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Rajninec M, Jopcik M, Danchenko M, Libantova J. Biochemical and antifungal characteristics of recombinant class I chitinase from Drosera rotundifolia. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:854-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Durechova D, Jopcik M, Rajninec M, Moravcikova J, Libantova J. Expression of Drosera rotundifolia Chitinase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Enhanced Their Antifungal Potential. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:916-928. [PMID: 31555964 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chitinase gene (DrChit) that plays a role in the carnivorous processes of Drosera rotundifolia L. was isolated from genomic DNA, linked to a double CaMV35S promoter and nos terminator in a pBinPlus plant binary vector, and used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco. RT-qPCR revealed that within 14 transgenic lines analysed in detail, 57% had DrChit transcript abundance comparable to or lower than level of a reference actin gene transcript. In contrast, the transgenic lines 9 and 14 exhibited 72 and 152 times higher expression level than actin. The protein extracts of these two lines exhibited five and eight times higher chitinolytic activity than non-transgenic controls when measured in a fluorimetric assay with FITC-chitin. Finally, the growth of Trichoderma viride was obviously suppressed when the pathogen was exposed to 100 μg of crude protein extract isolated from line 9 and line 14, with the area of mycelium growth reaching only 56.4% and 45.2%, of non-transgenic control, respectively. This is the first time a chitinase from a carnivorous plant with substrate specificity for long chitin polymers was tested in a transgenic plant with the aim of exploring its antifungal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Durechova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Jopcik M, Moravcikova J, Matusikova I, Bauer M, Rajninec M, Libantova J. Structural and functional characterisation of a class I endochitinase of the carnivorous sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.). PLANTA 2017; 245:313-327. [PMID: 27761648 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase gene from the carnivorous plant, Drosera rotundifolia , was cloned and functionally characterised. Plant chitinases are believed to play an important role in the developmental and physiological processes and in responses to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, there is growing evidence that carnivorous plants can use them to digest insect prey. In this study, a full-length genomic clone consisting of the 1665-bp chitinase gene (gDrChit) and adjacent promoter region of the 698 bp in length were isolated from Drosera rotundifolia L. using degenerate PCR and a genome-walking approach. The corresponding coding sequence of chitinase gene (DrChit) was obtained following RNA isolation from the leaves of aseptically grown in vitro plants, cDNA synthesis with a gene-specific primer and PCR amplification. The open reading frame of cDNA clone consisted of 978 nucleotides and encoded 325 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis indicated that DrChit belongs to the class I group of plant chitinases. Phylogenetic analysis within the Caryophyllales class I chitinases demonstrated a significant evolutionary relatedness of DrChit with clade Ib, which contains the extracellular orthologues that play a role in carnivory. Comparative expression analysis revealed that the DrChit is expressed predominantly in tentacles and is up-regulated by treatment with inducers that mimick insect prey. Enzymatic activity of rDrChit protein expressed in Escherichia coli was confirmed and purified protein exhibited a long oligomer-specific endochitinase activity on glycol-chitin and FITC-chitin. The isolation and expression profile of a chitinase gene from D. rotundifolia has not been reported so far. The obtained results support the role of specific chitinases in digestive processes in carnivorous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ildiko Matusikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Bauer
- NAFC Research Institute for Animal Production, Nitra, Hlohovska 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Gilbert JB, O'Brien JS, Suresh HS, Cohen RE, Rubner MF. Orientation-specific attachment of polymeric microtubes on cell surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5948-5952. [PMID: 23963879 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tubular particles presenting heterogeneous regions of chemistry on the tube-ends versus the side are fabricated and are shown to control the particle orientation on the surface of live lymphocytes. Controlling the orientation of anisotropic microparticles on cell surfaces is of interest for biomedical applications and drug delivery in particular, since it can be used to promote or resist particle internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Gilbert
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, MA, 02139, USA
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Price NPJ, Naumann TA. A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based assay of chitinase activity. Anal Biochem 2010; 411:94-9. [PMID: 21187055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) assay is described for determination of chitolytic enzyme activity. The assay uses unmodified chitin oligosaccharide substrates and is readily achievable on a microliter scale (2μl of total volume containing 2μg of substrate and 1ng of protein). The speed and sensitivity of the assay make it potentially well suited for the high-throughput screening of chitinase inhibitors. The mass spectrum is acquired in approximately 2min, as opposed to typically 30-40min for a single run with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based assay. By using the multiple-place MALDI MS targets, we estimate that 100 assays could be run in approximately 2-3h without needing to remove the target from the instrument. In addition, because the substrate and product chitomers are visualized simultaneously in the TOF spectrum, this gives immediate information about the cleavage site and mechanism of the enzyme under study. The assay was used to monitor the purification and transgenic expression of plant class IV chitinases. By performing the assay with chitomer substrates and C-glycoside chitomer analogs, the enzyme mechanism of the class IV chitinases is described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P J Price
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Comparative analysis of extracellular proteins from Pochonia chlamydosporia grown with chitosan or chitin as main carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Chitin is abundant in the structural coatings of fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes. The host defense against chitin-containing pathogens includes production of chitinases. An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in human epithelial cells of lower airways through a TH2-specific, interleukin-13-dependent pathway and appears to be associated with allergic asthma. The role of AMCase in allergic ocular pathologies has never been studied previously. METHODS Six patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), 7 patients with season allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), and 8 healthy controls (4 children and 4 adults) were enrolled in this study. AMCase activity was measured in tears, RNA was extracted from epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, and AMCase mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AMCase activity was increased in patients affected by VKC (33.7 +/- 10.8 nmol/mL/h) and SAC (7.3 +/- 4.1 nmol/mL/h) compared with healthy controls (1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol/mL/h), and AMCase activity was higher in subjects with VKC (P = 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 100%, addressing the use of AMCase assay in the biochemical diagnosis of VKC and SAC. AMCase mRNA was detected in epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, and the expression was significantly higher in VKC and SAC. CONCLUSIONS AMCase may be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of TH2 inflammation eye diseases, suggesting a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in these pathologies.
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Palma-Guerrero J, Jansson HB, Salinas J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Effect of chitosan on hyphal growth and spore germination of plant pathogenic and biocontrol fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:541-53. [PMID: 17927761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the toxic effect of chitosan on important root pathogenic and biocontrol fungi (nematophagous, entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic). METHODS AND RESULTS We have used standard bioassays to investigate the effect of chitosan on colony growth and developed bioassays to test spore germination. The results showed that the root pathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi tested were more sensitive to chitosan than nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi. Chitosanases (and perhaps related enzymes) are involved in the resistance to chitosan. Two fungi, one sensitive to chitosan, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and one less sensitive, Pochonia chlamydosporia, were selected for ultrastructural investigations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed differences in the ultrastructural alterations caused by chitosan in the spores of the plant pathogenic fungus and in those of the nematophagous fungus. Confocal laser microscopy showed that Rhodamine-labelled chitosan enters rapidly into conidia of both fungi, in an energy-dependent process. CONCLUSIONS Nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi are rather resistant to the toxic effect of chitosan. Resistance of nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi to chitosan could be associated with their high extracellular chitosanolytic activity. Furthermore, ultrastructural damage is much more severe in the chitosan sensitive fungus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this paper suggest that biocontrol fungi tested could be combined with chitosan for biological control of plant pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palma-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramón Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Paoletti MG, Norberto L, Damini R, Musumeci S. Human gastric juice contains chitinase that can degrade chitin. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:244-51. [PMID: 17587796 DOI: 10.1159/000104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitin digestion by humans has generally been questioned or denied. Only recently chitinases have been found in several human tissues and their role has been associated with defense against parasite infections and to some allergic conditions. In this pilot study we tested the gastric juices of 25 Italian subjects on the artificial substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N,N',diacetylchitobiose or/and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) chitin to demonstrate the presence of a chitinase activity. Since this chitinase activity was demonstrated at acidic pH, it is currently referred to acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). AMCase activity was present in gastric juices of twenty of 25 Italian patients in a range of activity from 0.21 to 36.27 nmol/ml/h and from 8,881 to 1,254,782 fluorescence emission (CPS), according to the used methods. In the remaining five of 25 gastric juices, AMCase activity was almost absent in both assay methods. An allosamidine inhibition test and the measurement at different pH values confirmed that this activity was characteristic of AMCase. The absence of activity in 20% of the gastric juices may be a consequence of virtual absence of chitinous food in the Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio G Paoletti
- Department of Biology, Laboratory Agroecology and Ethnobiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Souza RF, Soares RMA, Nascimento RP, Coelho RRR, Gomes RC. Effect of different carbon sources on endochitinase production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Curr Microbiol 2005; 51:16-21. [PMID: 15971091 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-4506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work analyzes the production of endochitinase by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a phytopathogenic fungus, using six different carbon sources and two pH values. For quantitative assay of endochitinase activity in solution, the synthetic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N,N',N"-triacetylchitotrioside was used. The major productions were obtained at pH 7.0 and 9.0, when colloidal chitin and glucose were used, whereas xylose and lactose were not good carbon sources. When testing different concentrations of colloidal chitin, glucose and glucosamine, colloidal chitin 0.5% was the best substrate, giving values of 2.4 U at the fifth day. When using glucose, best production occurred at 0.3% concentration, after 5 days growth, with values of 1.31 U. Endochitinase production was markedly decreased in high levels of glucose and in all glucosamine concentrations tested. SDS-PAGE co-polymerized with glycol-chitin analysis showed three major activity bands of 200, 100, and 95 kDa, when incubated at 50 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), CCS, Bloco I,Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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