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Lee EY, Dai Z, Jaiswal A, Wang EHC, Anandasabapathy N, Christiano AM. Functional interrogation of lymphocyte subsets in alopecia areata using single-cell RNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305764120. [PMID: 37428932 PMCID: PMC10629527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305764120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is among the most prevalent autoimmune diseases, but the development of innovative therapeutic strategies has lagged due to an incomplete understanding of the immunological underpinnings of disease. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of skin-infiltrating immune cells from the graft-induced C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA, coupled with antibody-based depletion to interrogate the functional role of specific cell types in AA in vivo. Since AA is predominantly T cell-mediated, we focused on dissecting lymphocyte function in AA. Both our scRNAseq and functional studies established CD8+ T cells as the primary disease-driving cell type in AA. Only the depletion of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, NK, B, or γδ T cells, was sufficient to prevent and reverse AA. Selective depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) showed that Treg are protective against AA in C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that failure of Treg-mediated immunosuppression is not a major disease mechanism in AA. Focused analyses of CD8+ T cells revealed five subsets, whose heterogeneity is defined by an "effectorness gradient" of interrelated transcriptional states that culminate in increased effector function and tissue residency. scRNAseq of human AA skin showed that CD8+ T cells in human AA follow a similar trajectory, underscoring that shared mechanisms drive disease in both murine and human AA. Our study represents a comprehensive, systematic interrogation of lymphocyte heterogeneity in AA and uncovers a novel framework for AA-associated CD8+ T cells with implications for the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Zhenpeng Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Abhinav Jaiswal
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Eddy Hsi Chun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
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2
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Younes AK, Hammad R, Othman M, Sobhy A. CD4, CD8 and natural killer cells are depressed in patients with alopecia areata: their association with disease activity. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:13. [PMID: 35300587 PMCID: PMC8932005 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a common inflammatory disorder targeting the hair follicles leading to non-scaring hair loss. The pathogenesis of AA is still unclear, despite the accumulating evidence of the immune-mediated nature of this disease. So, in this study, we aimed to assess the level of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active AA and control subjects, and to evaluate the association between the level of those cells and the duration of disease in different subtypes of AA. RESULTS Fifty female patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this case control study. CBC analysis and the level of CD4, CD8 T cells and NK cells were evaluated during the active stage of the disease. We found that CD4, CD8 T cells and NK cells proportion was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in patients with active stage AA compared with healthy subjects, however, the ratio of CD4:CD8 T cells was significantly higher in patients than control subjects. The level of CD4, CD8 T cells CD56 bright CD16- % NK cells were positively correlated with the disease duration. CONCLUSION Active stage of AA disease is associated with a reduction of the circulating CD4, CD8 T cells and NK cells and an increase in CD4/CD8 T cells ratio, however, the level of those cells were higher with prolonged disease duration. Our findings confirm that immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Khalek Younes
- Dermatology, Andrology and STIs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Refaat Hammad
- Dermatology, Andrology and STIs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona Othman
- Dermatology, Andrology and STIs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ali Sobhy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Aldaffaie STH, Hussein TA, Muhieldden AAR. Estimation of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in Iraqi patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1286-1291. [PMID: 34731524 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell response and production of cytokines around the anagen stage. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess T cells in blood using immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in patients with AA and AU compared with healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out at private clinic and in the Department of Dermatology in Al Karama Teaching Hospital. The study groups included 58 patients from different geographic areas in Iraq, with ages ranging from 5 to 48 years from the end of August 2019 to the January 2020; AA patient group included 19, AU patient group included, 11 and control group included 30 with no scalp or body lesions in their disease history. All patients were clinically diagnosed to detect clinical types of disease in the scalp, in the body, and any hair-bearing area. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants where CD3 T cell, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell in whole blood were estimated by flow cytometry technique. RESULTS The present study has found the males are more susceptible to infection than the females in both types of disease. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) detected for immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups in comparison with healthy individuals, but there was a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in immune biomarkers (CD8, CD3) according to stress status in AU and in CD8 T cell between patient groups. CD4/CD8 ratio increased in alopecia patients. CONCLUSION In current study, There was no significant difference detected for biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups and healthy control, but significantly decrease in CD8 T cell and CD3T cell according to stress in AU, and in CD8T cell between patient groups according to stress This research may have proven one of the theories. Study of CD markers receptors and B cell receptors these will help for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talib Abdullah Hussein
- Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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Speiser JJ, Mondo D, Mehta V, Marcial SA, Kini A, Hutchens KA. Regulatory T‐cells in alopecia areata. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:653-658. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J. Speiser
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
| | - Dana Mondo
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
| | - Vikas Mehta
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
| | - Sheela A. Marcial
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
| | - Ameet Kini
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
| | - Kelli A. Hutchens
- Department of PathologyLoyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois
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Wang ECE, Dai Z, Christiano AM. Novel therapies for alopecia areata: The era of rational drug development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:499-504. [PMID: 29155099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for alopecia areata (AA) have evolved over the decades from broad and nonspecific therapies to those that are now more targeted and rationally selected. This was achieved by means of close cooperation and communication between clinicians and basic scientists, which resulted in the elucidation and understanding of the unique pathophysiology of AA. In this review we discuss this evolution and how novel therapies for AA have changed over the decades, what we have in our current arsenal of drugs for this potentially devastating disease, and what the future holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C E Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY; National Skin Center, Singapore
| | - Zhenpeng Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Alzolibani AA, Rasheed Z, Saif GB, Al-Dhubaibi MS, Al Robaee AA. Altered expression of intracellular Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with alopecia areata. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:134-42. [PMID: 27114923 PMCID: PMC4826589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition-receptors that sense a variety of pathogens and initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of TLRs in peripheral blood-mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AA patients and to determine whether TLR-mediated inflammatory signals are important for the perspective of AA management. METHODS Gene expression of TLRs and T-helper (Th) type-1, Th-2, Th-17 and regulatory T-cell cytokines in PBMCs was quantified by TaqMan Assays. Production of these cytokines in serum samples was determined by sandwich ELISAs. RESULTS All TLRs (TLRs 1-10) were expressed in PBMCs of AA patients. Importantly intracellular TLRs (TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9) were significantly up-regulated in AA patients as compared with controls (p < 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-2, TNF-α, and IL-17A gene expression in patients' PBMCs and their secretion in patients' sera were significantly higher as compared with their respective controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, TGF-β gene expression in patients' PBMCs and TGF-β protein level in patients' sera were significantly lower as compared with their controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first report that shows the comprehensive expression profile of TLRs in AA patients. We conclude that up-regulated expression of intracellular TLRs in PBMCs of AA patients may play an active role in abnormal regulation of Th-1, Th-17 and regulatory T-cell cytokines in alopecia areata. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Targeting of TLRs and their associated inflammatory signaling will open new areas of research; this may lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AA or other skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.Department of Medical BiochemistryCollege of MedicineQassim UniversityP.O. Box 6655Buraidah51452Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Bin Saif
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmad A. Al Robaee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Ben Hmid A, Belhadj Hmida N, Abdeladhim M, Ben Osman A, Louzir H, Mokni M, Zaraa I, Ben Ahmed M. FOXP3 transcription is enhanced in lesional and perilesional skin of patients with focal Alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e319-21. [PMID: 26147220 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Ben Hmid
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Belhadj Hmida
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Abdeladhim
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Osman
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Dermatology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Mokni
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Dermatology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zaraa
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Dermatology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mélika Ben Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
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10
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McElwee KJ, Gilhar A, Tobin DJ, Ramot Y, Sundberg JP, Nakamura M, Bertolini M, Inui S, Tokura Y, Jr LEK, Duque-Estrada B, Tosti A, Keren A, Itami S, Shoenfeld Y, Zlotogorski A, Paus R. What causes alopecia areata? Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:609-26. [PMID: 23947678 PMCID: PMC4094373 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of alopecia areata (AA), one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases and a major unsolved clinical problem, has intrigued dermatologists, hair biologists and immunologists for decades. Simultaneously, both affected patients and the physicians who take care of them are increasingly frustrated that there is still no fully satisfactory treatment. Much of this frustration results from the fact that the pathobiology of AA remains unclear, and no single AA pathogenesis concept can claim to be universally accepted. In fact, some investigators still harbour doubts whether this even is an autoimmune disease, and the relative importance of CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and NKGD2(+) NK or NKT cells and the exact role of genetic factors in AA pathogenesis remain bones of contention. Also, is AA one disease, a spectrum of distinct disease entities or only a response pattern of normal hair follicles to immunologically mediated damage? During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in basic AA-related research, in the development of new models for translationally relevant AA research and in the identification of new therapeutic agents and targets for future AA management. This calls for a re-evaluation and public debate of currently prevalent AA pathobiology concepts. The present Controversies feature takes on this challenge, hoping to attract more skin biologists, immunologists and professional autoimmunity experts to this biologically fascinating and clinically important model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - D. J. Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Y. Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - J. P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan Yoshiki Tokura
| | - M. Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany Yehuda Shoenfeld
| | - S. Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - L. E. King Jr
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - B. Duque-Estrada
- Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antonella Tosti
| | - A Tosti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A. Keren
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - S. Itami
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - A. Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - R. Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,
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Shin BS, Furuhashi T, Nakamura M, Torii K, Morita A. Impaired inhibitory function of circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in alopecia areata. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:141-3. [PMID: 23433552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Singh V, Mueller U, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Zöller M. Delayed type hypersensitivity-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate autoreactive T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2871-82. [PMID: 21728175 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mild but efficient treatments of autoimmune diseases are urgently required. One such therapy, long-term maintenance of chronic delayed type hypersensitivity, has been described for alopecia areata (AA), a hair follicle-affecting autoimmune disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy are unknown, but may involve myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). AA-affected mice were treated with squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADBE). The immunoreactivity of SADBE-treated AA lymphocytes and of AA lymphocytes co-cultured with SADBE-induced MDSCs was analyzed. The curative effect of SADBE was abolished by all-transretinoic acid, which drives MDSCs into differentiation, confirming a central role for MDSCs in therapeutic SADBE treatment. SADBE and SADBE-induced MDSCs strongly interfered with sustained autoreactive T-cell proliferation in response to AA skin lysate (autoantigen), which was accompanied by weak ζ-chain down-regulation and strongly impaired Lck activation. In contrast, activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and blockade of the anti-apoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway by SADBE-induced MDSCs did not require T-cell receptor engagement. Apoptosis induction correlated with high TNF-α expression in SADBE-induced MDSCs and elevated TNFRI levels in AA lymphocytes. SADBE-induced MDSCs interfere with persisting autoreactive T-cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of these T cells, which qualifies MDSCs induced and maintained by chronic delayed type hypersensitivity reactions as promising therapeutics in organ-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Singh
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Sundberg JP, McElwee KJ, Carroll JM, King LE. Hypothesis testing: CTLA4 co-stimulatory pathways critical in the pathogenesis of human and mouse alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2323-4. [PMID: 21753782 PMCID: PMC3804421 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gregoriou S, Papafragkaki D, Kontochristopoulos G, Rallis E, Kalogeromitros D, Rigopoulos D. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:928030. [PMID: 20300578 PMCID: PMC2837895 DOI: 10.1155/2010/928030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata, a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin, has been extensively studied as far as the role of several cytokines is concerned. So far, IFN-gamma, interleukins, TNF-alpha, are cytokines that are well known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, while several studies have shown that many more pathways exist. Among them, MIG, IP-10, BAFF, HLA antigens, MIG, as well as stress hormones are implicated in disease onset and activity. Within the scope of this paper, the authors attempt to shed light upon the complexity of alopecia areata underlying mechanisms and indicate pathways that may suggest future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis Gregoriou
- Andreas Sygros Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 5 Ionos Dragoumi Street, 16121 Athens, Greece.
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Cooper G, Gilbert K, Greidinger E, James J, Pfau J, Reinlib L, Richardson B, Rose N. Recent advances and opportunities in research on lupus: environmental influences and mechanisms of disease. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2010; 14:1865-76. [PMID: 19851599 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232009000500028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize research on mechanisms through which environmental agents may affect the pathogenesis of lupus, discuss three exposures that have been the focus of research in this area, and propose recommendations for new research initiatives. We examined studies pertaining to key mechanistic events and specific exposures. Apoptosis leading to increased production or decreased clearance of immunogenic intracellular self-antigens and defective apoptosis of autoreactive immune cells both have been implicated in the loss of self-tolerance. The adjuvant or bystander effect is also needed to produce a sustained autoimmune response. Activation of toll-like receptors is one mechanism through which these effects may occur. Abnormal DNA methylation may contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus. Each of the specific exposures has been shown, in humans or in mice, to act upon one or more of these pathogenic steps. Specific recommendations for the continued advancement of our understanding of environmental influences on lupus and other autoimmune diseases include the development and use of mouse models with varying degrees of penetrance and manifestations of disease, identification of molecular or physiologic targets of specific exposures, development and use of improved exposure assessment methodologies, and multisite collaborations designed to examine understudied environmental exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda Cooper
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington, DC 20460 USA.
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Jeurink PV, Vissers YM, Rappard B, Savelkoul HF. T cell responses in fresh and cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Kinetics of cell viability, cellular subsets, proliferation, and cytokine production. Cryobiology 2008; 57:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cooper GS, Gilbert KM, Greidinger EL, James JA, Pfau JC, Reinlib L, Richardson BC, Rose NR. Recent advances and opportunities in research on lupus: environmental influences and mechanisms of disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:695-702. [PMID: 18560522 PMCID: PMC2430222 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review we summarize research on mechanisms through which environmental agents may affect the pathogenesis of lupus, discuss three exposures that have been the focus of research in this area, and propose recommendations for new research initiatives. DATA SOURCES AND SYNTHESIS We examined studies pertaining to key mechanistic events and specific exposures. Apoptosis leading to increased production or decreased clearance of immunogenic intracellular self-antigens and defective apoptosis of autoreactive immune cells both have been implicated in the loss of self-tolerance. The adjuvant or bystander effect is also needed to produce a sustained autoimmune response. Activation of toll-like receptors is one mechanism through which these effects may occur. Abnormal DNA methylation may also contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus. Each of the specific exposures we examined--Epstein-Barr virus, silica, and trichloroethylene--has been shown, in humans or in mice, to act upon one or more of these pathogenic steps. Specific recommendations for the continued advancement of our understanding of environmental influences on lupus and other autoimmune diseases include the development and use of mouse models with varying degrees of penetrance and manifestations of disease, identification of molecular or physiologic targets of specific exposures, development and use of improved exposure assessment methodologies, and multisite collaborations designed to examine understudied environmental exposures in humans. CONCLUSIONS The advances made in the past decade concerning our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of lupus and the influence of environmental agents on this process provide a strong foundation for further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Nakajima T, Inui S, Itami S. Pulse corticosteroid therapy for alopecia areata: study of 139 patients. Dermatology 2007; 215:320-4. [PMID: 17911990 DOI: 10.1159/000107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recent reports of pulse corticosteroid therapy for alopecia areata (AA) show its efficacy for patients with a history of < or = 1 year but not for recalcitrant cases or alopecia totalis/universalis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulse corticosteroid therapy for recent-onset AA patients. METHOD A total of 139 severe AA patients aged >15 years were included in this study. The duration from the onset of active hair loss was within 12 months for 125 (89.9%) of those patients. RESULTS Of the patients, 72.7% had hair loss on > 50% of their scalp area. Among the recent-onset group (duration of AA < or = 6 months), 59.4% were good responders (> 75% regrowth of alopecia lesions), while 15.8% with > 6 months duration showed a good response. Recent-onset AA patients with less severe disease (< or = 50% hair loss) responded at a rate of 88.0%, but only 21.4% of recent-onset patients with 100% hair loss responded. No serious adverse effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakajima
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Hoffmann U, Heilmann K, Hayford C, Stallmach A, Wahnschaffe U, Zeitz M, Günthert U, Wittig BM. CD44v7 ligation downregulates the inflammatory immune response in Crohn's disease patients by apoptosis induction in mononuclear cells from the lamina propria. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1542-51. [PMID: 17479111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of exon CD44v7 abrogates experimental colitis by apoptosis induction in intestinal mononuclear cells. Here we show that CD44v7 expression was upregulated upon CD40 ligation in human mononuclear cells, and examined whether ligation of CD44v7 also affects activation and apoptosis in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Thirty five patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), fourteen controls and four patients with diverticulitis were evaluated. CD44v7 was upregulated predominantly in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients. Furthermore, incubation with an anti-CD44v7 antibody induced apoptosis in LPMC isolated from inflamed mucosa of CD patients, but not from non-inflamed mucosa, from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or from normal controls. CD40 ligation and simultaneous incubation with anti-CD44v7 significantly downregulated CD80 in dendritic cells, thus inhibiting a critical second signal for naive T-cell activation. The apoptotic signal was mediated via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway with decreased Bcl-2 and increased 7A6 (a mitochondrial membrane protein) expression. It was Fas independent and required caspases-3 and -9 activation. The process is highly specific for macrophage activation via CD40. These findings point to a novel mechanism of apoptosis induction in CD patients mediated by CD44v7 ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hoffmann
- Medical Clinic 1, Department for Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin D 12200, Germany
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Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Paroutoglou G, Zavos C. Alopecia areata, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and ulcerative colitis: autoimmunity and apoptosis as common links? Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1288-92. [PMID: 17372831 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cruz AAV, Akaishi PMS, Vargas MA, de Paula SA. Association between thyroid autoimmune dysfunction and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 23:104-8. [PMID: 17413622 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e318030b06b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of the association between thyroid autoimmune dysfunction in patients with and without Graves orbitopathy and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases. METHODS Retrospective review of the medical records of 254 consecutive patients with thyroid autoimmune disease with (n = 150) and without (n = 104) orbitopathy who had been followed at the same institution by ophthalmologists and general clinicians. All medical records contained information on any systemic diseases of the patients and a detailed description of their eye examinations. The mean follow-up period was 5.25 +/- 4.67 years. RESULTS Non-thyroid autoimmune diseases were detected in 24 (9.4%) patients. Type 1 diabetes was the most prevalent non-thyroid autoimmune disease diagnosed in the patients without orbitopathy (7 patients, 6.7%). For the patients with orbitopathy, vitiligo was the most prevalent condition, affecting 6 patients (4%). Other diseases including systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis were seen in a few patients in both groups. The time intervals between the diagnoses of the orbitopathy and the non-thyroid autoimmune disease were highly variable, ranging from none (concomitance of the 2 conditions) to decades. CONCLUSIONS The present data show that several non-thyroid autoimmune diseases may be associated with thyroid autoimmune dysfunction. Patients with Graves disease without orbitopathy are likely to develop polyglandular syndrome due to the occurrence of type 1 diabetes. Patients with Graves orbitopathy should be screened for other autoimmune conditions, especially vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Head-Neck Surgery, Brazil.
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Katagiri K, Arakawa S, Hatano Y. In vivo levels of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ mRNA of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with alopecia areata in comparison to those in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:397-401. [PMID: 17021766 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) has been considered to be supported by an aberrant expression of IFN-gamma as a result of antigen dependent immune response. On the other hand, AA sometimes concurs with atopic diseases, although the mechanism of the concurrence is not clear. This study was designed to elucidate the immune status of AA and the similarity between AA and atopic dermatitis (AD) by analysis of in vivo levels of mRNA of Th1, Th2, and suppressive cytokines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Using semiquantitative RT-PCR, the levels of cytokine mRNA were measured in freshly isolated PBMC of 47 patients with AA, 15 patients with AD, and 12 healthy controls (HC). The levels of IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta1 mRNA were lower in patients with AA than those in HC. The levels of IL-10 mRNA in AA were comparable with those in HC. Decreased levels of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta1 were also shown in patients with AD. These results indicated a similarity (decreased levels of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta1) between AD and AA based on the cytokine profile. In addition, decreased levels of IL-4 mRNA in AA might also explain the experience that the severity of atopic disease coincident with AA is mild in the most of cases. Next, we compared the levels of these cytokine mRNA among the three subgroups of AA that were categorized based on the severity of the symptoms: mild, severe and totalis. Although there was no significant difference between any combinations of the subgroups, there was a tendency to increase the levels of IFN-gamma mRNA and to decrease the levels of IL-4 mRNA according to the severity of alopecia. However, the levels of IFN-gamma mRNA in any subgroups were less than those of HC. These results suggest that IFN-gamma is therefore involved in the pathogenesis of AA, although the information from PBMC is limited. In conclusion, AA might be induced by an aberrant expression of IFN-gamma in individuals whose PBMC produce low amounts of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta1. Further analysis is therefore required to investigate the phenotypes of the population in PBMC with or without reference to regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumoto Katagiri
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine (Dermatology), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
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Abstract
Células T, em particular as células T CD4+, têm sido associadas a muitos aspectos das doenças de pele. A evidência atual sugere, porém, que o papel dos linfócitos T CD4+ no desenvolvimento de inflamação cutânea excede o de ativador pró-inflamatório das células T de ação que dirigem a resposta imune. Subtipos de células T com capacidade reguladora, tais como Tregs CD4+CD25+high, têm sido identificadas. Observações recentes sugerem que em algumas doenças da pele a função dessas células está modificada. Portanto, o desenvolvimento e a função de Tregs na dermatologia são atualmente um tópico atraente devido a sua importância no controle da resposta do sistema imune contra tumores e doenças infecciosas, bem como inibindo o desenvolvimento de auto-imunidade e alergia. Assim, mecanismos reguladores defeituosos podem permitir a quebra da tolerância imune periférica seguida por inflamação crônica e doença. Detalham-se as anormalidades funcionais e a contribuição de diferentes subtipos de células T reguladoras no desenvolvimento de doenças dermatológicas nesta revisão. Acentuam-se os possíveis alvos terapêuticos e as modificações dos T reguladores causados por imunomoduladores usados no campo da dermatologia.
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McElwee K, Zoller M, Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases and their potential. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2006; 10:280-281. [PMID: 16402480 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.10130_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McElwee
- Vancouver Coastal Health and Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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McElwee KJ, Yu M, Park SW, Ross EK, Finner A, Shapiro J. What Can We Learn from Animal Models of Alopecia areata? Dermatology 2005; 211:47-53. [PMID: 15983437 DOI: 10.1159/000085580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a hair loss disease marked by a focal inflammatory infiltrate of dystrophic anagen stage hair follicles by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Although AA is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, definitive proof is lacking. Moreover, characterization of the primary pathogenic mechanisms by which hair loss is induced in AA is limited. In this context, animal models may provide a vital contribution to understanding AA. Recent research using animal models of AA has focused on providing evidence in support of a lymphocyte-mediated pathogenic mechanism consistent with AA as an autoimmune disease. In the future, research with both humans and animal models shall likely concentrate on identifying the primary antigenic epitopes involved in AA and the genetics of AA susceptibility. With a comprehensive understanding of the key elements in AA pathogenesis, new avenues for therapeutic research and intervention will be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McElwee
- Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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