) uses concurrent infrared photoactivation to promote product ion generation and has proven effective in increasing sequence coverage of intact proteins. Here, we present the first application of AI-ETD to mAb sequencing. For the standard NIST mAb, we observe a high degree of complementarity between fragments generated using standard ETD with a short reaction time and AI-ETD with a long reaction time. Most importantly, AI-ETD reveals disulfide-bound regions that have been intractable, thus far, for sequencing with top-down MS. We conclude AI-ETD has the potential to rapidly and comprehensively analyze intact mAbs.
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18
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Immunoglobulin M Paraproteinaemias. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061688. [PMID: 32630470 PMCID: PMC7352433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal paraproteinaemia is an increasingly common reason for referral to haematology services. Paraproteinaemias may be associated with life-threatening haematologic malignancies but can also be an incidental finding requiring only observation. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraproteinaemias comprise 15–20% of monoclonal proteins but pose unique clinical challenges. IgM paraproteins are more commonly associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma than multiple myeloma and can occur in a variety of other mature B-cell neoplasms. The large molecular weight of the IgM multimer leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations more commonly seen with IgM paraproteins than others. The differential diagnosis of B-cell and plasma cell dyscrasias associated with IgM gammopathies can be challenging. Although the discovery of MYD88 L265P and other mutations has shed light on the molecular biology of IgM paraproteinaemias, clinical and histopathologic findings still play a vital role in the diagnostic process. IgM secreting clones are also associated with a number of “monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance” entities. These disorders pose a novel challenge from both a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective. In this review we provide a clinical overview of IgM paraproteinaemias while discussing the key advances which may affect how we manage these patients in the future.
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19
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Wei B, Han G, Tang J, Sandoval W, Zhang YT. Native Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Hyphenated to Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Minor Variants. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15360-15364. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guanghui Han
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yonghua Taylor Zhang
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Patel KR, Nott JD, Barb AW. Primary Human Natural Killer Cells Retain Proinflammatory IgG1 at the Cell Surface and Express CD16a Glycoforms with Donor-dependent Variability. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2178-2190. [PMID: 31467031 PMCID: PMC6823852 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification confers diverse functional properties to immune system proteins. The composition of serum proteins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) strongly associates with disease including forms lacking a fucose modification of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) asparagine(N)-linked glycan that show increased effector function, however, virtually nothing is known about the composition of cell surface receptors or their bound ligands in situ because of low abundance in the circulating blood. We isolated primary NK cells from apheresis filters following plasma or platelet donation to characterize the compositional variability of Fc γ receptor IIIa/CD16a and its bound ligand, IgG1. CD16a N162-glycans showed the largest differences between donors; one donor displayed only oligomannose-type N-glycans at N162 that correlate with high affinity IgG1 Fc binding whereas the other donors displayed a high degree of compositional variability at this site. Hybrid-type N-glycans with intermediate processing dominated at N45 and highly modified, complex-type N-glycans decorated N38 and N74 from all donors. Analysis of the IgG1 ligand bound to NK cell CD16a revealed a sharp decrease in antibody fucosylation (43.2 ± 11.0%) versus serum from the same donors (89.7 ± 3.9%). Thus, NK cells express CD16a with unique modification patterns and preferentially bind IgG1 without the Fc fucose modification at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011
| | - Joel D Nott
- Office of Biotechnology, Protein Facility, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
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21
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Liu J, Ye YH, Shao YH, Tu ZC. Observation of the structural changes of α-lactalbumin induced by ultrasonic prior to glycated modification. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13017. [PMID: 31495937 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA) was treated by ultrasonic at 150 W/cm2 for different times and subsequently glycated with mannose by dry-heating. Molecular weight, intrinsic fluorescence spectra, glycation sites and degree of modified BLA were observed. The proteinaceous high molecular weight components were formed after ultrasonic prior to glycated modification, while the conformational changes were obvious. Prior to ultrasonic pretreatment, K62, K114, and K122 of BLA were identified. After treated by ultrasound at 150 W/cm2 for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, the sites were increased to four, four, five, and five, respectively. All glycated sites of modified BLA exhibited a higher degree of substitution per peptide (DSP) values compared to native BLA. Ultrasonic at 150 W/cm2 for 20 min revealed the most significant change in the BLA structure. Therefore, conformational changes, the intensified glycation site, and DSP value were responsible for the structural changes of BLA. Practical applications BLA is suitable as an ingredient for infant nutrition in food, and has immune-modulating, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activity etc. This study revealed that the structural changes of BLA induced by ultrasonic prior to glycated modification. It will be beneficial to understand the mechanism of the functional changes of modified BLA. Ultrasonic prior to glycated modification will be more likely to develop a practical technology to modify protein in the food industry, and improve the functional characteristics of food, such as produce hypo-allergenic cow's milk in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Research and Development center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-Value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun-Hua Ye
- National Research and Development center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-Value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-Hong Shao
- National Research and Development center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-Value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Zong-Cai Tu
- National Research and Development center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Freshwater Fish High-Value Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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22
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Griaud F, Denefeld B, Kao-Scharf CY, Dayer J, Lang M, Chen JY, Berg M. All Ion Differential Analysis Refines the Detection of Terminal and Internal Diagnostic Fragment Ions for the Characterization of Biologics Product-Related Variants and Impurities by Middle-down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8845-8852. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Griaud
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Blandine Denefeld
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Ya Kao-Scharf
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Dayer
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Lang
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jian-You Chen
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Berg
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, WKL693.3.20, Postfach, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Baerenfaenger M, Meyer B. Simultaneous characterization of SNPs and N-glycans from multiple glycosylation sites of intact β-2-glycoprotein-1 (B2GP1) by ESI-qTOF-MS. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:556-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Brown KA, Rajendran S, Dowd J, Wilson DJ. Rapid characterization of structural and functional similarity for a candidate bevacizumab (Avastin) biosimilar using a multipronged mass‐spectrometry‐based approach. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1207-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerene A. Brown
- Chemistry DepartmentYork University Toronto ON Canada
- The Centre for Research in Mass SpectrometryYork University Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Jason Dowd
- Apobiologix (division of Apotex Inc.) Toronto ON Canada
| | - Derek J. Wilson
- Chemistry DepartmentYork University Toronto ON Canada
- The Centre for Research in Mass SpectrometryYork University Toronto ON Canada
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25
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Mao Y, Zhang L, Kleinberg A, Xia Q, Daly TJ, Li N. Fast protein sequencing of monoclonal antibody by real-time digestion on emitter during nanoelectrospray. MAbs 2019; 11:767-778. [PMID: 30919719 PMCID: PMC6601538 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1599633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increasing demand for rapid characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The current methods for antibody sequence confirmation (e.g., N-terminal Edman sequencing and traditional peptide mapping methods) are not sufficient; thus, we developed a fast method for sequencing recombinant monoclonal antibodies using a novel digestion-on-emitter technology. Using this method, a monoclonal antibody can be denatured, reduced, digested, and sequenced in less than an hour. High throughput and satisfactory protein sequence coverage were achieved by using a non-specific protease from Aspergillus saitoi, protease XIII, to digest the denatured and reduced monoclonal antibody on an electrospray emitter, while electrospray high voltage was applied to the digestion mixture through the emitter. Tandem mass spectrometry data was acquired over the course of enzyme digestion, generating similar information compared to standard peptide mapping experiments in much less time. We demonstrated that this fast protein sequencing method provided sufficient sequence information for bovine serum albumin and two commercially available monoclonal antibodies, mouse IgG1 MOPC21 and humanized IgG1 NISTmAb. For two monoclonal antibodies, we obtained sequence coverage of 90.5–95.1% for the heavy chains and 98.6–99.1% for the light chains. We found that on-emitter digestion by protease XIII generated peptides of various lengths during the digestion process, which was critical for achieving sufficient sequence coverage. Moreover, we discovered that the enzyme-to-substrate ratio was an important parameter that affects protein sequence coverage. Due to its highly automatable and efficient design, our method offers a major advantage over N-terminal Edman sequencing and traditional peptide mapping methods in the identification of protein sequence, and is capable of meeting an ever-increasing demand for monoclonal antibody sequence confirmation in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Lichao Zhang
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrew Kleinberg
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Thomas J Daly
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
| | - Ning Li
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New York , NY , USA
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26
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Badgujar SB, Mali BC, Tandale B, Daftary SB, Lala S, Gupta S, Gaur VP. A cost-effective method for purification and characterization of human urinary albumin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:31-44. [PMID: 30927740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simplified approach for the purification and characterization of urinary albumin, a key biomarker currently used for understanding the onset and prognosis of microalbuminuria. Urinary albumin was purified from human urine collected from diabetic kidney disease patients by using 2-stage tangential flow filtration process and set of column chromatography steps. The relative molecular mass of urinary albumin is 66,871 Da (SYNAPT G2 High Definition Mass Spectrometry System). Isolated urinary albumin was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, immunoelectrophoresis, Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion, single radial immunodiffusion, size-exclusion HPLC and peptide mass fingerprint analysis. The size-exclusion HPLC elution profile of the purified urinary albumin was similar to that of a reference form of native albumin. Peptide mass fingerprint analysis of the purified urinary albumin yielded peptides that partially matched with known sequence of ALBU_HUMAN (P02768). This is the first report of purification and validation of immunochemically reactive form of urinary albumin from a large volume of urine of diabetic kidney disease patients. In this purification approach, the cost of the purified albumin is significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamkant B Badgujar
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bhupesh C Mali
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Babasaheb Tandale
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth B Daftary
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India; Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited, Kalwa Industrial Estate, Airoli, Navi Mumbai 400708, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeev Lala
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod P Gaur
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories (NWRL), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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Regl C, Wohlschlager T, Esser-Skala W, Wagner I, Samonig M, Holzmann J, Huber CG. Dilute-and-shoot analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody variants in fermentation broth: a method capability study. MAbs 2019; 11:569-582. [PMID: 30668249 PMCID: PMC6512939 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1563034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely applied as highly specific and efficient therapeutic agents for various medical conditions, including cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. As protein production in cellular systems inherently generates a multitude of molecular variants, manufacturing of mAbs requires stringent control in order to ensure safety and efficacy of the drugs. Moreover, monitoring of mAb variants in the course of the fermentation process may allow instant tuning of process parameters to maintain optimal cell culture conditions. Here, we describe a fast and robust workflow for the characterization of mAb variants in fermentation broth. Sample preparation is minimal in that the fermentation broth is shortly centrifuged before dilution and HPLC-MS analysis in a short 15-min gradient run. In a single analysis, N-glycosylation and truncation variants of the expressed mAb are identified at the intact protein level. Simultaneously, absolute quantification of mAb content in fermentation broth is achieved. The whole workflow features excellent robustness as well as retention time and peak area stability. Additional enzymatic removal of N-glycans enables determination of mAb glycation levels, which are subsequently considered in relative N-glycoform quantification to correct for isobaric galactosylation. Several molecular attributes of the expressed therapeutic protein may thus be continuously monitored to ensure the desired product profile. Application of the described workflow in an industrial environment may therefore substantially enhance in-process control in mAb production, as well as targeted biosimilar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Regl
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Iris Wagner
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Martin Samonig
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,c Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH , Germering , Germany
| | - Johann Holzmann
- b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,d Technical Development Biosimilars , Global Drug Development, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH , Kundl , Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- a Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,b Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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28
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Wang J, Zhang W, Salter R, Lim HK. Reductive Desulfuration as an Important Tool in Detection of Small Molecule Modifications to Payload of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2368-2375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyao Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rhys Salter
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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29
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Liu-Shin LPY, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Evidence of disulfide bond scrambling during production of an antibody-drug conjugate. MAbs 2018; 10:1190-1199. [PMID: 30339473 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1521128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that are formed using thiol-maleimide chemistry are commonly produced by reactions that occur at or above neutral pHs. Alkaline environments can promote disulfide bond scrambling, and may result in the reconfiguration of interchain disulfide bonds in IgG antibodies, particularly in the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. IgG2-A and IgG2-B antibodies generated under basic conditions yielded ADCs with comparable average drug-to-antibody ratios and conjugate distributions. In contrast, the antibody disulfide configuration affected the distribution of ADCs generated under acidic conditions. The similarities of the ADCs derived from alkaline reactions were attributed to the scrambling of interchain disulfide bonds during the partial reduction step, where conversion of the IgG2-A isoform to the IgG2-B isoform was favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Pei-Yao Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development , Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc , Santa Monica , CA , USA
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30
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Development and validation of a (RP)UHPLC-UV-(HESI/Orbitrap)MS method for the identification and quantification of mixtures of intact therapeutical monoclonal antibodies using a monolithic column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:437-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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You J, Shi Y, Zhu W, Wu Z, Xiong J. Characterization of disulfide linkages at the hinge region of IgG antibodies by HPLC mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4371. [PMID: 30121965 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are two types of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region: intra- and inter-disulfide linkages. Characterization of intra-disulfide linked isomer will provide important information on the stability of the antibodies and better understanding of the mechanism of Fab-arm exchange. In this report, HPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for characterization of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region. We were able to accurately identify both inter- and intra-disulfide linked peptides and correctly quantify intra-disulfide isomers. It is the first study to quantify intra-disulfide isomers in IgG antibodies with a mass spectrometry approach. It will help to achieve efficient generation of bispecific antibodies with Fab-arm exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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33
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Mass spectrometry characterization of DOTA-Nimotuzumab conjugate as precursor of an innovative β − tracer suitable in radio-guided surgery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Belov AM, Zang L, Sebastiano R, Santos MR, Bush DR, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Complementary middle-down and intact monoclonal antibody proteoform characterization by capillary zone electrophoresis - mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2069-2082. [PMID: 29749064 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) has been of increasing interest for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. In this work, a combination of middle-down and intact CZE-MS analyses has been implemented for the characterization of a biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and glycosylation structures. Middle-down and intact CZE separations were performed in an acidified methanol-water background electrolyte on a capillary with a positively charged coating (M7C4I) coupled to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer using a commercial sheathless interface (CESI). Middle-down analysis of the IdeS-digested mAb provided characterization of PTMs of digestion fragments. High resolution CZE enabled separation of charge variants corresponding to 2X-deamidated, 1X-deamidated, and non-deamidated forms at baseline resolution. In the course of the middle-down CZE-MS analysis, separation of glycoforms of the FC /2 fragment was accomplished due to hydrodynamic volume differences. Several identified PTMs were confirmed by CZE-MS2 . Incorporation of TCEP-HCl reducing agent in the sample solvent resulted in successful analysis of reduced forms without the need for alkylation. CZE-MS studies on the intact mAb under denaturing conditions enabled baseline separation of the 2X-glycosylated, 1X-glycosylated, and aglycosylated populations as a result of hydrodynamic volume differences. The presence of a trace quantity of dissociated light chain was also detected in the intact protein analysis. Characterization of the mAb under native conditions verified identifications achieved via intact analysis and allowed for quantitative confirmation of proteoforms. Analysis of mAbs using CZE-MS represents a complementary approach to the more conventional liquid-chromatography - mass spectrometry-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy M Belov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Zang
- Analytical Development Department, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Polytechnic of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Barry L Karger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Wohlschlager T, Scheffler K, Forstenlehner IC, Skala W, Senn S, Damoc E, Holzmann J, Huber CG. Native mass spectrometry combined with enzymatic dissection unravels glycoform heterogeneity of biopharmaceuticals. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1713. [PMID: 29712889 PMCID: PMC5928108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust manufacturing processes resulting in consistent glycosylation are critical for the efficacy and safety of biopharmaceuticals. Information on glycosylation can be obtained by conventional bottom–up methods but is often limited to the glycan or glycopeptide level. Here, we apply high-resolution native mass spectrometry (MS) for the characterization of the therapeutic fusion protein Etanercept to unravel glycoform heterogeneity in conditions of hitherto unmatched mass spectral complexity. Higher spatial resolution at lower charge states, an inherent characteristic of native MS, represents a key component for the successful revelation of glycan heterogeneity. Combined with enzymatic dissection using a set of proteases and glycosidases, assignment of specific glycoforms is achieved by transferring information from subunit to whole protein level. The application of native mass spectrometric analysis of intact Etanercept as a fingerprinting tool for the assessment of batch-to-batch variability is exemplified and may be extended to demonstrate comparability after changes in the biologic manufacturing process. The specific glycosylation patterns of biological drugs often impact the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic product. Here the authors describe a native mass spectrometry approach that allows the resolution of highly complex glycosylation patterns on large proteins, which they apply to the therapeutic Fc-fusion protein Etanercept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Wohlschlager
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Dornierstraße 4, 82110, Germering, Germany
| | - Ines C Forstenlehner
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Technical Development Biosimilars, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Skala
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Senn
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Johann Holzmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Technical Development Biosimilars, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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36
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Chen D, Gomes F, Abeykoon D, Lemma B, Wang Y, Fushman D, Fenselau C. Top-Down Analysis of Branched Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4032-4038. [PMID: 29513006 PMCID: PMC6146919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications by the covalent attachment of Rub1 (NEDD8), ubiquitin, SUMO, and other small signaling proteins have profound impacts on the functions and fates of cellular proteins. Investigations of the relationship of these bioactive structures and their functions are limited by analytical methods that are scarce and tedious. A novel strategy is reported here for the analysis of branched proteins by top-down mass spectrometry and illustrated by application to four recombinant proteins and one synthetic peptide modified by covalent bonds with ubiquitin or Rub1. The approach allows an analyte to be recognized as a branched protein; the participating proteins to be identified; the site of conjugation to be defined; and other chemical, native, and recombinant modifications to be characterized. In addition to the high resolution and high accuracy provided by the mass spectrometer, success is based on sample fragmentation by electron-transfer dissociation assisted by collisional activation and on software designed for graphic interpretation and adapted for branched proteins. The strategy allows for structures of unknown, two-component branched proteins to be elucidated directly the first time and can potentially be extended to more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Fabio Gomes
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Dulith Abeykoon
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Betsegaw Lemma
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Yan Wang
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - David Fushman
- University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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37
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Gusenkov S, Stutz H. Top-down and bottom-up characterization of nitrated birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a with CZE hyphenated to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1190-1200. [PMID: 29389018 PMCID: PMC6175448 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) residues of the major pollen allergen of birch Betula verrucosa, Bet v 1a, were nitrated by peroxynitrite. This modification enhances the allergenicity. Modified tyrosines were identified by analyzing intact allergen variants in combination with top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. Therefore, a laboratory‐built sheath‐liquid assisted ESI interface was applied for hyphenation of CE to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer to localize individual nitration sites. The major focus was on identification of primary nitration sites. The top‐down approach unambiguously identified Tyr 5 as the most prominent modification site. Fragments from the allergen core and the C‐terminal part carried up to three potential nitration sites, respectively. Thus, a bottom‐up approach with tryptic digest was used as a complementary strategy which allowed for the unambiguous localization of nitration sites within the respective peptides. Nitration propensity for individual Tyr residues was addressed by comparison of MS signals of nitrated peptides relative to all cognates of homolog primary sequence. Combined data identified surface exposed Tyr 5 and Tyr 66 as major nitration sites followed by less accessible Tyr 158 whereas Tyr 81, 83 and 150 possess a lower nitration tendency and are apparently modified in variants with higher nitration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Gusenkov
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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38
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Wang T, Hoi KM, Stöckmann H, Wan C, Sim LC, Shi Jie Tay NHBK, Poo CH, Woen S, Yang Y, Zhang P, Rudd PM. LC/MS-based Intact IgG and Released Glycan Analysis for Bioprocessing Applications. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700185. [PMID: 29341427 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Robust plate based antibody glycan analysis platforms are urgently needed for biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing as well as for clinical biomarker research. A 96-well plate based workflow has been developed to analyze both intact IgG antibodies and released N-glycans using an Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometer and an LC/MS method on the Waters UNIFI platform. Here, such a workflow including protein A purification, PNGaseF digestion, 2-AB labeling, and SPE clean-up is described. The measured IgG glycan profile is consistent with that obtained from non-plate based method and commercial kit and has the advantage of less hands-on time. Also the application of the workflow in cell culture monitoring and clonal selection work is demonstrated. Apart from checking the major glycan structure changes among clones, post translational modifications (PTMs) such as C-terminal lysine residue clipping and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation can also be deduced from the workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Wang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Kong Meng Hoi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Henning Stöckmann
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Corrine Wan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Lyn Chiin Sim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | | | - Ce Huang Poo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Susanto Woen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Yuangsheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore.,NIBRT GlycoScience Group, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin 4, Ireland
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39
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Pawlowski JW, Carrick I, Kaltashov IA. Integration of On-Column Chemical Reactions in Protein Characterization by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Cross-Path Reactive Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1348-1355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake W. Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ian Carrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Igor A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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40
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Tian Y, Ruotolo BT. The growing role of structural mass spectrometry in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies. Analyst 2018; 143:2459-2468. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies is of critical importance for the successful discovery and development of such biopharmaceuticals, yet poses many challenges to modern measurement science. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometry technologies focusing on the characterization of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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41
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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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42
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Kilpatrick LE, Kilpatrick EL. Optimizing High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Low-Abundance Post-Translational Modifications of Intact Proteins. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3255-3265. [PMID: 28738681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intact protein analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is now possible due to the improved capabilities of mass spectrometers yielding greater resolution, mass accuracy, and extended mass ranges. Concurrent measurement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) during LC-MS of intact proteins is advantageous while monitoring critical proteoform status, such as for clinical samples or during production of reference materials. However, difficulties exist for PTM identification when the protein is large or contains multiple modification sites. In this work, analyses of low-abundance proteoforms of proteins of clinical or therapeutic interest, including C-reactive protein, vitamin D-binding protein, transferrin, and immunoglobulin G (NISTmAb), were performed on an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. This work investigated the effect of various instrument parameters including source temperatures, in-source CID, microscan type and quantity, resolution, and automatic gain control on spectral quality. The signal-to-noise ratio was found to be a suitable spectral attribute which facilitated identification of low abundance PTMs. Source temperature and CID voltage were found to require specific optimization for each protein. This study identifies key instrumental parameters requiring optimization for improved detection of a variety of PTMs by LC-MS and establishes a methodological framework to ensure robust proteoform identifications, the first step in their ultimate quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Kilpatrick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eric L Kilpatrick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Material Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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43
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Saleh Al-w A, Nazri Isma M, Muhamad Sa S, Abdul Khal I, Ayesh Moha S, Alsayrafi M, Michael Ha T, Binti A. L A. Identification of Glycobiomarker Candidates for Breast Cancer Using LTQ-Orbitrap Fusion Technique. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.425.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T. Determination of thiol-to-protein ratio and drug-to-antibody ratio by in-line size exclusion chromatography with post-column reaction. Anal Biochem 2017; 527:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Rogstad S, Faustino A, Ruth A, Keire D, Boyne M, Park J. A Retrospective Evaluation of the Use of Mass Spectrometry in FDA Biologics License Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:786-794. [PMID: 27873217 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characterization sections of biologics license applications (BLAs) approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2000 and 2015 were investigated to examine the extent of the use of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry was found to be integral to the characterization of these biotherapeutics. Of the 80 electronically submitted monoclonal antibody and protein biotherapeutic BLAs included in this study, 79 were found to use mass spectrometric workflows for protein or impurity characterization. To further examine how MS is being used in successful BLAs, the applications were filtered based on the type and number of quality attributes characterized, the mass spectrometric workflows used (peptide mapping, intact mass analysis, and cleaved glycan analysis), the methods used to introduce the proteins into the gas phase (ESI, MALDI, or LC-ESI), and the specific types of instrumentation used. Analyses were conducted over a time course based on the FDA BLA approval to determine if any trends in utilization could be observed over time. Additionally, the different classes of protein-based biotherapeutics among the approved BLAs were clustered to determine if any trends could be attributed to the specific type of biotherapeutic. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ashley Ruth
- Biotechlogic, Inc., Glenview, IL, 60025, USA
| | - David Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Jun Park
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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46
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He L, Anderson LC, Barnidge DR, Murray DL, Hendrickson CL, Marshall AG. Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies in Human Serum as a Model for Clinical Monoclonal Gammopathy by Use of 21 Tesla FT-ICR Top-Down and Middle-Down MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:827-838. [PMID: 28247297 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), stringent quality control is needed to ensure clinical safety and efficacy. Monoclonal antibody primary sequence and post-translational modifications (PTM) are conventionally analyzed with labor-intensive, bottom-up tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which is limited by incomplete peptide sequence coverage and introduction of artifacts during the lengthy analysis procedure. Here, we describe top-down and middle-down approaches with the advantages of fast sample preparation with minimal artifacts, ultrahigh mass accuracy, and extensive residue cleavages by use of 21 tesla FT-ICR MS/MS. The ultrahigh mass accuracy yields an RMS error of 0.2-0.4 ppm for antibody light chain, heavy chain, heavy chain Fc/2, and Fd subunits. The corresponding sequence coverages are 81%, 38%, 72%, and 65% with MS/MS RMS error ~4 ppm. Extension to a monoclonal antibody in human serum as a monoclonal gammopathy model yielded 53% sequence coverage from two nano-LC MS/MS runs. A blind analysis of five therapeutic monoclonal antibodies at clinically relevant concentrations in human serum resulted in correct identification of all five antibodies. Nano-LC 21 T FT-ICR MS/MS provides nonpareil mass resolution, mass accuracy, and sequence coverage for mAbs, and sets a benchmark for MS/MS analysis of multiple mAbs in serum. This is the first time that extensive cleavages for both variable and constant regions have been achieved for mAbs in a human serum background. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - David R Barnidge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher L Hendrickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Alan G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
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47
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Yamada H, Matsumura C, Yamada K, Teshima K, Hiroshima T, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S, Kakehi K. Combination of SDS-PAGE and intact mass analysis for rapid determination of heterogeneities in monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1344-1352. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamada
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Yodogawa-ku Osaka Japan
| | - Chiemi Matsumura
- School of Pharmacy; Kindai University; Higashi-Osaka Osaka Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- School of Pharmacy; Kindai University; Higashi-Osaka Osaka Japan
| | - Koichiro Teshima
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Yodogawa-ku Osaka Japan
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Yodogawa-ku Osaka Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy; Kindai University; Higashi-Osaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kakehi
- School of Pharmacy; Kindai University; Higashi-Osaka Osaka Japan
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48
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Yang Y, Wang G, Song T, Lebrilla CB, Heck AJR. Resolving the micro-heterogeneity and structural integrity of monoclonal antibodies by hybrid mass spectrometric approaches. MAbs 2017; 9:638-645. [PMID: 28281873 PMCID: PMC5419080 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1290033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), detailed analysis of the structural integrity and heterogeneity, which results from multiple types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), is relevant to various processes, including product characterization, storage stability and quality control. Despite the recent rapid development of new bioanalytical techniques, it is still challenging to completely characterize the proteoform profile of a mAb. As a nearly indispensable tool in mAb analysis, mass spectrometry (MS) provides unique structural information at multiple levels. Here, we tested a hybrid strategy for the comprehensive characterization of micro-heterogeneity by integrating 2 state-of-the-art MS-based approaches, high-resolution native MS and targeted glycan profiling, to perform complementary analysis at the intact protein level and released glycan level, respectively. We compared the performance of these methods using samples of engineered half-body IgG4s and a panel of mAbs approved for human use. The glycosylation characterization data derived from these approaches were found to be mutually consistent in composition profiling, and complementary in identification and relative-quantitation of low-abundant uncommon glycoforms. In addition, multiple other sources of micro-heterogeneity, such as glycation, lack of glycosylation, and loss of light chains, could be detected by this approach, and the contribution of multiple types of modifications to the overall micro-heterogeneity could be assessed using our superposition algorithm. Our data demonstrate that the hybrid strategy allows reliable and thorough characterization of mAbs, revealing product characteristics that would easily be missed if only a single approach were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- a Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Netherlands Proteomics Center , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Guanbo Wang
- a Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Netherlands Proteomics Center , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Ting Song
- c Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | | | - Albert J R Heck
- a Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Netherlands Proteomics Center , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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49
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Vyatkina K. De Novo Sequencing of Top-Down Tandem Mass Spectra: A Next Step towards Retrieving a Complete Protein Sequence. Proteomes 2017; 5:E6. [PMID: 28248257 PMCID: PMC5372227 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sequencing of tandem (MS/MS) mass spectra represents the only way to determine the sequence of proteins from organisms with unknown genomes, or the ones not directly inscribed in a genome-such as antibodies, or novel splice variants. Top-down mass spectrometry provides new opportunities for analyzing such proteins; however, retrieving a complete protein sequence from top-down MS/MS spectra still remains a distant goal. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art on this subject, and enhance our previously developed Twister algorithm for de novo sequencing of peptides from top-down MS/MS spectra to derive longer sequence fragments of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Vyatkina
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Department of Mathematical and Information Technologies, Saint Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina st., St. Petersburg 194021, Russia.
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50
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Muneeruddin K, Bobst CE, Frenkel R, Houde D, Turyan I, Sosic Z, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of a PEGylated protein therapeutic by ion exchange chromatography with on-line detection by native ESI MS and MS/MS. Analyst 2017; 142:336-344. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detailed profiling of both enzymatic (e.g., glycosylation) and non-enzymatic (e.g., oxidation and deamidation) post-translational modifications (PTMs) is frequently required for the quality assessment of protein-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Muneeruddin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
| | - C. E. Bobst
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
| | - R. Frenkel
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - D. Houde
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - I. Turyan
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Z. Sosic
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - I. A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
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