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An H, Lee HY, Shin H, Bang JH, Han S, Oh YL, Jang KY, Cho H, Hyun TK, Sung J, So YS, Jo IH, Chung JW. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis among Germplasm of Agaricus bisporus by SSR Markers. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:376-384. [PMID: 34512081 PMCID: PMC8409946 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1940746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus is a popular edible mushroom that is cultivated worldwide. Due to its secondary homothallic nature, cultivated A. bisporus strains have low genetic diversity, and breeding novel strains is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of globally collected A. bisporus strains using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Agaricus bisporus strains were divided based on genetic distance-based groups and model-based subpopulations. The major allele frequency (MAF), number of genotypes (NG), number of alleles (NA), observed heterozygosity (HO), expected heterozygosity (HE), and polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated, and genetic distance, population structure, genetic differentiation, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were assessed. Strains were divided into two groups by distance-based analysis and into three subpopulations by model-based analysis. Strains in subpopulations POP A and POP B were included in Group I, and strains in subpopulation POP C were included in Group II. Genetic differentiation between strains was 99%. Marker AB-gSSR-1057 in Group II and subpopulation POP C was confirmed to be in HWE. These results will enhance A. bisporus breeding programs and support the protection of genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin An
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Shin
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Bang
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahee Han
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Yeul Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sup So
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Chung
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Ali A, Ha B, Kim MK, Kong WS, Ryu JS. Development of a Molecular Marker Linked to the A4 Locus and the Structure of HD Genes in Pleurotus eryngii. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:200-206. [PMID: 31448140 PMCID: PMC6691818 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1619989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Allelic differences in A and B mating-type loci are a prerequisite for the progression of mating in the genus Pleurotus eryngii; thus, the crossing is hampered by this biological barrier in inbreeding. Molecular markers linked to mating types of P. eryngii KNR2312 were investigated with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to enhance crossing efficiency. An A4-linked sequence was identified and used to find the adjacent genomic region with the entire motif of the A locus from a contig sequenced by PacBio. The sequence-characterized amplified region marker 7-2299 distinguished A4 mating-type monokaryons from KNR2312 and other strains. A BLAST search of flanked sequences revealed that the A4 locus had a general feature consisting of the putative HD1 and HD2 genes. Both putative HD transcription factors contain a homeodomain sequence and a nuclear localization sequence; however, valid dimerization motifs were found only in the HD1 protein. The ACAAT motif, which was reported to have relevance to sex determination, was found in the intergenic region. The SCAR marker could be applicable in the classification of mating types in the P. eryngii breeding program, and the A4 locus could be the basis for a multi-allele detection marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Asjad Ali
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongsuk Ha
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Keun Kim
- Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-San Ryu
- Department of Mushroom Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Wu T, Ye Z, Guo L, Yang X, Lin J. De novo transcriptome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes uncover candidate genes associated with cold-induced fruiting. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:698-703. [PMID: 29873407 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To understand molecular mechanism of cold-induced fruiting in Flammulina velutipes, which is one of most popular edible fungi in east Asia, de novo assembly of the F. velutipes transcriptome was carried out. There were 26,888,494 and 26,275,146 clean reads obtained from mycelium and primordia of F. velutipes, respectively. A total of 20,157 unigenes were de novo assembled and 15,058 of them were annotated. Moreover, 7935 unigenes were differentially expressed between mycelium and primordia, 4025 of them were up-regulated and 3910 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed unigenes indicated that functional groups associated with two-component signaling pathway, calcium signaling, mitogen-actived protein kinase pathway, molecular chaperones, cell wall and membrane system, play an important role in cold-induced fruiting of F. velutipes. In this work 643 EST-SSRs were identified in 20,157 unigenes and 1560 EST-SSRs primers pairs were designed. Moreover, 5548 and 5955 SNPs were detected in mycelium and primordia, respectively. Consequently, results of this work can serve as a valuable resource for functional genomics study of cold-induced fruiting in F. velutipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuheng Wu
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junfang Lin
- College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Dai Y, Su W, Yang C, Song B, Li Y, Fu Y. Development of Novel Polymorphic EST-SSR Markers in Bailinggu (Pleurotus tuoliensis) for Crossbreeding. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8110325. [PMID: 29149037 PMCID: PMC5704238 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of monokaryons and their mating types and discrimination of hybrid offspring are key steps for the crossbreeding of Pleurotus tuoliensis (Bailinggu). However, conventional crossbreeding methods are troublesome and time consuming. Using RNA-seq technology, we developed new expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers for Bailinggu to easily and rapidly identify monokaryons and their mating types, genetic diversity and hybrid offspring. We identified 1110 potential EST-based SSR loci from a newly-sequenced Bailinggu transcriptome and then randomly selected 100 EST-SSRs for further validation. Results showed that 39, 43 and 34 novel EST-SSR markers successfully identified monokaryons from their parent dikaryons, differentiated two different mating types and discriminated F1 and F2 hybrid offspring, respectively. Furthermore, a total of 86 alleles were detected in 37 monokaryons using 18 highly informative EST-SSRs. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven. Cluster analysis revealed that these monokaryons have a relatively high level of genetic diversity. Transfer rates of the EST-SSRs in the monokaryons of closely-related species Pleurotuseryngii var. ferulae and Pleurotus ostreatus were 72% and 64%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides new SSR markers and an efficient method to enhance the crossbreeding of Bailinggu and closely-related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Wenying Su
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Chentao Yang
- China National GeneBank, Environmental Genomics, Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Bing Song
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yongping Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Lu T, Bau T. De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of a wild edible mushroom Leucocalocybe mongolica and identification of SSR markers. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1383187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tie Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Tolgor Bau
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Institute of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
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Lee HY, Moon S, Shim D, Hong CP, Lee Y, Koo CD, Chung JW, Ryu H. Development of 44 Novel Polymorphic SSR Markers for Determination of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes) Cultivars. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040109. [PMID: 28338645 PMCID: PMC5406856 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shiitake mushroom (Lentinulaedodes) is one of the most popular edible mushrooms in the world and has attracted attention for its value in medicinal and pharmacological uses. With recent advanced research and techniques, the agricultural cultivation of the shiitake mushroom has been greatly increased, especially in East Asia. Additionally, demand for the development of new cultivars with good agricultural traits has been greatly enhanced, but the development processes are complicated and more challenging than for other edible mushrooms. In this study, we developed 44 novel polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the determination of shiitake mushroom cultivars based on a whole genome sequencing database of L. edodes. These markers were found to be polymorphic and reliable when screened in 23 shiitake mushroom cultivars. For the 44 SSR markers developed in this study, the major allele frequency ranged from 0.13 to 0.94; the number of genotypes and number of alleles were each 2-11; the observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.00-1.00 and 0.10-0.90, respectively; and the polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.10 to 0.89. These new markers can be used for molecular breeding, the determination of cultivars, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Suyun Moon
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea.
| | | | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Chang-Duck Koo
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Jong-Wook Chung
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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Tang C, Hoo PCX, Tan LTH, Pusparajah P, Khan TM, Lee LH, Goh BH, Chan KG. Golden Needle Mushroom: A Culinary Medicine with Evidenced-Based Biological Activities and Health Promoting Properties. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 28003804 PMCID: PMC5141589 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes (enoki, velvet shank, golden needle mushroom or winter mushroom), one of the main edible mushrooms on the market, has long been recognized for its nutritional value and delicious taste. In recent decades, research has expanded beyond detailing its nutritional composition and delved into the biological activities and potential health benefits of its constituents. Many bioactive constituents from a range of families have been isolated from different parts of the mushroom, including carbohydrates, protein, lipids, glycoproteins, phenols, and sesquiterpenes. These compounds have been demonstrated to exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumour and anticancer activities, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombosis inhibition activity, antihypertensive and cholesterol lowering effects, anti-aging and antioxidant properties, ability to aid with restoring memory and overcoming learning deficits, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, ribosome inactivation and melanosis inhibition. This review aims to consolidate the information concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of various compounds isolated from F. velutipes to demonstrate that this mushroom is not only a great source of nutrients but also possesses tremendous potential in pharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn Tang
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Pearl Ching-Xin Hoo
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University PeshawarPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Liu XB, Feng B, Li J, Yan C, Yang ZL. Genetic diversity and breeding history of Winter Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) in China uncovered by genomic SSR markers. Gene 2016; 591:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zied DC, Maciel WP, Marques SC, da Silveira E Santos DM, Rinker DL, Dias ES. Selection of strains for shiitake production in axenic substrate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:168. [PMID: 27565778 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shiitake mushroom consumption is increasing in Brazil. In addition to the implementation of new production methods, it is also important to increase productivity, quality and reduce production costs. In this study, six commercial Lentinula edodes strains were characterized for genetic diversity (rep-PCR analysis) and mushroom production (yield, number and weight of individual mushrooms) using different substrates and cultural conditions. All strains showed genetic differences by repetitive element palindromic based-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR). The richest substrate resulted in the greatest production under both environmental conditions. Strains LE4 and LE6 produced the majority of their mushrooms earlier than the other strains. The highest number of mushrooms was observed in the LE6 strain while the highest weights of individual mushrooms were observed in the LE4 strain. Controlled environmental conditions resulted in superior production for all strains, except for LE4, which had empirically greater yield in the semi-controlled environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cunha Zied
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Dracena, SP, Brazil.
| | - William Pereira Maciel
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), PO Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Marques
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), PO Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Danny Lee Rinker
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Eustáquio Souza Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), PO Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
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Separation and speciation analysis of zinc from Flammulina velutipes. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:630-635. [PMID: 28911478 PMCID: PMC9345447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthogonal experiment was applied to optimize the water extraction parameters of zinc from Flammulina velutipes, and then the extracts were separated by membrane filter (0.45 μm) and D101 macroporous resin. Six different species of Zn were obtained and the Zn content of various species were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimized conditions for the extraction of Zn were: ratio of dried material to water, 1:30; extraction temperature, 75°C; extraction time, 120 minutes. About 34.43 μg Zn was extracted from 1 g dried F. velutipes powder under the optimal conditions. The recovery value for Zn was 96.5% with a low relative standard deviation. In addition, the content of the organic state of Zn was more than that of the inorganic state, and most of the organic state Zn was found in the polysaccharide and protein fractions.
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Construction of a genetic linkage map based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and development of sequence-tagged site markers for marker-assisted selection of the sporeless trait in the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii). Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:1496-504. [PMID: 22210222 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07052-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of spores from fruiting bodies can lead to allergic reactions and other problems during the cultivation of edible mushrooms, including Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél. A cultivar harboring a sporulation-deficient (sporeless) mutation would be useful for preventing these problems, but traditional breeding requires extensive time and labor. In this study, using a sporeless P. eryngii strain, we constructed a genetic linkage map to introduce a molecular breeding program like marker-assisted selection. Based on the segregation of 294 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, two mating type factors, and the sporeless trait, the linkage map consisted of 11 linkage groups with a total length of 837.2 centimorgans (cM). The gene region responsible for the sporeless trait was located in linkage group IX with 32 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and the B mating type factor. We also identified eight markers closely linked (within 1.2 cM) to the sporeless locus using bulked-segregant analysis-based amplified fragment length polymorphism. One such amplified fragment length polymorphism marker was converted into two sequence-tagged site markers, SD488-I and SD488-II. Using 14 wild isolates, sequence-tagged site analysis indicated the potential usefulness of the combination of two sequence-tagged site markers in cross-breeding of the sporeless strain. It also suggested that a map constructed for P. eryngii has adequate accuracy for marker-assisted selection.
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