1
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Guo Y, Kitano T, Inoue K, Murano K, Hirose M, Li TD, Sakashita A, Ishizu H, Ogonuki N, Matoba S, Sato M, Ogura A, Siomi H. Obox4 promotes zygotic genome activation upon loss of Dux. eLife 2024; 13:e95856. [PMID: 38856708 PMCID: PMC11196112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Once fertilized, mouse zygotes rapidly proceed to zygotic genome activation (ZGA), during which long terminal repeats (LTRs) of murine endogenous retroviruses with leucine tRNA primer (MERVL) are activated by a conserved homeodomain-containing transcription factor, DUX. However, Dux-knockout embryos produce fertile mice, suggesting that ZGA is redundantly driven by an unknown factor(s). Here, we present multiple lines of evidence that the multicopy homeobox gene, Obox4, encodes a transcription factor that is highly expressed in mouse two-cell embryos and redundantly drives ZGA. Genome-wide profiling revealed that OBOX4 specifically binds and activates MERVL LTRs as well as a subset of murine endogenous retroviruses with lysine tRNA primer (MERVK) LTRs. Depletion of Obox4 is tolerated by embryogenesis, whereas concomitant Obox4/Dux depletion markedly compromises embryonic development. Our study identified OBOX4 as a transcription factor that provides genetic redundancy to preimplantation development.
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Grants
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Innovative Areas,19H05753 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Project to Elucidate and Control Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Innovative Areas,19H05758 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI,20K21507 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI,22H02534 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Student Grant-in-Aid Program Keio University
- Doctoral Program Student Support Fellowship Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Innovative Areas 19H05753 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Innovative Areas 19H05758 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI 20K21507 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI 22H02534 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research
- Sumitomo Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kitano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Bioresource Engineering Division, Bioresource Center, RIKENTsukubaJapan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Kensaku Murano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Michiko Hirose
- Human Biology Microbiome Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ten D Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Sakashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hirotsugu Ishizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- Bioresource Engineering Division, Bioresource Center, RIKENTsukubaJapan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, Bioresource Center, RIKENTsukubaJapan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, Bioresource Center, RIKENTsukubaJapan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Human Biology Microbiome Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio UniversityTokyoJapan
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2
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Wen K, Cai JP, Fan X, Zhang X, Luo C, Tang KM, Shuai H, Chen LL, Zhang RR, Situ J, Tsoi HW, Wang K, Chan JFW, Yuan S, Yuen KY, Zhou H, To KKW. Broad-spectrum humanized monoclonal neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the Omicron variant. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1213806. [PMID: 37645378 PMCID: PMC10461085 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1213806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been shown to improve the outcome of severe COVID-19 patients in clinical trials. However, novel variants with spike protein mutations can render many currently available mAbs ineffective. Methods We produced mAbs by using hybridoma cells that generated from mice immunized with spike protein trimer and receptor binding domain (RBD). The panel of mAbs were screened for binding and neutralizing activity against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The in vivo effectiveness of WKS13 was evaluated in a hamster model. Results Out of 960 clones, we identified 18 mAbs that could bind spike protein. Ten of the mAbs could attach to RBD, among which five had neutralizing activity against the ancestral strain and could block the binding between the spike protein and human ACE2. One of these mAbs, WKS13, had broad neutralizing activity against all Variants of Concern (VOCs), including the Omicron variant. Both murine or humanized versions of WKS13 could reduce the lung viral load in hamsters infected with the Delta variant. Conclusions Our data showed that broad-spectrum high potency mAbs can be produced from immunized mice, which can be used in humans after humanization of the Fc region. Our method represents a versatile and rapid strategy for generating therapeutic mAbs for upcoming novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wen
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai-Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ricky Ruiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi-Wah Tsoi
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Mise-Omata S, Ikeda M, Takeshita M, Uwamino Y, Wakui M, Arai T, Yoshifuji A, Murano K, Siomi H, Nakagawara K, Ohyagi M, Ando M, Hasegawa N, Saya H, Murata M, Fukunaga K, Namkoong H, Lu X, Yamasaki S, Yoshimura A. Memory B Cells and Memory T Cells Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccination or Infection Show Different Dynamics and Responsiveness to the Omicron Variant. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2104-2113. [PMID: 36426984 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the immunological memory produced by BNT162b2 vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been well studied and established, further information using different racial cohorts is necessary to understand the overall immunological response to vaccination. We evaluated memory B and T cell responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein before and after the third booster using a Japanese cohort. Although the Ab titer against the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) decreased significantly 8 mo after the second vaccination, the number of memory B cells continued to increase, whereas the number of memory T cells decreased slowly. Memory B and T cells from unvaccinated infected patients showed similar kinetics. After the third vaccination, the Ab titer increased to the level of the second vaccination, and memory B cells increased at significantly higher levels before the booster, whereas memory T cells recovered close to the second vaccination levels. In memory T cells, the frequency of CXCR5+CXCR3+CCR6- circulating follicular Th1 was positively correlated with RBD-specific Ab-secreting B cells. For the response to variant RBDs, although 60-80% of memory B cells could bind to the omicron RBD, their avidity was low, whereas memory T cells show an equal response to the omicron spike. Thus, the persistent presence of memory B and T cells will quickly upregulate Ab production and T cell responses after omicron strain infection, which prevents severe illness and death due to coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Mise-Omata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Takeshita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arai
- Clinical Laboratory, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshifuji
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Murano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohyagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ando
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Sekiya T, Ogura Y, Kai H, Kawaguchi A, Okawa S, Hirohama M, Kuroki T, Morii W, Hara A, Hiramatsu Y, Hitomi S, Kawakami Y, Arakawa Y, Maruo K, Chiba S, Suzuki H, Kojima H, Tachikawa H, Yamagata K. TMPRSS2 gene polymorphism common in East Asians confers decreased COVID-19 susceptibility. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943877. [PMID: 36532428 PMCID: PMC9748344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has a wide range of clinical presentations, and the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mortality rate also vary by region and ethnicity. Here, we found that rs12329760 in the TMPRSS2 gene, a missense variant common in East Asian populations, contributes to protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. TMPRSS2 is a protease responsible for SARS-CoV-2 entry and syncytium formation. rs12329760 (c.478G>A, p. V160M) was associated with a reduced risk of moderate symptoms. The enzymatic activity of Met160-TMPRSS2 was lower than that of Val160-TMPRSS2, and thus the viral entry and the syncytium formation of SARS-CoV-2 were impaired. Collectively, these results indicate that the genetic variation in TMPRSS2, which is common in East Asians, is one of the molecular determinants of COVID-19 susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sekiya
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yukino Ogura
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirayasu Kai
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shino Okawa
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mikako Hirohama
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuroki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wataru Morii
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigemi Hitomi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Arakawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kojima
- Ibaraki Clinical Education and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Guo JN, Guan M, Jiang N, Li N, Li YJ, Zhang J, Ma D. Establishment and Phenotypic Analysis of the Novel Gaucher Disease Mouse Model With the Partially Humanized Gba1 Gene and F213I Mutation. Front Genet 2022; 13:892457. [PMID: 35711931 PMCID: PMC9196271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.892457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, which produces the glucocerebrosidase (GCase) protein. There are more than 500 mutations reported in GBA1, among which L444P (p.Leu444Pro) and F213I (p.Phe213Ile) are the most common in the Chinese population, while the function of F213I mutation remains elusive. This study aims to establish the GD mouse model of partially humanized Gba1 gene with F213I mutation. In vitro GCase activity assays showed that the product of partially humanized Gba1 gene, in which the mouse exons 5-7 were replace by the corresponding human exons, displayed similar activity with the wild-type mouse Gba1, while the F213I mutation in the humanized Gba1 led to significant decrease in enzyme activity. ES cell targeting was used to establish the mice expressing the partially humanized Gba1-F213I. Gba1F213I/+ mice did not show obviously abnormal phenotypes, but homozygous Gba1F213I/F213I mice died within 24 h after birth, whose epidermal stratum corneum were abnormal from the wild-type. The GCase activity in Gba1F213I/F213I mice greatly decreased. In conclusion, our results showed that the partially humanized GD mouse model with the F213I mutation was developed and homozygous F213I mutation is lethal for newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Govind Kumar V, Ogden DS, Isu UH, Polasa A, Losey J, Moradi M. Prefusion spike protein conformational changes are slower in SARS-CoV-2 than in SARS-CoV-1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101814. [PMID: 35278433 PMCID: PMC8907130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last 2 decades, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) have caused two major outbreaks; yet, for reasons not fully understood, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significantly more widespread than the 2003 SARS epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-1, despite striking similarities between these two viruses. The SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, both of which bind to host cell angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, have been implied to be a potential source of their differential transmissibility. However, the mechanistic details of prefusion spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 remain elusive at the molecular level. Here, we performed an extensive set of equilibrium and nonequilibrium microsecond-level all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike proteins to determine their differential dynamic behavior. Our results indicate that the active form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is more stable than that of SARS-CoV-1 and the energy barrier associated with the activation is higher in SARS-CoV-2. These results suggest that not only the receptor-binding domain but also other domains such as the N-terminal domain could play a crucial role in the differential binding behavior of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Govind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dylan S Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ugochi H Isu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Adithya Polasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - James Losey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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7
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Hwang YC, Lu RM, Su SC, Chiang PY, Ko SH, Ke FY, Liang KH, Hsieh TY, Wu HC. Monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 therapy and SARS-CoV-2 detection. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:1. [PMID: 34983527 PMCID: PMC8724751 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an exceptional public health crisis that demands the timely creation of new therapeutics and viral detection. Owing to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as powerful tools to treat and detect numerous diseases. Hence, many researchers have begun to urgently develop Ab-based kits for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ab drugs for use as COVID-19 therapeutic agents. The detailed structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is known, and since this protein is key for viral infection, its receptor-binding domain (RBD) has become a major target for therapeutic Ab development. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with a high mutation rate, especially under the selective pressure of aggressively deployed prophylactic vaccines and neutralizing Abs, the use of Ab cocktails is expected to be an important strategy for effective COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection may stimulate an overactive immune response, resulting in a cytokine storm that drives severe disease progression. Abs to combat cytokine storms have also been under intense development as treatments for COVID-19. In addition to their use as drugs, Abs are currently being utilized in SARS-CoV-2 detection tests, including antigen and immunoglobulin tests. Such Ab-based detection tests are crucial surveillance tools that can be used to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Herein, we highlight some key points regarding mAb-based detection tests and treatments for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Min Lu
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yin Chiang
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Ko
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Ke
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hao Liang
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yang Hsieh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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8
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Blanco OR, Dorta D, Hernández CA, Abreu D, Domínguez AG, Luna Y, Valdivia O, Pérez-Bernal M, Tamayo C, Lemos G, Pasarón IM, Pérez JJ, Benítez L, Bequet-Romero M, Fragas A, Cabrera Y, Pérez ER. Murine monoclonal antibodies against RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as useful analytical tools for subunit vaccine development and clinical trials. J Immunol Methods 2022; 500:113195. [PMID: 34843713 PMCID: PMC8619880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious threat to human health; it has completely disrupted global stability, making vaccine development an important goal to achieve. Monoclonal antibodies play an important role in subunit vaccines strategies. In this work, nine murine MAbs against the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were obtained by hybridoma technology. Characterization of purified antibodies demonstrated that five of them have affinities in the order of 108 L/mol. Six MAbs showed specific recognition of different recombinant RBD-S antigens in solution. Studies of the additivity index of anti-RBD antibodies, by using a novel procedure to determine the additivity cut point, showed recognition of at least five different epitopes. The MAbs CBSSRBD-S.11 and CBSSRBD-S.8 revealed significant neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 in an ACE2-RBD binding inhibition assay (IC50 = 85.5pM and IC50 = 122.7pM, respectively) and in a virus neutralizing test with intact SARS-CoV-2 (VN50 = 0.552 nM and VN50 = 4.854 nM, respectively) when D614G strain was used to infect Vero cells. Also CBSSRBD-S.11 neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 strains Alpha and Beta: VN50 = 0.707 nM and VN50 = 0.132 nM, respectively. The high affinity CBSSRBD-S.8 and CBSSRBD-S.7 recognized different epitopes, so they are suitable for the development of a sandwich ELISA to quantitate RBD-S recombinant antigens in biomanufacturing processes, as well as in pharmacokinetic studies in clinical and preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar R Blanco
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Dayamí Dorta
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Carlos A Hernández
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Daymí Abreu
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Andy G Domínguez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Yaramis Luna
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Onel Valdivia
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Maylín Pérez-Bernal
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Celia Tamayo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Gilda Lemos
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave. 31 e/ 158 y 190, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivis M Pasarón
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Joel J Pérez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Liudmila Benítez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
| | - Mónica Bequet-Romero
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave. 31 e/ 158 y 190, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Anitza Fragas
- Civilian Defense Scientific Research Center, Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista 15 Nacional, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Yeosvany Cabrera
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba.
| | - Enrique R Pérez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Sancti Spíritus, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba
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9
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Murano K, Guo Y, Siomi H. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens to decrease the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2879-2890. [PMID: 34854887 PMCID: PMC8786300 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. As of August 2021, more than 200 million people have been infected with the virus and 4.3 million have lost their lives. Various monoclonal antibodies of human origin that neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 infection have been isolated from convalescent patients for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Several vaccines have been developed to restrict the spread of the virus and have been rapidly administered. However, the rollout of vaccines has coincided with the spread of variants of concern. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 present new challenges for therapeutic antibodies and threaten the efficacy of current vaccines. Here, we review the problems faced by neutralizing antibodies and vaccines in the midst of the increasing spread of mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Murano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youjia Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Zhang Z, Pandey R, Li J, Gu J, White D, Stacey HD, Ang JC, Steinberg C, Capretta A, Filipe CDM, Mossman K, Balion C, Miller MS, Salena BJ, Yamamura D, Soleymani L, Brennan JD, Li Y. High‐Affinity Dimeric Aptamers Enable the Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Wild‐Type and B.1.1.7 SARS‐CoV‐2 in Unprocessed Saliva. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University Canada
| | - Jiuxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
| | - Jimmy Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
| | - Dawn White
- Biointerfaces Institute McMaster University Canada
| | - Hannah D. Stacey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre McMaster University Canada
| | - Jann C. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre McMaster University Canada
| | | | - Alfredo Capretta
- Biointerfaces Institute McMaster University Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
| | | | - Karen Mossman
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Canada
| | - Cynthia Balion
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine McMaster University Canada
| | - Matthew S. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre McMaster University Canada
| | | | - Deborah Yamamura
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine McMaster University Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | | | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University Canada
- Biointerfaces Institute McMaster University Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease Research McMaster University Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
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11
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Zhang Z, Pandey R, Li J, Gu J, White D, Stacey HD, Ang JC, Steinberg C, Capretta A, Filipe CDM, Mossman K, Balion C, Miller MS, Salena BJ, Yamamura D, Soleymani L, Brennan JD, Li Y. High-Affinity Dimeric Aptamers Enable the Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Wild-Type and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 in Unprocessed Saliva. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24266-24274. [PMID: 34464491 PMCID: PMC8596624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and rapid saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen test that utilizes a newly developed dimeric DNA aptamer, denoted as DSA1N5, that specifically recognizes the spike proteins of the wildtype virus and its Alpha and Delta variants with dissociation constants of 120, 290 and 480 pM, respectively, and binds pseudotyped lentiviruses expressing the wildtype and alpha trimeric spike proteins with affinity constants of 2.1 pM and 2.3 pM, respectively. To develop a highly sensitive test, DSA1N5 was immobilized onto gold electrodes to produce an electrochemical impedance sensor, which was capable of detecting 1000 viral particles per mL in 1:1 diluted saliva in under 10 min without any further sample processing. Evaluation of 36 positive and 37 negative patient saliva samples produced a clinical sensitivity of 80.5 % and specificity of 100 % and the sensor could detect the wildtype virus as well as the Alpha and Delta variants in the patient samples, which is the first reported rapid test that can detect any emerging variant of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering PhysicsMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Jiuxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Jimmy Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Dawn White
- Biointerfaces InstituteMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Hannah D. Stacey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Jann C. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | | | - Alfredo Capretta
- Biointerfaces InstituteMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | | | - Karen Mossman
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Department of MedicineMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Cynthia Balion
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Matthew S. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- McMaster Immunology Research CentreMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | | | - Deborah Yamamura
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityCanada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering PhysicsMcMaster UniversityCanada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster University1280 Main Street WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada
| | | | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Biointerfaces InstituteMcMaster UniversityCanada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityCanada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster University1280 Main Street WestHamiltonOntarioL8S 4K1Canada
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12
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Valdez-Cruz NA, García-Hernández E, Espitia C, Cobos-Marín L, Altamirano C, Bando-Campos CG, Cofas-Vargas LF, Coronado-Aceves EW, González-Hernández RA, Hernández-Peralta P, Juárez-López D, Ortega-Portilla PA, Restrepo-Pineda S, Zelada-Cordero P, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 33888152 PMCID: PMC8061467 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil N° 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos G Bando-Campos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis F Cofas-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique W Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Hernández-Peralta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Juárez-López
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola A Ortega-Portilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricio Zelada-Cordero
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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13
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Govind Kumar V, Ogden DS, Isu U, Polasa A, Losey J, Moradi M. Differential Dynamic Behavior of Prefusion Spike Proteins of SARS Coronaviruses 1 and 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33398271 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.25.424008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus spike protein, which binds to the same human receptor in both SARS-CoV-1 and 2, has been implied to be a potential source of their differential transmissibility. However, the mechanistic details of spike protein binding to its human receptor remain elusive at the molecular level. Here, we have used an extensive set of unbiased and biased microsecond-level all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SARS-CoV-1 and 2 spike proteins to determine the differential dynamic behavior of prefusion spike protein structure in the two viruses. Our results indicate that the active form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is more stable than that of SARS-CoV-1 and the energy barrier associated with the activation is higher in SARS-CoV-2. Our results also suggest that not only the receptor binding domain (RBD) but also other domains such as the N-terminal domain (NTD) could play a role in the differential binding behavior of SARS-CoV-1 and 2 spike proteins.
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14
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Hendricks CL, Herd C, Nel M, Tintinger G, Pepper MS. The COVID-19 Treatment Landscape: A South African Perspective on a Race Against Time. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:604087. [PMID: 33681243 PMCID: PMC7933453 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.604087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 94 million people worldwide (as of 17 January 2020). Severe disease is believed to be secondary to the cytokine release syndrome (CRS or "cytokine storm") which causes local tissue damage as well as multi-organ dysfunction and thrombotic complications. Due to the high mortality rates in patients receiving invasive ventilation, practice has changed from "early-intubation" for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to a trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen. Reports indicating the benefit of NIV and HFNC have been encouraging and have led to more than 20,000 such devices being manufactured and ready for roll-out in South Africa (SA) as of July 2020. The need to identify drugs with clear clinical benefits has led to an array of clinical trials, most of which are repurposing drugs for COVID-19. The treatment landscape reflects the need to target both the virus and its effects such as the CRS and thrombotic complications. Conflicting results have the potential to confuse the implementation of coordinated treatment strategies and guidelines. The purpose of this review is to address pertinent areas in the current literature on the available medical treatment options for COVID-19. Remdesivir, tocilizumab, and dexamethasone are some of the treatment options that have shown the most promise, but further randomized trials are required to particularly address timing and dosages to confidently create standardized protocols. For the SA population, two healthcare sectors exist. In the private sector, patients with medical insurance may have greater access to a wider range of treatment options than those in the public sector. The latter serves >80% of the population, and resource constraints require the identification of drugs with the most cost-effective use for the greatest number of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Laverne Hendricks
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Candice Herd
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marcel Nel
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gregory Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Sean Pepper
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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