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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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Chen X, Mo J, Zhang S, Li X, Huang T, Zhu Q, Wang S, Chen X, Ge RS. 4-Bromodiphenyl Ether Causes Adrenal Gland Dysfunction in Rats during Puberty. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1772-1779. [PMID: 31423765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of flame retardants with two or more bromines attached. They are endocrine disruptors. PBDEs photodegrade into 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE3). Whether BDE3 impairs adrenal cortical cell function during postnatal development still remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of BDE3 on adrenal cortical cell function. Sprague-Dawley rats (35 days of age, male) were orally administered with BDE3 (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day body weight) for 21 days. BDE3 significantly increased serum aldosterone and corticosterone levels at 200 mg/kg without affecting adrenocorticotropic hormone level. Further study showed that BDE3 up-regulated Cyp11b1 at 100 and 200 mg/kg and Scarb1, Star, Cyp11b2, Cyp21, and Nr5a1 mRNA levels in the 200 mg/kg group. BDE3 also decreased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) at 200 mg/kg and increased PGC-1α and phosphorylated cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)/CREB at 200 mg/kg. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that BDE3 stimulates adrenal cell function likely through decreasing phosphorylation of AMPK and increasing phosphorylation of CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000 , China
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Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Hughes MF, Hull EP, Birnbaum LS. The biological fate of decabromodiphenyl ethane following oral, dermal or intravenous administration. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:894-902. [PMID: 27771980 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1250180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1. It was important to investigate the disposition of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) based on concerns over its structural similarities to decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), high potential for environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, and high production volume. 2. In the present study, female Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single dose of [14C]-DBDPE by oral, topical or IV routes. Another set of rats were administered 10 daily oral doses of [14C]-DBDPE. Male B6C3F1/Tac mice were administered a single oral dose. 3. DBDPE was poorly absorbed following oral dosing, with 95% of administered [14C]-radioactivity recovered in the feces unchanged, 1% recovered in the urine and less than 3% in the tissues at 72 h. DBDPE excretion was similar in male mice and female rats. Accumulation of [14C]-DBDPE was observed in liver and the adrenal gland after 10 daily oral doses to rats. 4. Rat and human skin were used to assess potential dermal uptake of DBDPE. The dermis was a depot for dermally applied DBDPE; conservative estimates predict ∼14 ± 8% of DBDPE may be absorbed into human skin in vivo; ∼7 ± 4% of the parent chemical is expected to reach systemic circulation following continuous exposure (24 h). 5. Following intravenous administration, ∼70% of the dose remained in tissues after 72 h, with the highest concentrations found in lung (1223 ± 723 pmol-eq/g), spleen (1096 ± 369 pmol-eq/g) and liver (366 ± 98 pmol-eq/g); 5 ± 1% of the dose was recovered in urine and 26 ± 4% in the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Knudsen
- a NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - J Michael Sanders
- a NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Michael F Hughes
- b Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ethan P Hull
- a NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- a NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
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Knudsen GA, Sanders JM, Birnbaum LS. Disposition of the emerging brominated flame retardant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, in female Sprague Dawley rats: effects of dose, route and repeated administration. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:245-254. [PMID: 27098498 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1174793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP; CAS No. 26040-51-7; PubChem CID: 117291; MW 706.15 g/mol, elsewhere: TeBrDEPH, TBPH, or BEHTBP) is used as an additive brominated flame retardant in consumer products. 2. Female Sprague Dawley rats eliminated 92-98% of [14C]-BEH-TEBP unchanged in feces after oral administration (0.1 or 10 μmol/kg). A minor amount of each dose (0.8-1%) was found in urine after 72 h. Disposition of orally administered BEH-TEBP in male B6C3F1/Tac mice was similar to female rats. 3. Bioaccumulation of [14C]-radioactivity was observed in liver and adrenals following 10 daily oral administrations (0.1 μmol/kg/day). These tissues contained 5- and 10-fold higher concentrations of [14C]-radioactivity, respectively, versus a single dose. 4. IV-administered [14C]-BEH-TEBP (0.1 μmol/kg) was slowly eliminated in feces, with >15% retained in tissues after 72 h. Bile and fecal extracts from these rats contained the metabolite mono-ethylhexyl tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP). 5. BEH-TEBP was poorly absorbed, minimally metabolized and eliminated mostly by the fecal route after oral administration. Repeated exposure to BEH-TEBP led to accumulation in some tissues. The toxicological significance of this effect remains to be determined. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (Project ZIA BC 011476).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; The University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD
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Teil MJ, Tlili K, Blanchard M, Chevreuil M, Alliot F, Labadie P. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalates in freshwater fish from the Orge river (Ile-de France). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:101-13. [PMID: 22234461 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and phthalates were investigated from July 2009 to April 2010 in three fish species from the Orge river, which flows in a densely populated area of Ile-de-France. In two Cyprinidae (roach and chub) and one Percidae (perch), muscle contents in increasing order ranged as follows: 12-18 ng g(-1) dw for PBDEs (Σtri-hepta), 120-170 ng g(-1) dw for PCBs (Σ7), and 2,250-5,125 ng g(-1) dw for phthalates (Σ7). No variation was observed between contaminant contents and lipid levels. No biomagnification was found according to the trophic level for PBDEs and PCBs, whereas for phthalates the highest contents were found in perch. Seasonal variations were observed with the lowest PBDE and PCB contents occurring in July after spawning in roach and perch (p < 0.001). PBDE content followed a decreasing trend-gonad > liver > muscle-whatever the period. For PCBs, gonad and liver contents remained greater than that of muscle (p < 0.05). Our results indicate a preferential accumulation of halogenated compounds in gonad and liver outside the reproduction period. Bioaccumulation factors for PCBs in muscle were significantly correlated to their chlorination degree in perch (p < 0.01) and roach (p < 0.01). In roach, that correlation slope was by decreasing importance order as follows: gonad > liver > muscle. The biota-sediment accumulation factors varied from 0.1 to 29.2, from 1.6 to 4.8, and from 1 to 123.5 for PBDEs, PCBs, and phthalates, respectively. These results contribute to document the use of freshwater fish as bioindicators of river quality.
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Vaidyanathan S, Salim M, Hurley C, Pugh J. Vapour-mediated ion activation for enhanced SIMS imaging. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Mappin Street; Sheffield; S1 3JD; UK
| | - Malinda Salim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Mappin Street; Sheffield; S1 3JD; UK
| | - Claire Hurley
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Sheffield; Mappin Street; Sheffield; S1 3JD; UK
| | - John Pugh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Mappin Street; Sheffield; S1 3JD; UK
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Touboul D, Laprévote O, Brunelle A. Micrometric molecular histology of lipids by mass spectrometry imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:725-32. [PMID: 21612973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Time-Of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry is compared to other mass spectrometry imaging techniques, and recent improvements of the experimental methods, driven by biological and biomedical applications, are described and discussed. This review shows that this method that can be considered as a micrometric molecular histology is particularly efficient for obtaining images of various lipid species at the surface of a tissue sample, without sample preparation, and with a routine spatial resolution of 1μm or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Touboul
- Centre de recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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