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Bonney EA. A Framework for Understanding Maternal Immunity. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:e1-e20. [PMID: 37179052 PMCID: PMC10484232 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This is an alternative and controversial framing of the data relevant to maternal immunity. It argues for a departure from classical theory to view, interrogate and interpret existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont Robert Larner College of Medicine, Given Building, Room C246, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Budd RC, Scharer CD, Barrantes-Reynolds R, Legunn S, Fortner KA. T Cell Homeostatic Proliferation Promotes a Redox State That Drives Metabolic and Epigenetic Upregulation of Inflammatory Pathways in Lupus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:410-422. [PMID: 34328790 PMCID: PMC8982120 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Numerous abnormalities in T cells have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including lymphopenia, DNA demethylation, expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), increased cell death, enlarged mitochondria, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the appearance of unusual CD4-CD8- T cells. Our studies propose a model in which accelerated homeostatic proliferation of T cells promotes an epigenetic and metabolic program, leading to this cluster of abnormalities. Recent Advances: Growing knowledge of the innate immune disorders in SLE has included increased mitochondrial size and ROS production that induces oligomerization of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein and type I interferon production, as well as DNA demethylation, upregulation of inflammatory genes, and expression of certain ERVs in SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. All these events are part of the cellular program that occurs during homeostatic proliferation of T cells. Evidence from a murine model of SLE as well as in human SLE reveals that increased T cell homeostatic proliferation may be a driving factor in these processes. Critical Issues: Despite extensive knowledge of the myriad autoantibodies in SLE and other immune abnormalities, a cogent model has been lacking to link the numerous and seemingly disparate immune aberrations. This may partly explain the general lack of new drugs specifically for SLE in over 50 years. A more coherent model of SLE would not only unify the variety of immune abnormalities is SLE but would also suggest new therapies. Future Directions: The model of augmented homeostatic proliferation leading to increased mitochondrial mass, ROS, DNA demethylation, and upregulation of inflammatory genes suggests strategic new targets for SLE, including antioxidants and certain inhibitors of metabolism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 410-422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph C Budd
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramiro Barrantes-Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Scott Legunn
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Karen A Fortner
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Gokina NI, Fairchild RI, Prakash K, DeLance NM, Bonney EA. Deficiency in CD4 T Cells Leads to Enhanced Postpartum Internal Carotid Artery Vasoconstriction in Mice: The Role of Nitric Oxide. Front Physiol 2021; 12:686429. [PMID: 34220551 PMCID: PMC8242360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of postpartum (PP) stroke is increased in complicated pregnancies. Deficiency in CD4 T cell subsets is associated with preeclampsia and may contribute to PP vascular disease, including internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and stroke. We hypothesized that CD4 T cell deficiency in pregnancy would result in ICA dysregulation, including enhanced ICA vasoconstriction. We characterized the function, mechanical behavior, and structure of ICAs from C57BL/6 (WT) and CD4 deficient (CD4KO) mice, and assessed the role of NO in the control of ICA function at pre-conception and PP. WT and CD4KO mice were housed under pathogen-free conditions, mated to same-strain males, and allowed to litter or left virgin. At 3 days or 4 weeks PP, mice were euthanized. The responses to phenylephrine (PE), high K+ and acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed in pressurized ICAs before and after NOS inhibition. Passive lumen diameters were measured at 3–140 mmHg. eNOS and iNOS expression as well as the presence of T cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Constriction of WT ICAs to PE was not modified PP. In contrast, responses to PE were significantly increased in ICAs from PP as compared to virgin CD4KO mice. Constriction to high K+ was not enhanced PP. ICAs from WT and CD4KO mice were equally sensitive to ACh with a significant rightward shift of dose-response curves after L-NNA treatment. NOS inhibition enhanced PE constriction of ICAs from WT virgin and PP mice. Although a similar effect was detected in ICAs of virgin CD4KO mice, no such changes were observed in vessels from PP CD4KO mice. Passive arterial distensibility at physiological levels of pressure was not modified at PP. ICA diameters were significantly increased in PP with no change in vascular wall thickness. Comparison of eNOS expression in virgin, 3 days and 4 weeks PP revealed a reduced expression in ICA from CD4 KO vs. WT PP vessels which reached significance at 4 weeks PP. iNos expression was similar and decreased over the PP period in vessels from WT and CD4KO mice. Dysregulation of the CD4 T cell population in pregnancy may make ICA vulnerable to vasospasm due to decreased NO-dependent control of ICA constriction. This may lead to cerebral hypoperfusion and increase the risk of maternal PP stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Gokina
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Rebecca I Fairchild
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kirtika Prakash
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Nicole M DeLance
- Microscopy Imaging Center, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Scharer CD, Fortner KA, Dragon JA, Tighe S, Boss JM, Budd RC. Selective DNA Demethylation Accompanies T Cell Homeostatic Proliferation and Gene Regulation in Lupus-Prone lpr Mice. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:679-687. [PMID: 33097564 PMCID: PMC8141279 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased DNA demethylation in T cells, although it is unclear whether this occurs primarily in a subset of SLE T cells. The process driving the DNA demethylation and the consequences on overall gene expression are also poorly understood and whether this represents a secondary consequence of SLE or a primary contributing factor. Lupus-prone lpr mice accumulate large numbers of T cells with age because of a mutation in Fas (CD95). The accumulating T cells include an unusual population of CD4-CD8-TCR-αβ+ (DN) T cells that arise from CD8+ precursors and are also found in human SLE. We have previously observed that T cell accumulation in lpr mice is due to dysregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation, which parallels an increased expression of numerous genes in the DN subset, including several proinflammatory molecules and checkpoint blockers. We thus determined the DNA methylome in lpr DN T cells compared with their CD8+ precursors. Our findings show that DN T cells manifest discrete sites of extensive demethylation throughout the genome, and these sites correspond to the location of a large proportion of the upregulated genes. Thus, dysregulated homeostatic proliferation in lpr mice and consequent epigenetic alterations may be a contributing factor to lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
| | - Karen A Fortner
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; and
| | - Julie A Dragon
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Scott Tighe
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; and
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Liu Y, Xu H, Lai N, Yang Z, Kang S. [Interleukin-12 over-expression in malignant melanoma B16 cells reduces programmed death-1 expression on T cells in mice with immune reconstitution]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:856-863. [PMID: 32895201 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether interleukin-12 (IL-12) over-expression in malignant melanoma B16 cells affects the expression level of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T cells in mice during immune microenvironment reconstruction. METHODS B16 cells were transfected with an IL-12 expression lentiviral vector, and IL-12 over-expression in the cells was verified qPCR and ELISA. Plate cloning assay was used to compare the cell proliferation activity between B16 cells and B16/IL-12 cells. The expression of IL-12 protein in B16/IL-12 cells-derived tumor tissue were detected by ELISA. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with B16 cells or B16/IL-12 cells, and 14 days later the proportion of T cells with high expression of PD-1 in the tumor-draining lymph nodes was detected by flow cytometry. Mouse models of immune reconstitution established by 650 cGy X-ray radiation were inoculated with B16 (B16+RT group) or B16/IL-12 (B16/IL-12+RT group) cells, with the mice without X-ray radiation prior to B16 cell inoculation as controls. Tumor growth in the mice was recorded at different time points, and on day 14, flow cytometry was performed to detect the proportion of T cells with high PD-1 expression in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and in the tumor tissue. RESULTS B16 cells infected with the IL-12-overexpressing lentiviral vector showed significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of IL-12 (P < 0.001) without obvious changes in cell viability (P>0.05). B16/IL-12 cells expressed higher levels of IL-12 than B16 cells in vivo (P < 0.01). In the tumor-bearing mouse models, the proportion of CD4 + PD-1+ T cells was significantly lower in B16/IL-12 group than in B16 group (P < 0.01). In the mice with X-ray radiation-induced immune reconstitution, PD-1 expressions on CD4+ T cells (P < 0.05) and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in B16+ RT group than in the control mice and in B16/IL-12+RT group (P < 0.01 or 0.001); the tumors grew more slowly in B16/IL-12+RT group than in B16 + RT group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS During immune microenvironment reconstruction, overexpression IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment can reduce the percentage of PD-1 + T cells and suppress the growth of malignant melanoma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyouhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Nan Lai
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zike Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Shijun Kang
- Department of Oncology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Zhou Y, Leng X, Mo C, Zou Q, Liu Y, Wang Y. The p53 effector Perp mediates the persistence of CD4 + effector memory T-cell undergoing lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Immunol Lett 2020; 224:14-20. [PMID: 32473185 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under lymphopenic conditions, the rapid spontaneous proliferation produces cells that robustly differentiate into effector memory T (TEM) cells, and the aberrant expansion is preferentially driven by self-antigens. The pool size of effector memory T-cell is governed by a complex homeostatic balance between proliferation and death. Perp is a critical effector involved in the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway and widely expressed in mammalian tissues. We have previously shown that Perp has a prominent role in activation-induced cell death of peripheral Th17 cells. Here, we show that Peripheral Perp-/-CD4+ TEM cells outcompete wild type TEM cells for access to splenic niches in vivo. The skewing of the Perp-/- TEM cells compartment was not the result of a difference in lymphopenia-induced proliferation, but the resistance to apoptosis, particularly after anti-Fas treatment. Data presented in this work indicate that Perp mediates the persistence of CD4+ TEM cells in irradiation-induced lymphopenic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital and Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Leng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chunfen Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yantang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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Kechida M. Update on Autoimmune Diseases Pathogenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2947-2952. [PMID: 31686634 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190709205421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases result from the interplay of cellular effectors like T and B cells, regulatory cells in addition to molecular factors like cytokines and regulatory molecules. METHODS Different electronic databases were searched in a non-systematic way to find out the literature of interest. RESULTS Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases involves typical factors such as genetic background including HLA and non HLA system genes, environmental factors such as infectious agents and inflammatory cells mainly T and B lymphocytes abnormally activated leading to immune dysfunction. Other recently reported less typical factors such as micro-RNAs, circular RNAs, myeloperoxidase, vimentine and microbiome dysbiosis seem to be potential target therapies. CONCLUSION We aimed in this manuscript to review common factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Kechida
- Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Department of Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, BP 56 Avenue Taher Haddad, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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Fortner KA, Blanco LP, Buskiewicz I, Huang N, Gibson PC, Cook DL, Pedersen HL, Yuen PST, Murphy MP, Perl A, Kaplan MJ, Budd RC. Targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress with MitoQ reduces NET formation and kidney disease in lupus-prone MRL- lpr mice. Lupus Sci Med 2020; 7:e000387. [PMID: 32343673 PMCID: PMC7199895 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2020-000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent investigations in humans and mouse models with lupus have revealed evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) in T cells and neutrophils. This can provoke numerous cellular changes including oxidation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and even induction of cell death. We have previously observed that in T cells from patients with lupus, the increased mROS is capable of provoking oligomerisation of mitochondrial antiviral stimulator (MAVS) and production of type I interferon (IFN-I). mROS in SLE neutrophils also promotes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are increased in lupus and implicated in renal damage. As a result, in addition to traditional immunosuppression, more comprehensive treatments for lupus may also include non-immune therapy, such as antioxidants. METHODS Lupus-prone MRL-lpr mice were treated from weaning for 11 weeks with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ (200 µM) in drinking water. Mice were then assessed for ROS production in neutrophils, NET formation, MAVS oligomerisation, serum IFN-I, autoantibody production and renal function. RESULTS MitoQ-treated mice manifested reduced neutrophil ROS and NET formation, decreased MAVS oligomerisation and serum IFN-I, and reduced immune complex formation in kidneys, despite no change in serum autoantibody . CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the potential utility of targeting mROS in addition to traditional immunosuppressive therapy for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Fortner
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Luz P Blanco
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iwona Buskiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, New York
| | - Nick Huang
- Rheumatology Clinic, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, New York
| | - Pamela C Gibson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Deborah L Cook
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Hege L Pedersen
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutic Unit, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andras Perl
- Rheumatology Clinic, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, New York
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Xiong C, Qi J, Deng R, Xie L, Li C, Nie X. [Total glucosides of paeony inhibits proliferation and promotes activation- induced cell death of mouse T cells in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:118-124. [PMID: 32376553 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) on the proliferation and activation-induced cell death of mouse T cells and the mechanism underlying the immunosuppressive effects of TGP. METHODS Purified total T cells isolated from the spleen of C57BL/6 mice were treated with TGP at 0, 50, 100, or 200 μg/mL and stimulated by anti-CD3/ CD28. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the cell death and the proliferation of CFSE-labeled T cells. The expression of Fas/FasL mRNA was detected using RT-PCR, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of Fas/FasL proteins on activated T cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 in the cells. RESULTS TGP treatment for 48 h significantly reduced the total number and percentage of viable T cells and dose-dependently lowered the percentage of divided T cells. TGP treatment obviously up-regulated the cellular expression of Fas mRNA, enhanced Fas expression on the surface of the T cells, and decreased the expression level of Bcl-2 protein in the cells. CONCLUSIONS TGP significantly inhibits proliferation and promotes activation-induced cell death of mouse T cell by increasing the expression of Fas and downregulating the expression of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Xiong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jieying Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rong Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lifen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changzhang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoli Nie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Marshall N, Hutchinson K, Marron TU, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Svensson-Arvelund J, Brown BD, Merad M, Brody JD. Antitumor T-cell Homeostatic Activation Is Uncoupled from Homeostatic Inhibition by Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1520-1537. [PMID: 31375522 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell transfer into lymphodepleted recipients induces homeostatic activation and potentiates antitumor efficacy. In contrast to canonical T-cell receptor-induced activation, homeostatic activation yields a distinct phenotype and memory state whose regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show in patients and murine models that, following transfer into lymphodepleted bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, CD8+ T cells undergo activation but also simultaneous homeostatic inhibition manifested by upregulation of immune-checkpoint molecules and functional suppression. T cells transferred into BMT recipients were protected from homeostatic inhibition by PD-1/CTLA4 dual checkpoint blockade (dCB). This combination of dCB and BMT-"immunotransplant"-increased T-cell homeostatic activation and antitumor T-cell responses by an order of magnitude. Like homeostatic activation, homeostatic inhibition is IL7/IL15-dependent, revealing mechanistic coupling of these two processes. Marked similarity in ex vivo modulation of post-BMT T cells in mice and patients is promising for the clinical translation of immunotransplant (NCT03305445) and for addressing homeostatic inhibition in T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: For optimal anticancer effect, T-cell therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, and transgenic T-cell therapies require transfer into lymphodepleted recipients and homeostatic activation; however, concomitant homeostatic inhibition mitigates T-cell therapies' efficacy. Checkpoint blockade uncouples homeostatic inhibition from activation, amplifying T-cell responses. Conversely, tumors nonresponsive to checkpoint blockade or BMT are treatable with immunotransplant.See related commentary by Ansell, p. 1487.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netonia Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Thomas U Marron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mark Aleynick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
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Secinaro MA, Fortner KA, Collins C, Rincón M, Budd RC. Glycolysis Induces MCJ Expression That Links T Cell Proliferation With Caspase-3 Activity and Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 30915331 PMCID: PMC6421275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective adaptive immune response requires rapid T cell proliferation, followed by equally robust cell death. These two processes are coordinately regulated to allow sufficient magnitude of response followed by its rapid resolution, while also providing the maintenance of T cell memory. Both aspects of this T cell response are characterized by profound changes in metabolism; glycolysis drives proliferation whereas oxidative phosphorylation supports the survival of memory T cells. While much is known about the separate aspects of T cell expansion and contraction, considerably less is understood regarding how these processes might be connected. We report a link between the induction of glycolysis in CD8+ T cells and upregulation of the inhibitor of complex I and oxidative phosphorylation, methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ). MCJ acts synergistically with glycolysis to promote caspase-3 activity. Effector CD8+ T cells from MCJ-deficient mice manifest reduced glycolysis and considerably less active caspase-3 compared to wild-type cells. Consistent with these observations, in non-glycolytic CD8+ T cells cultured in the presence of IL-15, MCJ expression is repressed by methylation, which parallels their reduced active caspase-3 and increased survival compared to glycolytic IL-2-cultured T cells. Elevated levels of MCJ are also observed in vivo in the highly proliferative and glycolytic subset of CD4-CD8- T cells in Fas-deficient lpr mice. This subset also manifests elevated levels of activated caspase-3 and rapid cell death. Collectively, these data demonstrate tight linkage of glycolysis, MCJ expression, and active caspase-3 that serves to prevent the accumulation and promote the timely death of highly proliferative CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Secinaro
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Karen A Fortner
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Cheryl Collins
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Mercedes Rincón
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Bonney EA, Johnson MR. The role of maternal T cell and macrophage activation in preterm birth: Cause or consequence? Placenta 2019; 79:53-61. [PMID: 30929747 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in term (TL) and preterm labor (PTL) is unknown. Despite the fact that globally, PTL remains the most important cause of childhood mortality. Infection, typically of the fetal membranes, termed chorioamnionitis, is the best-understood driver of PTL, but the mechanisms underpinning other causes, including idiopathic and stretch-induced PTL, are unclear, but may well involve activation of the maternal immune system. The final common pathway of placental dysfunction, fetal membrane rupture, cervical dilation and uterine contractions are highly complex processes. At term, choriodecidual rather than myometrial inflammation is thought to drive the onset of labor and similar findings are present in different types of PTL including idiopathic PTL. Although accumulated data has confirmed an association between the immune response and preterm birth, there is yet a need to understand if this response is an initiator or a consequence of tissue-level dysregulation. This review focuses on the potential role of macrophages and T cells in innate and adaptive immunity relevant to preterm birth in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Ferreira CM, Williams JW, Tong J, Rayon C, Blaine KM, Sperling AI. Allergen Exposure in Lymphopenic Fas-Deficient Mice Results in Persistent Eosinophilia Due to Defects in Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2395. [PMID: 30425708 PMCID: PMC6219400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic airway type-2 inflammation and eosinophilia, yet the mechanisms involved in chronic, non-resolving inflammation remain poorly defined. Previously, our group has found that when Rag-deficient mice were reconstituted with Fas-deficient B6 LPR T cells and sensitized and challenged, the mice developed a prolonged type-2-mediated airway inflammation that continued for more than 6 weeks after the last antigen exposure. Surprisingly, no defect in resolution was found when intact B6 LPR mice or T cell specific Fas-conditional knockout mice were sensitized and challenged. We hypothesize that the homeostatic proliferation induced by adoptive transfer of T cells into Rag-deficient mice may be an important mechanism involved in the lack of resolution. To investigate the role of homeostatic proliferation, we induced lymphopenia in the T cell-specific Fas-conditional knockout mice by non-lethal irradiation and sensitized them when T cells began to repopulate. Interestingly, we found that defective Fas signaling on T cells plus antigen exposure during homeostatic proliferation was sufficient to induce prolonged eosinophilic airway inflammation. In conclusion, our data show that the combination of transient lymphopenia, abnormal Fas-signaling, and antigen exposure leads to the development of a prolonged airway eosinophilic inflammatory phase in our mouse model of experimental asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Ferreira
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Committee on Molecular Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jiankun Tong
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Crystal Rayon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kelly M Blaine
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Molecular Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Leins H, Mulaw M, Eiwen K, Sakk V, Liang Y, Denkinger M, Geiger H, Schirmbeck R. Aged murine hematopoietic stem cells drive aging-associated immune remodeling. Blood 2018; 132:565-576. [PMID: 29891535 PMCID: PMC6137572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-831065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated remodeling of the immune system impairs its functional integrity and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), from which all cells of the adaptive immune system ultimately originate, might play a crucial role in the remodeling of the aged immune system. We recently reported that aging of HSCs is, in part, driven by elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 and that aged HSCs can be rejuvenated in vitro by inhibition of the elevated Cdc42 activity in aged HSCs with the pharmacological compound CASIN. To study the quality of immune systems stemming selectively from young or aged HSCs, we established a HSC transplantation model in T- and B-cell-deficient young RAG1-/- hosts. We report that both phenotypic and functional changes in the immune system on aging are primarily a consequence of changes in the function of HSCs on aging and, to a large extent, independent of the thymus, as young and aged HSCs reconstituted distinct T- and B-cell subsets in RAG1-/- hosts that mirrored young and aged immune systems. Importantly, aged HSCs treated with CASIN reestablished an immune system similar to that of young animals, and thus capable of mounting a strong immune response to vaccination. Our studies further imply that epigenetic signatures already imprinted in aged HSCs determine the transcriptional profile and function of HSC-derived T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Leins
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karina Eiwen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael Denkinger
- AGAPLESION Bethesda Hospital, Geriatric Research Unit and
- Geriatric Center Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Nagakubo D, Swann JB, Birmelin S, Boehm T. Autoimmunity associated with chemically induced thymic dysplasia. Int Immunol 2017; 29:385-390. [PMID: 28992076 PMCID: PMC5890891 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are frequent complications in patients with reduced numbers of T cells. Here, we describe a mouse model of thymic stromal dysplasia resulting in peripheral T-cell lymphopenia. In Foxn1:CFP-NTR transgenic mice, the bacterial nitroreductase enzyme is expressed in thymic epithelial cells and converts the prodrug CB1954 into a cytotoxic agent. This strategy enables titratable and durable destruction of thymopoietic tissue in early embryogenesis. Our results indicate that the resulting low levels of thymic capacity for T-cell production create a predisposition for the development of a complex autoimmune syndrome, chiefly characterized by inflammatory bowel disease and lymphocytic organ infiltrations. We conclude that the Foxn1:CFP-NTR transgenic mouse strain represents a suitable animal model to optimize established clinical protocols, such as thymus transplantation, to correct various forms of thymic dysplasia and to explore novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Birmelin
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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