1
|
Weidlich K, Domroes T, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Mersmann F. Addressing muscle-tendon imbalances in adult male athletes with personalized exercise prescription based on tendon strain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05525-z. [PMID: 38842575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imbalances of muscle strength and tendon stiffness can increase the operating strain of tendons and risk of injury. Here, we used a new approach to identify muscle-tendon imbalances and personalize exercise prescription based on tendon strain during maximum voluntary contractions (εmax) to mitigate musculotendinous imbalances in male adult volleyball athletes. METHODS Four times over a season, we measured knee extensor strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties using dynamometry and ultrasonography. Tendon micromorphology was evaluated through an ultrasound peak spatial frequency (PSF) analysis. While a control group (n = 12) continued their regular training, an intervention group (n = 10) performed exercises (3 × /week) with personalized loads to elicit tendon strains that promote tendon adaptation (i.e., 4.5-6.5%). RESULTS Based on a linear mixed model, εmax increased significantly in the control group over the 9 months of observation (pCon = 0.010), while there was no systematic change in the intervention group (pInt = 0.575). The model residuals of εmax, as a measure of imbalances in muscle-tendon adaptation, demonstrated a significant reduction over time exclusively in the intervention group (pInt = 0.007). While knee extensor muscle strength increased in both groups by ~ 8% (pCon < 0.001, pInt = 0.064), only the intervention group showed a trend toward increased normalized tendon stiffness (pCon = 0.824, pInt = 0.051). PSF values did not change significantly in either group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that personalized exercise prescription can reduce muscle-tendon imbalances in athletes and could provide new opportunities for tendon injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swinnen W, Lievens E, Hoogkamer W, De Groote F, Derave W, Vanwanseele B. Muscle fibre typology affects whole-body metabolic rate during isolated muscle contractions and human locomotion. J Physiol 2024; 602:1297-1311. [PMID: 38493355 DOI: 10.1113/jp285846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The wide variation in muscle fibre type distribution across individuals, along with the very different energy consumption rates in slow versus fast muscle fibres, suggests that muscle fibre typology contributes to inter-individual differences in metabolic rate during exercise. However, this has been hard to demonstrate due to the gap between a single muscle fibre and full-body exercises. We investigated the isolated effect of triceps surae muscle contraction velocity on whole-body metabolic rate during cyclic contractions in individuals a priori selected for their predominantly slow (n = 11) or fast (n = 10) muscle fibre typology by means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Subsequently, we examined their whole-body metabolic rate during walking and running at 2 m/s, exercises with comparable metabolic rates but distinct triceps surae muscle force and velocity demands (walking: low force, high velocity; running: high force, low velocity). Increasing triceps surae contraction velocity during cyclic contractions elevated net whole-body metabolic rate for both typology groups. However, the slow group consumed substantially less net metabolic energy at the slowest contraction velocity, but the metabolic difference between groups diminished at faster velocities. Consistent with the more economic force production during slow contractions, the slow group exhibited lower metabolic rates than the fast group while running, whereas metabolic rates were similar during walking. These findings provide important insights into the influence of muscle fibre typology on whole-body metabolic rate and emphasize the importance of considering muscle mechanical demands to understand muscle fibre typology related differences in whole-body metabolic rates. KEY POINTS: Muscle fibre typology is often suggested to affect whole-body metabolic rate, yet convincing in vivo evidence is lacking. Using isolated plantar flexor muscle contractions in individuals a priori selected for their predominantly slow or fast muscle fibre typology, we demonstrated that having predominantly slow muscle fibres provides a metabolic advantage during slow muscle contractions, but this benefit disappeared at faster contractions. We extended these results to full-body exercises, where we demonstrated that higher proportions of slow fibres associated with better economy during running but not when walking. These findings provide important insights into the influence of muscle fibre typology on whole-body metabolic rate and emphasize the importance of considering muscle mechanical demands to understand muscle fibre typology related differences in whole-body metabolic rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cenni F, Alexander N, Sukanen M, Mustafaoglu A, Wang Z, Wang R, Finni T. ISB clinical biomechanics award winner 2023: Medial gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon interplay during gait in cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 111:106158. [PMID: 38061205 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between the medial gastrocnemius muscle and the Achilles tendon is crucial for efficient walking. In cerebral palsy, muscle and tendon remodelling alters the role of contractile and elastic components. The aim was to investigate the length changes of medial gastrocnemius belly and fascicles, and Achilles tendon to understand their interplay to gait propulsion in individuals with cerebral palsy. METHODS Twelve young individuals with cerebral palsy and 12 typically developed peers were assessed during multiple gait cycles using 3D gait analysis combined with a portable ultrasound device. By mapping ultrasound image locations into the shank reference frame, the medial gastrocnemius belly, fascicle, and Achilles tendon lengths were estimated throughout the gait cycle. Participants with cerebral palsy were classified into equinus and non-equinus groups based on their sagittal ankle kinematics. FINDINGS In typically developed participants, the Achilles tendon undertook most of the muscle-tendon unit lengthening during stance, whereas in individuals with cerebral palsy, this lengthening was shared between the medial gastrocnemius belly and Achilles tendon, which was more evident in the equinus group. The lengthening behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles resembled that of the Achilles tendon in cerebral palsy. INTERPRETATION The findings revealed similar length changes of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles and Achilles tendon, highlighting the enhanced role of the muscle in absorbing energy during stance in cerebral palsy. These results, together with the current knowledge of increased intramuscular stiffness, suggest the exploitation of intramuscular passive forces for such energy absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cenni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Nathalie Alexander
- Laboratory for Motion Analysis, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maria Sukanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Afet Mustafaoglu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Zhongzheng Wang
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruoli Wang
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pimentel RE, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. Simulations suggest walking with reduced propulsive force would not mitigate the energetic consequences of lower tendon stiffness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293331. [PMID: 37883368 PMCID: PMC10602298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging elicits numerous effects that impact both musculoskeletal structure and walking function. Tendon stiffness (kT) and push-off propulsive force (FP) both impact the metabolic cost of walking and are diminished by age, yet their interaction has not been studied. We combined experimental and computational approaches to investigate whether age-related changes in function (adopting smaller FP) may be adopted to mitigate the metabolic consequences arising from changes in structure (reduced kT). We recruited 12 young adults and asked them to walk on a force-sensing treadmill while prompting them to change FP (±20% & ±40% of typical) using targeted biofeedback. In models driven by experimental data from each of those conditions, we altered the kT of personalized musculoskeletal models across a physiological range (2-8% strain) and simulated individual-muscle metabolic costs for each kT and FP combination. We found that kT and FP independently affect walking metabolic cost, increasing with higher kT or as participants deviated from their typical FP. Our results show no evidence for an interaction between kT and FP in younger adults walking at fixed speeds. We also reveal complex individual muscle responses to the kT and FP landscape. For example, although total metabolic cost increased by 5% on average with combined reductions in kT and FP, the triceps surae muscles experienced a 7% local cost reduction on average. Our simulations suggest that reducing FP during walking would not mitigate the metabolic consequences of lower kT. Wearable devices and rehabilitative strategies can focus on either kT or FP to reduce age-related increases in walking metabolic cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Pimentel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Funk CJ, Krupenevich RL, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. American Society of Biomechanics Journal of Biomechanics Award 2021: Exploring the Functional Boundaries and Metabolic Consequences of Triceps Surae Force-Length Relations during Walking. J Biomech 2023; 158:111771. [PMID: 37647673 PMCID: PMC10529775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between individual muscle dynamics and whole-body metabolic cost is not well established. Here we use biofeedback to modulate triceps surae (TS) activity during walking to test the following hypotheses based on basic principles of muscle physiology: (1) increased TS activity would increase metabolic cost via shorter muscle fascicle lengths and thus reduced force capacity and (2) decreased TS activity would decrease metabolic cost via longer muscle fascicle lengths and thus increased force capacity. 23 young adults walked on an instrumented treadmill at 1.25 m/s using electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback to match targets corresponding to ±20 and ±40% TS activity during push-off (late stance). B-mode ultrasound imaged the medial gastrocnemius (MG). Participants increased net metabolic power up to 85% and 21% when targeting increased and decreased TS activity, respectively (p < 0.001). At the instant of peak gastrocnemius force, MG fascicle length was 7% shorter (p < 0.001) and gastrocnemius force was 6% larger (p < 0.001) when targeting + 40% TS activity. Fascicle length was 3% shorter (p = 0.004) and force was 7% lower (p = 0.010) when targeting -40% TS activity; participants were unable to achieve decreased activation targets. MG fascicle length and activity mediated 11.7% (p = 0.036) and 57.2% (p = 0.006) of the changes in net metabolic power, respectively. MG force did not mediate changes in net metabolic power (p = 0.948). These findings suggest that changes in the functional operating length of muscle, induced here by volitional changes in TS activity, mediated changes in the metabolic cost of walking, relatively independently of force. Thus, shifts to shorter fascicle lengths (e.g., aging) may mediate activity-induced increases in metabolic cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callum J Funk
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Krupenevich
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R Franz
- 10206C Mary Ellen Jones Building, CB 7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roberts TJ, Dick TJM. What good is a measure of muscle length? The how and why of direct measurements of skeletal muscle motion. J Biomech 2023; 157:111709. [PMID: 37437458 PMCID: PMC10530376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years our understanding of the central role that muscle motion has in powering movement has accelerated significantly. Fundamental to this progress has been the development of methods for measuring the length of muscles and muscle fibers in vivo. A measurement of muscle fiber length might seem a trivial piece of information on its own. Yet when combined with knowledge of the properties of skeletal muscle it has proven a powerful tool for understanding the mechanics and energetics of locomotion and informing models of motor control. In this perspective we showcase the value of direct measurements of muscle fiber length from four different techniques: sonomicrometry, fluoromicrometry, magnetomicrometry, and ultrasound. For each method, we review its history and provide a high-level user's guide for researchers choosing tools for measuring muscle length in vivo. We highlight key insights that these measurements have provided, including the importance of passive elastic mechanisms and how skeletal muscle properties govern locomotor performance. The diversity of locomotor behaviors revealed across comparative studies has provided an important tool for discovering the rules for muscle function that span vertebrate locomotion more broadly, including in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Taylor J M Dick
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papachatzis N, Ray SF, Takahashi KZ. Does human foot anthropometry relate to plantar flexor fascicle mechanics and metabolic energy cost across various walking speeds? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245113. [PMID: 37092255 PMCID: PMC10226764 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Foot structures define the leverage in which the ankle muscles push off against the ground during locomotion. While prior studies have indicated that inter-individual variation in anthropometry (e.g. heel and hallux lengths) can directly affect force production of ankle plantar flexor muscles, its effect on the metabolic energy cost of locomotion has been inconclusive. Here, we tested the hypotheses that shorter heels and longer halluces are associated with slower plantar flexor (soleus) shortening velocity and greater ankle plantar flexion moment, indicating enhanced force potential as a result of the force-velocity relationship. We also hypothesized that such anthropometry profiles would reduce the metabolic energy cost of walking at faster walking speeds. Healthy young adults (N=15) walked at three speeds (1.25, 1.75 and 2.00 m s-1), and we collected in vivo muscle mechanics (via ultrasound), activation (via electromyography) and whole-body metabolic energy cost of transport (via indirect calorimetry). Contrary to our hypotheses, shorter heels and longer halluces were not associated with slower soleus shortening velocity or greater plantar flexion moment. Additionally, longer heels were associated with reduced metabolic cost of transport, but only at the fastest speed (2.00 m s-1, R2=0.305, P=0.033). We also found that individuals with longer heels required less increase in plantar flexor (soleus and gastrocnemius) muscle activation to walk at faster speeds, potentially explaining the reduced metabolic cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papachatzis
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Samuel F. Ray
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Kota Z. Takahashi
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Personalisation of Plantarflexor Musculotendon Model Parameters in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 51:938-950. [PMID: 36380165 PMCID: PMC10122634 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeuromusculoskeletal models can be used to evaluate aberrant muscle function in cerebral palsy (CP), for example by estimating muscle and joint contact forces during gait. However, to be accurate, models should include representative musculotendon parameters. We aimed to estimate personalised parameters that capture the mechanical behaviour of the plantarflexors in children with CP and typically developing (TD) children. Ankle angle (using motion capture), torque (using a load-cell), and medial gastrocnemius fascicle lengths (using ultrasound) were measured during slow passive ankle dorsiflexion rotation for thirteen children with spastic CP and thirteen TD children. Per subject, the measured rotation was input to a scaled OpenSim model to simulate the torque and fascicle length output. Musculotendon model parameters were personalised by the best match between simulated and experimental torque–angle and fascicle length-angle curves according to a least-squares fit. Personalised tendon slack lengths were significantly longer and optimal fibre lengths significantly shorter in CP than model defaults and than in TD. Personalised tendon compliance was substantially higher in both groups compared to the model default. The presented method to personalise musculotendon parameters will likely yield more accurate simulations of subject-specific muscle mechanics, to help us understand the effects of altered musculotendon properties in CP.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hong JC, Gao J, Yasuda K, Ohashi H, Iwata H. A Pneumatic Artificial Muscle and Spring Combination System that Assists Ankle Rocker and Transforms Energy into Push-Off Support: A Feasibility Study in Heathy Participants. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2022; 2022:1-6. [PMID: 36176170 DOI: 10.1109/icorr55369.2022.9896599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient push-off is a common problem for stroke hemiplegia patients. Assistive systems using extension spring to store energy during stance phase of gait to provide push-off assistance have been developed. However, patients could also suffer poor ankle rocker function; that is, poor dorsiflexion movement in stance phase. In such case, the spring could reversely become a burden for ankle movement. In this research, we proposed a system that combines a pneumatic artificial muscle and a tension spring. The artificial muscle mimics a human's tibialis anterior muscle, while the spring mimicking the Achilles tendon. Upon foot flat event of gait, the artificial muscle contracted to assist ankle rocker function and stretched the spring to store energy simultaneously. After heel off, the artificial muscle extended and the spring was released to provide push-off assistance. A feasibility study in seven healthy participants was conducted to verify assistance effects on their ankle rocker function and push-off movements. The results show significant increase in ankle rocker angle, push-off angle, and push-off torque compared with those during normal walk when the participants were assisted by our system. Therefore, we believe that the proposed system has great potential to assist stroke survivors with problems of poor ankle rocker function and push-off movements.
Collapse
|
10
|
Khair RM, Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Reito A, Paloneva J, Finni T. Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105568. [PMID: 35066440 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendon rupture appears to alter stiffness and length of the tendon. These alterations may affect the function of tendon in force transmission and in energy storage and recovery. We studied the mechanical properties of the Achilles' tendon post-rupture and their association with function. METHODS Twenty-four (20 males, 4 females) participants (mean age: 43 y, 176 cm, 81 kg) were recruited. Ultrasonography and dynamometry were used to assess the muscle-tendon unit morphological and mechanical properties of non-surgically treated patients 1-year post rupture. FINDINGS Injured tendons were longer with difference of 1.8 cm (95%CI: 0.5-1.9 cm; P < 0.001), and thicker by 0.2 mm (0.2-0.3 mm; P < 0.01). Medial gastrocnemius cross-sectional area was 1.0 cm2 smaller (0.8-1.1 cm2; P < 0.001), fascicles were 0.6 cm shorter (0.5-0.7 cm; P < 0.001) and pennation angle was 2.5° higher (1.3-3.6°; P < 0.001) when compared to the uninjured limb. We found no differences between injured and uninjured tendon stiffness 1-year post-rupture (mean difference: 29.8 N/mm, -7.7-67.3 N/mm; P = 0.170). The injured tendon showed 1.8 mm (1.2-2.4 mm; P < 0.01) lower elongation during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Patient-reported functional outcome was related to the tendon resting length (β = 0.68, r(10) = 4.079, P = 0.002). Inter-limb differences in the medial gastrocnemius fascicle length were related to inter-limb differences in maximum contractions (β = 1.17, r(14) = 2.808, P = 0.014). INTERPRETATION Longer Achilles tendon resting length was associated with poorer self-evaluated functional outcome. Although the stiffness of non-surgically treated and uninjured tendons was similar 1-year post rupture, plantar flexion strength deficit was still present, possibly due to shorter medial gastrocnemius fascicle length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ra'ad M Khair
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Sport & Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | - Juha Paloneva
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Central Finland Health Care District, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krupenevich RL, Beck ON, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. Reduced Achilles Tendon Stiffness Disrupts Calf Muscle Neuromechanics in Elderly Gait. Gerontology 2022; 68:241-251. [PMID: 34274923 PMCID: PMC8761229 DOI: 10.1159/000516910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults walk slower and with a higher metabolic energy expenditure than younger adults. In this review, we explore the hypothesis that age-related declines in Achilles tendon stiffness increase the metabolic cost of walking due to less economical calf muscle contractions and increased proximal joint work. This viewpoint may motivate interventions to restore ankle muscle-tendon stiffness, improve walking mechanics, and reduce metabolic cost in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Krupenevich
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Owen N. Beck
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R. Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Age-related changes to triceps surae muscle-subtendon interaction dynamics during walking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21264. [PMID: 34711893 PMCID: PMC8553842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Push-off intensity is largely governed by the forces generated by the triceps surae (TS) muscles (gastrocnemius-GAS, soleus-SOL). During walking, the TS muscles undergo different fascicle kinematics and contribute differently to biomechanical subtasks. These differences may be facilitated by the Achilles tendon (AT), which is comprised of subtendons that originate from the TS muscles. We and others have revealed non-uniform displacement patterns within the AT—evidence for sliding between subtendons that may facilitate independent muscle actuation. However, in older adults, we have observed more uniform AT tissue displacements that correlate with reduced push-off intensity. Here, we employed dual-probe ultrasound imaging to investigate TS muscle length change heterogeneity (GAS–SOL) as a determinant of reduced push-off intensity in older adults. Compared to young, older adults walked with more uniform AT tissue displacements and reduced TS muscle length change heterogeneity. These muscle-level differences appeared to negatively impact push-off intensity—evidenced by between-group differences in the extent to which TS muscle length change heterogeneity correlates with mechanical output across walking tasks. Our findings suggest that the capacity for sliding between subtendons may facilitate independent TS muscle actuation in young adults but may restrict that actuation in older adults, likely contributing to reduced push-off intensity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Waugh CM, Scott A. Substantial Achilles adaptation following strength training has no impact on tendon function during walking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255221. [PMID: 34324575 PMCID: PMC8320898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are responsive to mechanical loading and their properties are often the target of intervention programs. The tendon's mechanical properties, particularly stiffness, also govern its function, therefore changes to these properties could have substantial influence on energy-saving mechanisms during activities utilizing the stretch-shortening cycle. We investigated Achilles tendon (AT) function in vivo during walking with respect to a training intervention that elicited significant increases in AT stiffness. 14 men and women completed 12-weeks of isometric plantarflexor strength training that increased AT stiffness, measured during isometric MVC, by ~31%. Before and after the intervention, participants walked shod at their preferred velocity on a fully-instrumented treadmill. Movement kinematics, kinetics and displacement of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle-tendon junction were captured synchronously using 3D motion capture and ultrasound imaging, respectively. A MANOVA test was used to examine changes in AT force, stress, strain, stiffness, Young's modulus, hysteresis and strain energy, measured during walking, before and following strength training. All were non-significant for a main effect of time, therefore no follow-up statistical tests were conducted. Changes in joint kinematics, tendon strain, velocity, work and power and muscle activity during the stance phase were assessed with 1D statistical parametric mapping, all of which also demonstrated a lack of change in response to the intervention. This in vivo examination of tendon function in walking provides an important foundation for investigating the functional consequences of training adaptations. We found substantial increases in AT stiffness did not impact on tendon function during walking. AT stiffness measured during walking, however, was unchanged with training, which suggests that increases in stiffness may not be evident across the whole force-elongation relation, a finding which may help explain previously mixed intervention results and guide future investigations in the functional implications of tendon adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
van Bijlert PA, van Soest AJ‘K, Schulp AS. Natural Frequency Method: estimating the preferred walking speed of Tyrannosaurus rex based on tail natural frequency. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201441. [PMID: 33996115 PMCID: PMC8059583 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Locomotor energetics are an important determinant of an animal's ecological niche. It is commonly assumed that animals minimize locomotor energy expenditure by selecting gait kinematics tuned to the natural frequencies of relevant body parts. We demonstrate that this allows estimation of the preferred step frequency and walking speed of Tyrannosaurus rex, using an approach we introduce as the Natural Frequency Method. Although the tail of bipedal dinosaurs was actively involved in walking, it was suspended passively by the caudal interspinous ligaments. These allowed for elastic energy storage, thereby reducing the metabolic cost of transport. In order for elastic energy storage to be high, step and natural frequencies would have to be matched. Using a 3D morphological reconstruction and a spring-suspended biomechanical model, we determined the tail natural frequency of T. rex (0.66 s-1, range 0.41-0.84), and the corresponding walking speed (1.28 m s-1, range 0.80-1.64), which we argue to be a good indicator of preferred walking speed (PWS). The walking speeds found here are lower than earlier estimations for large theropods, but agree quite closely with PWS of a diverse group of extant animals. The results are most sensitive to uncertainties regarding ligament moment arms, vertebral kinematics and ligament composition. However, our model formulation and method for estimation of walking speed are unaffected by assumptions regarding muscularity, and therefore offer an independent line of evidence within the field of dinosaur locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasha A. van Bijlert
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. J. ‘Knoek’ van Soest
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Schulp
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Toumi A, Smart R, Elie D, Bassement J, Leteneur S, Simoneau-Buessinger E, Jakobi J. Contribution of Achilles tendon mechanical properties to torque steadiness in persons with transfemoral amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int 2021; 45:170-177. [PMID: 33158397 DOI: 10.1177/0309364620966431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How Achilles tendon mechanics and plantar flexion strength and torque steadiness are altered in the intact leg of persons with trauma-related amputation is unknown. Understanding Achilles tendon mechanics following amputation will further inform rehabilitation approaches to enhance posture, balance, and force control. OBJECTIVE Conduct a pilot study to quantify plantar flexion maximal voluntary contraction torque, torque steadiness, and Achilles tendon mechanics in persons with unilateral trauma-related transfemoral amputation and controls without amputation. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Isometric plantar flexion maximal voluntary contractions were performed with the intact leg of ten males with transfemoral amputation (48 ± 14 years) and the dominant leg of age-matched male controls without amputation. Torque steadiness was calculated as the coefficient of variation in torque over 6 s during submaximal tracking tasks (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% maximal voluntary contraction). Achilles tendon elongation and cross-sectional area were recorded with ultrasound to calculate strain, stress, and stiffness. RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction and torque steadiness did not differ between persons with amputation (90.6 ± 31.6 N m, 3.7 ± 2.0%) and controls (95.8 ± 26.8 N m, 2.9 ± 1.2%; p > 0.05). Tendon stiffness (21.1 ± 18.2 N/mm) and strain (5.2 ± 1.3%) did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Tendon cross-sectional area was 10% greater in persons with amputation leading to 29% lower stress (p = 0.021). Maximal voluntary contraction was a predictor of a lower coefficient of variation in torque (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Persons with trauma-related transfemoral amputation do not differ in plantar flexion maximal voluntary contraction and torque steadiness of the intact leg compared with controls without amputation. Larger tendon cross-sectional area reduces stress and enables distribution of force across a greater area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Toumi
- Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France.,School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Rowan Smart
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Elie
- Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Jennifer Bassement
- Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Sébastien Leteneur
- Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Emilie Simoneau-Buessinger
- Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH), UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Jennifer Jakobi
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pimentel RE, Pieper NL, Clark WH, Franz JR. Muscle metabolic energy costs while modifying propulsive force generation during walking. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1552-1565. [PMID: 33749464 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We pose that an age-related increase in the metabolic cost of walking arises in part from a redistribution of joint power where muscles spanning the hip compensate for insufficient ankle push-off and smaller peak propulsive forces (FP). Young adults elicit a similar redistribution when walking with smaller FP via biofeedback. We used targeted FP biofeedback and musculoskeletal models to estimate the metabolic costs of operating lower limb muscles in young adults walking across a range of FP. Our simulations support the theory of distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint power as a determinant of increased metabolic cost in older adults during walking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Pimentel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah L Pieper
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William H Clark
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason R Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lindemann I, Coombes BK, Tucker K, Hug F, Dick TJ. Age-related differences in gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties in vivo. J Biomech 2020; 112:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
18
|
Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2715-2727. [PMID: 32930859 PMCID: PMC7674345 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence on training-induced muscle hypertrophy during preadolescence is limited and inconsistent. Possible associations of muscle strength and tendon stiffness with jumping performance are also not investigated. We investigated the thickness and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM), as indicators for potential muscle hypertrophy in preadolescent athletes. Further, we examined the association of triceps surae muscle–tendon properties with jumping performance. Methods Eleven untrained children (9 years) and 21 similar-aged artistic gymnastic athletes participated in the study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the GM were measured at rest and muscle strength of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon stiffness during maximum isometric contractions. Jumping height in squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) was examined using a force plate. We evaluated the influence of normalised muscle strength and tendon stiffness on jumping performance with a linear regression model. Results Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. In athletes, muscle strength was greater by 25% and jumping heights by 36% (SJ) and 43% (CMJ), but Achilles tendon stiffness did not differ between the two groups. The significant predictor for both jump heights was tendon stiffness in athletes and normalised muscle strength for the CMJ height in non-athletes. Conclusion Long-term artistic gymnastics training during preadolescence seems to be associated with increased muscle strength and jumping performance but not with training-induced muscle hypertrophy or altered tendon stiffness in the plantar flexors. Athletes benefit more from tendon stiffness and non-athletes more from muscle strength for increased jumping performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Krupenevich RL, Clark WH, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. Older Adults Overcome Reduced Triceps Surae Structural Stiffness to Preserve Ankle Joint Quasi-Stiffness During Walking. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:209-216. [PMID: 32502975 PMCID: PMC8020011 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ankle joint quasi-stiffness is an aggregate measure of the interaction between triceps surae muscle stiffness and Achilles tendon stiffness. This interaction may be altered due to age-related changes in the structural properties and functional behavior of the Achilles tendon and triceps surae muscles. The authors hypothesized that, due to a more compliant of Achilles' tendon, older adults would exhibit lower ankle joint quasi-stiffness than young adults during walking and during isolated contractions at matched triceps surae muscle activations. The authors also hypothesized that, independent of age, triceps surae muscle stiffness and ankle joint quasi-stiffness would increase with triceps surae muscle activation. The authors used conventional gait analysis in one experiment and, in another, electromyographic biofeedback and in vivo ultrasound imaging applied during isolated contractions. The authors found no difference in ankle joint quasi-stiffness between young and older adults during walking. Conversely, this study found that (1) young and older adults modulated ankle joint quasi-stiffness via activation-dependent changes in triceps surae muscle length-tension behavior and (2) at matched activation, older adults exhibited lower ankle joint quasi-stiffness than young adults. Despite age-related reductions during isolated contractions, ankle joint quasi-stiffness was maintained in older adults during walking, which may be governed via activation-mediated increases in muscle stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William H Clark
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
| | | | - Jason R Franz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ebrahimi A, Loegering IF, Martin JA, Pomeroy RL, Roth JD, Thelen DG. Achilles tendon loading is lower in older adults than young adults across a broad range of walking speeds. Exp Gerontol 2020; 137:110966. [PMID: 32360339 PMCID: PMC7328904 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in Achilles tendon loading during gait. Fourteen young (7F/7M, 26 ± 5 years) and older (7F/7M, 67 ± 5 years) adults without current neurological or orthopaedic impairment participated. Shear wave tensiometry was used to measure tendon stress by tracking Achilles tendon wave speed. The wave speed-stress relationship was calibrated using simultaneously collected tensiometer and force plate measures during a standing sway task. Tendon stress was computed from the force plate measures using subject-specific ultrasound measures of tendon moment arm and cross-sectional area. All subjects exhibited a highly linear relationship between wave speed squared and tendon stress (mean R2 > 0.9), with no significant age-group differences in tensiometer calibration parameters. Tendon wave speed was monitored during treadmill walking at four speeds (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 m/s) and used to compute the stress experienced by the tendon. Relative to young adults, older adults exhibited 22% lower peak tendon wave speeds. Peak tendon stress during push-off in older adults (24.8 MPa) was 32% less than that in the young adults (36.7 MPa) (p = 0.01). There was a moderate increase (+11%) in peak tendon stress across both groups when increasing speed from 0.75 to 1.50 m/s (main effect of speed, p = 0.01). Peak tendon loading during late swing did not differ between age groups (mean 3.8 MPa in young and 4.2 MPa in older adults). These age-related alterations in tendon tissue loading may affect the mechanobiological stimuli underlying tissue remodeling and thereby alter the propensity for tendon injury and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Isaac F Loegering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jack A Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robin L Pomeroy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua D Roth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Importance of Maximal Strength and Muscle-Tendon Mechanics for Improving Force Steadiness in Persons with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080471. [PMID: 32708012 PMCID: PMC7464786 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plantar flexion force steadiness (FS) is reduced in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD), the underlying causes are unknown. The aim of this exploratory design study was to ascertain the influence of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and gastrocnemius-Achilles muscle-tendon unit behaviour on FS in persons with PD. Nine persons with PD and nine age- and sex-matched non-PD controls (~70 years, 6 females per group) performed plantar flexion MVCs and sub-maximal tracking tasks at 5, 10, 25, 50 and 75% MVC. Achilles tendon elongation and medial gastrocnemius fascicle lengths were recorded via ultrasound during contraction. FS was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) of force. Contributions of MVC and tendon mechanics to FS were determined using multiple regression analyses. Persons with PD were 35% weaker during MVC (p = 0.04) and had 97% greater CV (p = 0.01) with 47% less fascicle shortening (p = 0.004) and 38% less tendon elongation (p = 0.002) than controls. Reduced strength was a direct contributor to lower FS in PD (ß = 0.631), and an indirect factor through limiting optimal muscle-tendon unit interaction. Interestingly, our findings indicate an uncoupling between fascicle shortening and tendon elongation in persons with PD. To better understand limitations in FS and muscle-tendon unit behavior, it is imperative to identify the origins of MVC decrements in persons with PD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Arampatzis A, Mersmann F, Bohm S. Individualized Muscle-Tendon Assessment and Training. Front Physiol 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32670094 PMCID: PMC7332733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of muscle and tendon is of major importance for movement performance and a balanced development of muscle strength and tendon stiffness could protect athletes from overuse injury. However, muscle and tendon do not necessarily adapt in a uniform manner during a training process. The development of a diagnostic routine to assess both the strength capacity of muscle and the mechanical properties of tendons would enable the detection of muscle-tendon imbalances, indicate if the training should target muscle strength or tendon stiffness development and allow for the precise prescription of training loads to optimize tendon adaptation. This perspective article discusses a framework of individualized muscle-tendon assessment and training and outlines a methodological approach for the patellar tendon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Acute Influence of Running-Induced Fatigue on the Performance and Biomechanics of a Countermovement Jump. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb kinematics and kinetics during the landing phase of jumping might change because of localized muscle fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the acute influence of running-induced fatigue on the performance and lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump. A running-induced fatigue protocol was applied to fifteen male subjects. Participants were asked to perform three successful countermovement jumps before and after fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected to compare any fatigue influences. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and paired-sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. Running-induced fatigue did not significantly change vertical jump height and peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) during the push-off and landing phases. Lower limb biomechanics significantly changed, especially kinematic parameters. During the push-off phase, fatigue resulted in an increased ankle peak inversion angle, knee minimal flexion angle, knee peak abduction angle, and hip peak flexion moment. In addition, the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and knee joints in the frontal plane was also increased. Certain parameters decreased as a result of fatigue, such as the ankle peak internal rotation angle, hip peak abduction angle, the ROM of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane, and ROM of the hip joint in the frontal plane. During the landing phase, the peak inversion angle and peak external rotation angle of the ankle joint, peak abduction angle of the knee and hip joint, ROM of the ankle joint in the horizontal plane, ROM of the ankle and knee joint in the frontal plane were all increased as a result of fatigue. The knee peak flexion moment and hip peak extension moment, however, were decreased. Under fatigue conditions, lower limb kinetics and kinematics were changed during both the push-off and landing phases. More attention should be focused on the landing phase and the last period of the push-off phase due to potentially higher risks of injury. The findings of the current study may be beneficial to athletes and coaches in preventing jumping related injuries.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bissas A, Havenetidis K, Walker J, Hanley B, Nicholson G, Metaxas T, Christoulas K, Cronin NJ. Muscle-tendon morphology and function following long-term exposure to repeated and strenuous mechanical loading. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1151-1162. [PMID: 32246562 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We mapped structural and functional characteristics of muscle-tendon units in a population exposed to very long-term routine overloading. Twenty-eight military academy cadets (age = 21.00 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.1 ± 4.8 cm; mass = 73.8 ± 7.0 kg) exposed for over 24 months to repetitive overloading were profiled via ultrasonography with a senior subgroup of them (n = 11; age = 21.4 ± 1.0 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.8 cm; mass = 71.4 ± 6.6 kg) also tested while walking and marching on a treadmill. A group of eleven ethnicity- and age-matched civilians (age = 21.6 ± 0.7 years; height = 176.8 ± 4.3 cm; mass = 74.6 ± 5.6 kg) was also profiled and tested. Cadets and civilians exhibited similar morphology (muscle and tendon thickness and cross-sectional area, pennation angle, fascicle length) in 26 out of 29 sites including the Achilles tendon. However, patellar tendon thickness along the entire tendon was greater (P < .05) by a mean of 16% for the senior cadets compared with civilians. Dynamically, cadets showed significantly smaller ranges of fascicle length change and lower shortening velocity in medial gastrocnemius during walking (44.0% and 47.6%, P < .05-.01) and marching (27.5% and 34.3%, P < .05-.01) than civilians. Furthermore, cadets showed lower normalized soleus electrical activity during walking (22.7%, P < .05) and marching (27.0%, P < .05). Therefore, 24-36 months of continuous overloading, primarily occurring under aerobic conditions, leads to more efficient neural and mechanical behavior in the triceps surae complex, without any major macroscopic alterations in key anatomical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josh Walker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Christoulas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nuckols RW, Dick TJM, Beck ON, Sawicki GS. Ultrasound imaging links soleus muscle neuromechanics and energetics during human walking with elastic ankle exoskeletons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3604. [PMID: 32109239 PMCID: PMC7046782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpowered exoskeletons with springs in parallel to human plantar flexor muscle-tendons can reduce the metabolic cost of walking. We used ultrasound imaging to look 'under the skin' and measure how exoskeleton stiffness alters soleus muscle contractile dynamics and shapes the user's metabolic rate during walking. Eleven participants (4F, 7M; age: 27.7 ± 3.3 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.25 m s-1 and 0% grade with elastic ankle exoskeletons (rotational stiffness: 0-250 Nm rad-1) in one training and two testing days. Metabolic savings were maximized (4.2%) at a stiffness of 50 Nm rad-1. As exoskeleton stiffness increased, the soleus muscle operated at longer lengths and improved economy (force/activation) during early stance, but this benefit was offset by faster shortening velocity and poorer economy in late stance. Changes in soleus activation rate correlated with changes in users' metabolic rate (p = 0.038, R2 = 0.44), highlighting a crucial link between muscle neuromechanics and exoskeleton performance; perhaps informing future 'muscle-in-the loop' exoskeleton controllers designed to steer contractile dynamics toward more economical force production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Nuckols
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - T J M Dick
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - O N Beck
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - G S Sawicki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Regional Elastic Properties of the Achilles Tendon Is Heterogeneously Influenced by Individual Muscle of the Gastrocnemius. Appl Bionics Biomech 2019; 2019:8452717. [PMID: 31781292 PMCID: PMC6874961 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomical studies and the mechanical property studies showed that there is a strong correlation between Achilles tendon (AT) elasticity and individual gastrocnemius muscle (the medial head of gastrocnemius (MG) and the lateral head of gastrocnemius (LG)) elasticity. Limited ankle dorsiflexion range of motion has been correlated with decreased flexibility of the MG/LG/AT complex. However, no studies have been conducted to examine the exact correlation between the Achilles tendon and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius. Purposes The purposes of the present study were (1) to evaluate intra- and interoperator reliabilities of elastic property measurements in the gastrocnemius muscle-Achilles tendon complex by using the shear wave elastography (SWE) and (2) to examine the correlation between the regional elastic properties of the AT and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius. Methods Twenty healthy subjects (mean age: 22.50 (3.02) years) were recruited in this study. The elastic properties of the AT and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius were quantified using the SWE. Findings The SWE has comparatively high reliability in quantifying the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon range from good to excellent. The intraoperator ICC of the gastrocnemius muscle-Achilles tendon complex was 0.77 to 0.95, while the interoperator ICC was 0.76 to 0.94. The minimal detectable change (MDC) of the muscle was 1.72 kPa, while the AT was 32.90 kPa. A significant correlation was found between the elastic modulus of AT and the elastic modulus of the MG (r = 0.668 and p = 0.001 at the relaxing position and r = 0.481 and p = 0.032 at the neutral position). Conclusions The SWE has the potential to assess localized changes in muscle-tendon elastic properties, provide more intuitive relations between elastic properties of the muscle tendon and function, and evaluate the therapeutic effect of the muscle tendon. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found, and it may provide a new treatment idea (targeted to the tight muscle heads) for the clinical setting to treat subjects with AT disorders.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Triceps Surae Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties in Preadolescent Children: A Comparison of Artistic Gymnastic Athletes and Non-athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31164838 PMCID: PMC6536691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the effects of athletic training on the properties of muscle and tendon in preadolescent children is scarce. The current study compared Achilles tendon stiffness, plantar flexor muscle strength and vertical jumping performance of preadolescent athletes and non-athletes to provide insight into the potential effects of systematic athletic training. Twenty-one preadolescent artistic gymnastic athletes (9.2 ± 1.6 years, 15 girls) and 11 similar-aged non-athlete controls (9.0 ± 1.7 years, 6 girls) participated in the study. The training intensity and volume of the athletes was documented for the last 6 months before the measurements. Subsequently, vertical ground reaction forces were measured with a force plate to assess jumping performance during squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) in both groups. Muscle strength of the plantar flexor muscles and Achilles tendon stiffness were examined using ultrasound, electromyography, and dynamometry. The athletes trained 6 days per week with a total of 20 h of training per week. Athletes generated significantly greater plantar flexion moments normalized to body mass compared to non-athletes (1.75 ± 0.32 Nm/kg vs. 1.31 ± 0.33 Nm/kg; p = 0.001) and achieved a significantly greater jump height in both types of jumps (21.2 ± 3.62 cm vs. 14.9 ± 2.32 cm; p < 0.001 in SJ and 23.4 ± 4.1 cm vs. 16.4 ± 4.1 cm; p < 0.001 in CMJ). Achilles tendon stiffness did not show any statistically significant differences (p = 0.413) between athletes (116.3 ± 32.5 N/mm) and non-athletes (106.4 ± 32.8 N/mm). Athletes were more likely to reach strain magnitudes close to or higher than 8.5% strain compared to non-athletes (frequency: 24% vs. 9%) indicating an increased mechanical demand for the tendon. Although normalized muscle strength and jumping performance were greater in athletes, gymnastic-specific training in preadolescence did not cause a significant adaptation of Achilles tendon stiffness. The potential contribution of the high mechanical demand for the tendon to the increasing risk of tendon overuse call for the implementation of specific exercises in the athletic training of preadolescent athletes that increase tendon stiffness and support a balanced adaptation within the muscle-tendon unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dias CP, Freire B, Goulart NBA, Dias De Castro C, Lemos FDA, Becker J, Arndt A, Vaz MA. Impaired mechanical properties of Achilles tendon in spastic stroke survivors: an observational study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2019; 26:261-266. [PMID: 30890042 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2019.1591688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spasticity could lead to decreased functional capacity and changes in musculoskeletal tissue. OBJECTIVE To compare the Achilles tendon properties between the affected and contralateral limbs of participants with spasticity due to stroke and the healthy subjects. METHODS Fifteen individuals with ankle spasticity due to stroke and 15 healthy subjects were recruited. Maximal isometric ankle joint torque was obtained with an isokinetic dynamometer, and an ultrasound was used to determine tendon length, tendon cross-sectional area, and the medial gastrocnemius myotendinous junction displacement. The Achilles tendon strength, displacement, stress, strain, stiffness, and Young's modulus were obtained during a maximum voluntary isometric plantarflexion contraction. RESULTS There were no differences between Achilles tendon length among participants. Both limbs of participants with stroke showed reduced tendon cross-sectional area (~18%) compared to healthy limb. The affected limb showed decreased tendon strength (686 ± 293.3 N), displacement (10.6 ± 1.7 mm), Young's modulus values (849 ± 235.6 MPa), and lower stiffness (196.6 ± 67.6 N/mm) compared to the contralateral limb (strength, 1357.1 ± 294.8 N; displacement, 15.2 ± 5.5 mm; Young's modulus, 1431.8 ± 301.9 MPa; stiffness, 337.5 ± 98.1 N/mm) and to the healthy limb. The contralateral limb also showed decreased tendon strength (~26.2%) and stiffness (~21.5%) compared to the healthy group. CONCLUSION There is a decrement in Achilles tendon morphological and mechanical properties of the affected limb in individuals with spasticity due to stroke. The contralateral limb had a thinner tendon more compliant likely to physical activity reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pieta Dias
- a School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Bruno Freire
- b Human Movement Sciences, Motor Control Laboratory , University of State of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | | | - Camila Dias De Castro
- a School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Fernando De Aguiar Lemos
- a School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Jefferson Becker
- c Neurology Service, São Lucas Hospital , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Anton Arndt
- d GIH , The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm , Sweden.,e Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- a School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baxter JR, Farber DC, Hast MW. Plantarflexor fiber and tendon slack length are strong determinates of simulated single-leg heel raise height. J Biomech 2019; 86:27-33. [PMID: 30722935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Achilles tendon ruptures have been linked with detrimental changes in muscle-tendon structure, which may help explain long-term functional deficits. However, the causal effects of muscle-tendon structure on joint function have not been tested in a controlled setting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the implications of muscle-tendon unit parameters on simulated single-leg heel raise height. We hypothesized that muscle fiber length and resting ankle angle - a clinical surrogate measure of tendon slack length - would predict single-leg heel raise height more strongly than other parameters. To test this hypothesis, we developed a two-part simulation paradigm that recreated clinically relevant muscle-tendon scenarios and then tested these parameters on single-leg heel raise height. We found that longer muscle fibers had the greatest positive effect on single-leg heel raise height. However, tendon slack length, determined by simulating resting ankle angles in a secondary analysis, revealed a stronger negative correlation with heel raise height. Our findings support previous clinical observations that both muscle fascicle length and resting tendon length are important muscle-tendon parameters for patient function. In addition to minimizing tendon elongation following rupture, treatment plans should focus on preserving plantarflexor muscle structure to mitigate functional loses following Achilles tendon ruptures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Baxter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Daniel C Farber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Hast
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baxter JR, Hast MW. Plantarflexor metabolics are sensitive to resting ankle angle and optimal fiber length in computational simulations of gait. Gait Posture 2019; 67:194-200. [PMID: 30366212 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantarflexor structure is an important predictor of function in healthy, athletic, and some patient populations. Computational simulations are powerful tools capable of testing the isolated effects of muscle-tendon structure on gait function. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to characterize the sensitivity of plantarflexor muscle function based on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) parameters. We hypothesized that plantarflexor metabolics and shortening dynamics would be sensitive to MTU parameters. METHODS Stance phase of gait was simulated using a musculoskeletal model and computed muscle control algorithm. Optimal muscle fiber length, resting ankle angle, and tendon stiffness parameters were systematically changed to test these effects on plantarflexor metabolics, activation, and power. Dorsiflexor metabolics were also measured to determine the impact of the action of the antagonist muscle group. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE Plantarflexor metabolic demands were 1.5 and 2.7 times more sensitive to optimal fiber length and resting ankle angle, respectively, compared to the effect of tendon stiffness. Increased resting ankle plantarflexion induced a large passive plantarflexion moment during early stance, which required non-physiologic dorsiflexor contractions. Conversely, longer optimal fiber and more neutral resting ankle angles increased the shortening demands of the plantarflexors. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting MTU parameters when modeling gait with musculoskeletal models, especially in pathologic or high-performance athlete populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Baxter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market Street, Suite 702, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael W Hast
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market Street, Suite 702, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Delabastita T, Bogaerts S, Vanwanseele B. Age-Related Changes in Achilles Tendon Stiffness and Impact on Functional Activities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 27:1-12. [PMID: 29722592 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2017-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Achilles tendon stiffness determines calf muscle functioning during functional activities. However, contrasting evidence was found in studies comparing Achilles tendon stiffness in older and younger adults. Therefore, this systematic review compares Achilles tendon stiffness and elastic modulus in older and younger adults and reviews functional implications. Studies revealed by systematic bibliographic searches were included if healthy older adults were investigated, and if Achilles tendon stiffness was measured using ultrasound and dynamometry. Meta-analyses were performed to compare Achilles tendon stiffness and elastic modulus in older and younger adults. Achilles tendon stiffness (weighted standardized mean difference = 1.40, 95% confidence intervals [0.42-2.38]) and elastic modulus (weighted standardized mean difference = 1.74, 95% confidence intervals [0.99-2.49]) were decreased in older compared with younger adults. Decreased Achilles tendon stiffness was related to walking performance and balance. Possibly, decreased Achilles tendon stiffness is caused by altered elastic modulus in older adults. Training interventions increasing Achilles tendon stiffness could improve functional capacity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Werkhausen A, Albracht K, Cronin NJ, Paulsen G, Bojsen-Møller J, Seynnes OR. Effect of Training-Induced Changes in Achilles Tendon Stiffness on Muscle-Tendon Behavior During Landing. Front Physiol 2018; 9:794. [PMID: 29997526 PMCID: PMC6028711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During rapid deceleration of the body, tendons buffer part of the elongation of the muscle–tendon unit (MTU), enabling safe energy dissipation via eccentric muscle contraction. Yet, the influence of changes in tendon stiffness within the physiological range upon these lengthening contractions is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of training-induced stiffening of the Achilles tendon on triceps surae muscle–tendon behavior during a landing task. Twenty-one male subjects were assigned to either a 10-week resistance-training program consisting of single-leg isometric plantarflexion (n = 11) or to a non-training control group (n = 10). Before and after the training period, plantarflexion force, peak Achilles tendon strain and stiffness were measured during isometric contractions, using a combination of dynamometry, ultrasound and kinematics data. Additionally, testing included a step-landing task, during which joint mechanics and lengths of gastrocnemius and soleus fascicles, Achilles tendon, and MTU were determined using synchronized ultrasound, kinematics and kinetics data collection. After training, plantarflexion strength and Achilles tendon stiffness increased (15 and 18%, respectively), and tendon strain during landing remained similar. Likewise, lengthening and negative work produced by the gastrocnemius MTU did not change detectably. However, in the training group, gastrocnemius fascicle length was offset (8%) to a longer length at touch down and, surprisingly, fascicle lengthening and velocity were reduced by 27 and 21%, respectively. These changes were not observed for soleus fascicles when accounting for variation in task execution between tests. These results indicate that a training-induced increase in tendon stiffness does not noticeably affect the buffering action of the tendon when the MTU is rapidly stretched. Reductions in gastrocnemius fascicle lengthening and lengthening velocity during landing occurred independently from tendon strain. Future studies are required to provide insight into the mechanisms underpinning these observations and their influence on energy dissipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|