1
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Sarrio D, Colomo S, Moreno-Bueno G. Gasdermin-B (GSDMB) takes center stage in antibacterial defense, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. FEBS J 2024; 291:3060-3071. [PMID: 37997534 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the hottest topics in biomedical research is to decipher the functional implications of the Gasdermin (GSDM) protein family in human pathologies. These proteins are the key effectors of a lytic and pro-inflammatory cell death type termed pyroptosis (also known as "Gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death"). However, ever-growing evidence showed that GSDMs can play multiple and complex roles in a context-dependent manner. In this sense, Gasdermin-B (GSDMB; the only GSDM gene absent in mice and rats) has been implicated in antibacterial defense, numerous inflammatory pathologies (e.g., asthma, ulcerative colitis), and cancer, but both cell death-dependent and -independent functions have been reported in these diseases, fueling the debate on whether GSDMB has genuine pyroptotic capacity. Recently, a series of seminal papers cast light on the GSDMB multitasking capacity by showing that different GSDMB transcriptional isoforms have distinct biological activities. Nonetheless, there are still obscure areas to be clarified on the precise functional involvement of GSDMB translated variants in physiological and pathological conditions. In this viewpoint, we critically discuss the most recent and exciting data on this topic and propose a series of relevant challenges that need to be overcome before GSDMB-driven biomedical applications (as a biomarker of disease risk/progression/outcome or as specific therapeutic target) become a reality in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrio
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Colomo
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Glover HL, Schreiner A, Dewson G, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and cell death. Nat Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41556-024-01429-4. [PMID: 38902422 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular factories for energy production, calcium homeostasis and iron metabolism, but they also have an unequivocal and central role in intrinsic apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c. While the subsequent activation of proteolytic caspases ensures that cell death proceeds in the absence of collateral inflammation, other phlogistic cell death pathways have been implicated in using, or engaging, mitochondria. Here we discuss the emerging complexities of intrinsic apoptosis controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. We highlight the emerging theory that non-lethal mitochondrial apoptotic signalling has diverse biological roles that impact cancer, innate immunity and ageing. Finally, we delineate the role of mitochondria in other forms of cell death, such as pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis, and discuss mitochondria as central hubs for the intersection and coordination of cell death signalling pathways, underscoring their potential for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Glover
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Annabell Schreiner
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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3
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Ren M, Yang L, He L, Wang J, Zhao W, Yang C, Yang S, Cheng H, Huang M, Gou M. Non-viral Gene Therapy for Melanoma Using Lysenin from Eisenia Foetida. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306076. [PMID: 38445883 PMCID: PMC11077637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Earthworms, long utilized in traditional medicine, serve as a source of inspiration for modern therapeutics. Lysenin, a defensive factor in the coelom fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, has multiple bioactivities. However, the inherent toxicity of Lysenin as a pore-forming protein (PFP) restricts its application in therapy. Here, a gene therapy strategy based on Lysenin for cancer treatment is presented. The formulation consists of polymeric nanoparticles complexed with the plasmid encoding Lysenin. After transfection in vitro, melanoma cells can express Lysenin, resulting in necrosis, autophagy, and immunogenic cell death. The secretory signal peptide alters the intracellular distribution of the expressed product of Lysenin, thereby potentiating its anticancer efficacy. The intratumor injection of Lysenin gene formulation can efficiently kill the transfected melanoma cells and activate the antitumor immune response. Notably, no obvious systemic toxicity is observed during the treatment. Non-viral gene therapy based on Lysenin derived from Eisenia foetida exhibits potential in cancer therapy, which can inspire future cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ren
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Liming He
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., LtdChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical OncologyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
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4
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Zhu C, Xu S, Jiang R, Yu Y, Bian J, Zou Z. The gasdermin family: emerging therapeutic targets in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:87. [PMID: 38584157 PMCID: PMC10999458 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gasdermin (GSDM) family has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in immunity and disease as a key player in pyroptosis. This recently characterized class of pore-forming effector proteins is pivotal in orchestrating processes such as membrane permeabilization, pyroptosis, and the follow-up inflammatory response, which are crucial self-defense mechanisms against irritants and infections. GSDMs have been implicated in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, sepsis, viral infections, and cancer, either through involvement in pyroptosis or independently of this process. The regulation of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Current strategies for inhibiting GSDMD primarily involve binding to GSDMD, blocking GSDMD cleavage or inhibiting GSDMD-N-terminal (NT) oligomerization, albeit with some off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the cutting-edge understanding of the interplay between GSDMs and pyroptosis, elucidate the activation mechanisms of GSDMs, explore their associations with a range of diseases, and discuss recent advancements and potential strategies for developing GSDMD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zui Zou
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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5
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Imre G. Pyroptosis in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C784-C794. [PMID: 38189134 PMCID: PMC11193485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00503.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The field of cell death has witnessed significant advancements since the initial discovery of apoptosis in the 1970s. This review delves into the intricacies of pyroptosis, a more recently identified form of regulated, lytic cell death, and explores the roles of pyroptotic effector molecules, with a strong emphasis on their mechanisms and relevance in various diseases. Pyroptosis, characterized by its proinflammatory nature, is driven by the accumulation of large plasma membrane pores comprised of gasdermin family protein subunits. In different contexts of cellular homeostatic perturbations, infections, and tissue damage, proteases, such as caspase-1 and caspase-4/5, play pivotal roles in pyroptosis by cleaving gasdermins. Gasdermin-D (GSDMD), the most extensively studied member of the gasdermin protein family, is expressed in various immune cells and certain epithelial cells. Upon cleavage by caspases, GSDMD oligomerizes and forms transmembrane pores in the cell membrane, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines. GSDMD-N, the NH2-terminal fragment, displays an affinity for specific lipids, contributing to its role in pore formation in pyroptosis. While GSDMD is the primary focus, other gasdermin family members are also discussed in detail. These proteins exhibit distinct tissue-specific functions and contribute to different facets of cell death regulation. Additionally, genetic variations in some gasdermins have been linked to diseases, underscoring their clinical relevance. Furthermore, the interplay between GSDM pores and the activation of other effectors, such as ninjurin-1, is elucidated, providing insights into the complexity of pyroptosis regulation. The findings underscore the molecular mechanisms that govern pyroptosis and its implications for various physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Imre
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States
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6
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Fernandes JP, Branton WG, Cohen EA, Koopman G, Kondova I, Gelman BB, Power C. Caspase cleavage of gasdermin E causes neuronal pyroptosis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Brain 2024; 147:717-734. [PMID: 37931057 PMCID: PMC10834258 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapies, 20-30% of persons with treated HIV infection develop a neurodegenerative syndrome termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is driven by HIV expression coupled with inflammation in the brain but the mechanisms underlying neuronal damage and death are uncertain. The inflammasome-pyroptosis axis coordinates an inflammatory type of regulated lytic cell death that is underpinned by the caspase-activated pore-forming gasdermin proteins. The mechanisms driving neuronal pyroptosis were investigated herein in models of HAND, using multi-platform molecular and morphological approaches that included brain tissues from persons with HAND and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected non-human primates as well as cultured human neurons. Neurons in the frontal cortices from persons with HAND showed increased cleaved gasdermin E (GSDME), which was associated with β-III tubulin degradation and increased HIV levels. Exposure of cultured human neurons to the HIV-encoded viral protein R (Vpr) elicited time-dependent cleavage of GSDME and Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1) induction with associated cell lysis that was inhibited by siRNA suppression of both proteins. Upstream of GSDME cleavage, Vpr exposure resulted in activation of caspases-1 and 3. Pretreatment of Vpr-exposed neurons with the caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, reduced cleavage of both caspase-3 and GSDME, resulting in diminished cell death. To validate these findings, we examined frontal cortical tissues from SIV-infected macaques, disclosing increased expression of GSDME and NINJ1 in cortical neurons, which was co-localized with caspase-3 detection in animals with neurological disease. Thus, HIV infection of the brain triggers the convergent activation of caspases-1 and -3, which results in GSDME-mediated neuronal pyroptosis in persons with HAND. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which a viral infection causes pyroptotic death in neurons while also offering new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HAND and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Fernandes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk 2280 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Department of Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk 2280 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Departments of Pathology and Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0569, USA
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
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7
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Koller A, Filosi M, Weissensteiner H, Fazzini F, Gorski M, Pattaro C, Schönherr S, Forer L, Herold JM, Stark KJ, Döttelmayer P, Hicks AA, Pramstaller PP, Würzner R, Eckardt KU, Heid IM, Fuchsberger C, Lamina C, Kronenberg F. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic variants associated with mitochondrial DNA copy number. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2083. [PMID: 38267512 PMCID: PMC10808213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunction associated with several diseases. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to unravel underlying mechanisms of mtDNA-CN regulation. However, the identified gene regions explain only a small fraction of mtDNA-CN variability. Most of this data has been estimated from microarrays based on various pipelines. In the present study we aimed to (1) identify genetic loci for qPCR-measured mtDNA-CN from three studies (16,130 participants) using GWAS, (2) identify potential systematic differences between our qPCR derived mtDNA-CN measurements compared to the published microarray intensity-based estimates, and (3) disentangle the nuclear from mitochondrial regulation of the mtDNA-CN phenotype. We identified two genome-wide significant autosomal loci associated with qPCR-measured mtDNA-CN: at HBS1L (rs4895440, p = 3.39 × 10-13) and GSDMA (rs56030650, p = 4.85 × 10-08) genes. Moreover, 113/115 of the previously published SNPs identified by microarray-based analyses were significantly equivalent with our findings. In our study, the mitochondrial genome itself contributed only marginally to mtDNA-CN regulation as we only detected a single rare mitochondrial variant associated with mtDNA-CN. Furthermore, we incorporated mitochondrial haplogroups into our analyses to explore their potential impact on mtDNA-CN. However, our findings indicate that they do not exert any significant influence on our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Koller
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michele Filosi
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Hansi Weissensteiner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Federica Fazzini
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janina M Herold
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Döttelmayer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Spurlock M, An W, Reshetnikova G, Wen R, Wang H, Braha M, Solis G, Kurtenbach S, Galindez OJ, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Chou TH, Porciatti V, Shestopalov VI. The Inflammasome-Dependent Dysfunction and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells after Repetitive Intraocular Pressure Spikes. Cells 2023; 12:2626. [PMID: 37998361 PMCID: PMC10670000 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction and selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a known cause of vision loss in glaucoma and other neuropathies, where ocular hypertension (OHT) is the major risk factor. We investigated the impact of transient non-ischemic OHT spikes (spOHT) on RGC function and viability in vivo to identify cellular pathways linking low-grade repetitive mechanical stress to RGC pathology. We found that repetitive spOHT had an unexpectedly high impact on intraocular homeostasis and RGC viability, while exposure to steady OHT (stOHT) of a similar intensity and duration failed to induce pathology. The repetitive spOHT induced the rapid activation of the inflammasome, marked by the upregulation of NLRP1, NLRP3, AIM2, caspases -1, -3/7, -8, and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and other cytokines into the vitreous. Similar effects were also detected after 5 weeks of exposure to chronic OHT in an induced glaucoma model. The onset of these immune responses in both spOHT and glaucoma models preceded a 50% deficit in pattern electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude and a significant loss of RGCs 7 days post-injury. The inactivation of inflammasome complexes in Nlrp1-/-, Casp1-/-, and GsdmD-/- knockout animals significantly suppressed the spOHT-induced inflammatory response and protected RGCs. Our results demonstrate that mechanical stress produced by acute repetitive spOHT or chronic OHT is mechanistically linked to inflammasome activation, which leads to RGC dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Spurlock
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Weijun An
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Galina Reshetnikova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Rong Wen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Michelle Braha
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Gabriela Solis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Orlando J. Galindez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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9
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Miao R, Jiang C, Chang WY, Zhang H, An J, Ho F, Chen P, Zhang H, Junqueira C, Amgalan D, Liang FG, Zhang J, Evavold CL, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Zhang Z, Fontana P, Xia S, Waldeck-Weiermair M, Pan Y, Michel T, Bar-Peled L, Wu H, Kagan JC, Kitsis RN, Zhang P, Liu X, Lieberman J. Gasdermin D permeabilization of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes accelerates and enhances pyroptosis. Immunity 2023; 56:2523-2541.e8. [PMID: 37924812 PMCID: PMC10872579 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-activated inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis) causes mitochondrial damage, but its underlying mechanism and functional consequences are largely unknown. Here, we show that the N-terminal pore-forming GSDMD fragment (GSDMD-NT) rapidly damaged both inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (OMMs) leading to reduced mitochondrial numbers, mitophagy, ROS, loss of transmembrane potential, attenuated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and release of mitochondrial proteins and DNA from the matrix and intermembrane space. Mitochondrial damage occurred as soon as GSDMD was cleaved prior to plasma membrane damage. Mitochondrial damage was independent of the B-cell lymphoma 2 family and depended on GSDMD-NT binding to cardiolipin. Canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation of mitochondrial damage, pyroptosis, and inflammatory cytokine release were suppressed by genetic ablation of cardiolipin synthase (Crls1) or the scramblase (Plscr3) that transfers cardiolipin to the OMM. Phospholipid scramblase-3 (PLSCR3) deficiency in a tumor compromised pyroptosis-triggered anti-tumor immunity. Thus, mitochondrial damage plays a critical role in pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miao
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Cong Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Winston Y Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinsu An
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felicia Ho
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Dulguun Amgalan
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Felix G Liang
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Junbing Zhang
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Charles L Evavold
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pietro Fontana
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shiyu Xia
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youdong Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Michel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Jiang H, Liu P, Kang J, Wu J, Gong W, Li X, Li Y, Liu J, Li W, Ni C, Liao B, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Precise Orchestration of Gasdermins' Pore-Forming Function by Posttranslational Modifications in Health and Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4931-4947. [PMID: 37781519 PMCID: PMC10539709 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) serve as pivotal executors of pyroptosis and play crucial roles in host defence, cytokine secretion, innate immunity, and cancer. However, excessive or inappropriate GSDMs activation is invariably accompanied by exaggerated inflammation and results in tissue damage. In contrast, deficient or impaired activation of GSDMs often fails to promptly eliminate pathogens, leading to the increasing severity of infections. The activity of GSDMs requires meticulous regulation. The dynamic modulation of GSDMs involves many aspects, including autoinhibitory structures, proteolytic cleavage, lipid binding and membrane translocation (oligomerization and pre-pore formation), oligomerization (pore formation) and pore removal for membrane repair. As the most comprehensive and efficient regulatory pathway, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are widely implicated in the regulation of these aspects. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the complex mechanisms through which a variety of proteases cleave GSDMs to enhance or hinder their function. Moreover, we summarize the intricate regulatory mechanisms of PTMs that govern GSDMs-induced pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Peizhao Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xuanheng Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yangguang Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Juanhan Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Chujun Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
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11
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Slaufova M, Karakaya T, Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Beer HD. The gasdermins: a pore-forming protein family expressed in the epidermis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254150. [PMID: 37771587 PMCID: PMC10523161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins comprise a family of pore-forming proteins, which play critical roles in (auto)inflammatory diseases and cancer. They are expressed as self-inhibited precursor proteins consisting of an aminoterminal cytotoxic effector domain (NT-GSDM) and a carboxyterminal inhibitor domain (GSDM-CT) separated by an unstructured linker region. Proteolytic processing in the linker region liberates NT-GSDM, which translocates to membranes, forms oligomers, and induces membrane permeabilization, which can disturb the cellular equilibrium that can lead to cell death. Gasdermin activation and pore formation are associated with inflammation, particularly when induced by the inflammatory protease caspase-1 upon inflammasome activation. These gasdermin pores allow the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18 and induce a lytic type of cell death, termed pyroptosis that supports inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair. However, even at the cellular level, the consequences of gasdermin activation are diverse and range from induction of programmed cell death - pyroptosis or apoptosis - to poorly characterized protective mechanisms. The specific effects of gasdermin activation can vary between species, cell types, the membrane that is being permeabilized (plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, etc.), and the overall biological state of the local tissue/cells. In epithelia, gasdermins seem to play crucial roles. Keratinocytes represent the main cell type of the epidermis, which is the outermost skin layer with an essential barrier function. Compared to other tissues, keratinocytes express all members of the gasdermin family, in part in a differentiation-specific manner. That raises questions regarding the specific roles of individual GSDM family members in the skin, the mechanisms and consequences of their activation, and the potential crosstalk between them. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about gasdermins with a focus on keratinocytes and the skin and discuss the possible roles of the different family members in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Weindel CG, Ellzey LM, Martinez EL, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Gasdermins gone wild: new roles for GSDMs in regulating cellular homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:773-787. [PMID: 37062616 PMCID: PMC10611448 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, members of the gasdermin (GSDM) family of proteins have been firmly established as executors of pyroptosis, with the N-terminal fragment of most GSDMs capable of forming pores in the plasma membrane. More recent findings suggest that some GSDMs can drive additional cell death pathways, such as apoptosis and necroptosis, through mechanisms independent of plasma membrane perforation. There is also emerging evidence that by associating with cellular compartments such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, endosomes, and the nucleus, GSDMs regulate cell death-independent aspects of cellular homeostasis. Here, we review the diversity of GSDM function across several cell types and explore how various cellular stresses can promote relocalization - and thus refunctionalization - of GSDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi G Weindel
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Lily M Ellzey
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
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13
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Huang LY, Li ST, Lin SC, Kao CH, Hong CH, Lee CH, Yang LT. Gasdermin A Is Required for Epidermal Cornification during Skin Barrier Regeneration and in an Atopic Dermatitis-Like Model. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1735-1745.e11. [PMID: 36965577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is featured with impaired skin barrier. The stratum corneum and the intercellular tight junctions constitute the permeability barrier, which is essential to protect water loss in the host and prevent pathogen entry. The epidermal barrier is constantly renewed by differentiating keratinocytes through cornification, during which autophagy contributes to elimination of organelles and nucleus. The human GSDMA and its mouse homologs Gsdma1-3 are expressed in the suprabasal epidermis. Although a pyroptotic role of GSDMA/Gsdma1 in host defense against Streptococcus pyogenes has been reported, the physiological function of Gsdma1/a2/a3 in epidermal homeostasis remains elusive. Here, through repeated epidermal barrier disruption, we found that tight junction formation and stratum corneum maturation were defective in the Gsdma1/a3-deficient epidermis. Using comparative gene profiling analysis, mitochondrial respiration measurement, and in vivo tracing of mitophagy, our data indicate that Gsdma1/a3 activation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently facilitates mitochondrial turnover and epidermal cornification. In calcipotriol (MC903)-induced atopic dermatitis-like animal model, we showed that Gsdma1/a3-deficiency selectively enhanced the T helper type 2 response. Remarkably, the GSDMA expression is reduced in the epidermis of patients with atopic dermatitis compared with that of normal individuals. Gsdma1/a3-deficiency might be involved in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis, likely through GSDMA-mediated epidermal differentiation and cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Huang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ting Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Chi Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Heng Kao
- Center of General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hong
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tung Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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14
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Chai Q, Lei Z, Liu CH. Pyroptosis modulation by bacterial effector proteins. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101804. [PMID: 37406548 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death featured with membrane pore formation that causes cellular swelling and allows the release of intracellular inflammatory mediators. This cell death process is elicited by the activation of the pore-forming proteins named gasdermins, and is intricately orchestrated by diverse regulatory factors in mammalian hosts to exert a prompt immune response against infections. However, growing evidence suggests that bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate host pyroptosis for evading immune clearance and establishing progressive infection. In this review, we highlight current understandings of the functional role and regulatory network of pyroptosis in host antibacterial immunity. Thereafter, we further discuss the latest advances elucidating the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens modulate pyroptosis through adopting their effector proteins to drive infections. A better understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying pyroptosis at the interface of host-bacterial interactions will shed new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and contribute to the development of promising therapeutic strategies against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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15
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Huston HC, Anderson MJ, Fink SL. Pyroptosis and the cellular consequences of gasdermin pores. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101803. [PMID: 37437353 PMCID: PMC10530493 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The family of gasdermin proteins plays a key role in the host response against external and internal pathogenic signals by mediating the form of inflammatory regulated cell death known as pyroptosis. One of the most well-studied gasdermins within innate immunity is gasdermin D, which is cleaved, oligomerizes, and forms plasma membrane pores. Gasdermin D pores lead to a number of downstream cellular consequences including plasma membrane rupture, or cell lysis. In this review, we describe mechanisms of activation for each of the gasdermins, their cell type specificity and some disease associations. We then discuss downstream consequences of gasdermin pore formation, including cellular mechanisms of membrane repair. Finally, we present some important next steps to better understand pyroptosis and the cellular consequences of gasdermin pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C Huston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marisa J Anderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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16
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Guan F, Luo X, Liu J, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chang J, Fang G, Kang D, Gu H, Luo L, Yang L, Lin Z, Gao X, Liu C, Lei J. GSDMA3 deficiency reprograms cellular metabolism and modulates BCR signaling in murine B cells. iScience 2023; 26:107341. [PMID: 37539041 PMCID: PMC10393796 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays a crucial role in B cell differentiation and function. GSDMA3 is related to mitochondrial metabolism and is involved in immune responses. Here, we used Gsdma3 KO mice to examine the effect of GSDMA3 on B cells. The results demonstrated that GSDMA3 deficiency reprogrammed B cell metabolism, evidenced by upregulating PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling, along with elevated ROS reproduction and reduced maximal oxygen consumption rate in mitochondria. Moreover, the BCR signaling in the KO B cells was impaired. The reduced BCR signaling was associated with decreased BCR clustering, caused by inhibited activation of WASP. However, GSDMA3 deficiency had no effects on B cell development and functions in humoral immunity, which might be associated with the compensation of upregulated GSDMA2 expression and the fine balance between PI3K signaling and BCR signals interaction. Our observations reveal a previously unknown influence of GSDMA3 on B cells under physiological and immunized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guofeng Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Heng Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Research, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Research, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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17
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Devant P, Kagan JC. Molecular mechanisms of gasdermin D pore-forming activity. Nat Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41590-023-01526-w. [PMID: 37277654 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulated disruption of the plasma membrane, which can promote cell death, cytokine secretion or both is central to organismal health. The protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a key player in this process. GSDMD forms membrane pores that can promote cytolysis and the release of interleukin-1 family cytokines into the extracellular space. Recent discoveries have revealed biochemical and cell biological mechanisms that control GSDMD pore-forming activity and its diverse downstream immunological effects. Here, we review these multifaceted regulatory activities, including mechanisms of GSDMD activation by proteolytic cleavage, dynamics of pore assembly, regulation of GSDMD activities by posttranslational modifications, membrane repair and the interplay of GSDMD and mitochondria. We also address recent insights into the evolution of the gasdermin family and their activities in species across the kingdoms of life. In doing so, we hope to condense recent progress and inform future studies in this rapidly moving field in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Devant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Greenwood CS, Wynosky-Dolfi MA, Beal AM, Booty LM. Gasdermins assemble; recent developments in bacteriology and pharmacology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173519. [PMID: 37266429 PMCID: PMC10230072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of gasdermin D (GSDMD) as the terminal executioner of pyroptosis provided a large piece of the cell death puzzle, whilst simultaneously and firmly putting the gasdermin family into the limelight. In its purest form, GSDMD provides a connection between the innate alarm systems to an explosive, inflammatory form of cell death to jolt the local environment into immunological action. However, the gasdermin field has moved rapidly and significantly since the original seminal work and novel functions and mechanisms have been recently uncovered, particularly in response to infection. Gasdermins regulate and are regulated by mechanisms such as autophagy, metabolism and NETosis in fighting pathogen and protecting host. Importantly, activators and interactors of the other gasdermins, not just GSDMD, have been recently elucidated and have opened new avenues for gasdermin-based discovery. Key to this is the development of potent and specific tool molecules, so far a challenge for the field. Here we will cover some of these recently discovered areas in relation to bacterial infection before providing an overview of the pharmacological landscape and the challenges associated with targeting gasdermins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine S. Greenwood
- Chemical Biology, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allison M. Beal
- Immunology Research Unit, GSK, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lee M. Booty
- Immunology Network, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom
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19
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Distinct GSDMB protein isoforms and protease cleavage processes differentially control pyroptotic cell death and mitochondrial damage in cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1366-1381. [PMID: 36899106 PMCID: PMC10154425 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin (GSDM)-mediated pyroptosis is functionally involved in multiple diseases, but Gasdermin-B (GSDMB) exhibit cell death-dependent and independent activities in several pathologies including cancer. When the GSDMB pore-forming N-terminal domain is released by Granzyme-A cleavage, it provokes cancer cell death, but uncleaved GSDMB promotes multiple pro-tumoral effects (invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance). To uncover the mechanisms of GSDMB pyroptosis, here we determined the GSDMB regions essential for cell death and described for the first time a differential role of the four translated GSDMB isoforms (GSDMB1-4, that differ in the alternative usage of exons 6-7) in this process. Accordingly, we here prove that exon 6 translation is essential for GSDMB mediated pyroptosis, and therefore, GSDMB isoforms lacking this exon (GSDMB1-2) cannot provoke cancer cell death. Consistently, in breast carcinomas the expression of GSDMB2, and not exon 6-containing variants (GSDMB3-4), associates with unfavourable clinical-pathological parameters. Mechanistically, we show that GSDMB N-terminal constructs containing exon-6 provoke cell membrane lysis and a concomitant mitochondrial damage. Moreover, we have identified specific residues within exon 6 and other regions of the N-terminal domain that are important for GSDMB-triggered cell death as well as for mitochondrial impairment. Additionally, we demonstrated that GSDMB cleavage by specific proteases (Granzyme-A, Neutrophil Elastase and caspases) have different effects on pyroptosis regulation. Thus, immunocyte-derived Granzyme-A can cleave all GSDMB isoforms, but in only those containing exon 6, this processing results in pyroptosis induction. By contrast, the cleavage of GSDMB isoforms by Neutrophil Elastase or caspases produces short N-terminal fragments with no cytotoxic activity, thus suggesting that these proteases act as inhibitory mechanisms of pyroptosis. Summarizing, our results have important implications for understanding the complex roles of GSDMB isoforms in cancer or other pathologies and for the future design of GSDMB-targeted therapies.
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