1
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Eisinger M, Rahn H, Chen Y, Fernandes M, Lin Z, Hentze N, Tavella D, Moussa EM. Elucidation of the Reversible Self-Association Interface of a Diabody-Interleukin Fusion Protein Using Hydrogen-Exchange Mass Spectrometry and In Silico Modeling. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38922328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Reversible self-association (RSA) of therapeutic proteins presents major challenges in the development of high-concentration formulations, especially those intended for subcutaneous administration. Understanding self-association mechanisms is therefore critical to the design and selection of candidates with acceptable developability to advance to clinical trials. The combination of experiments and in silico modeling presents a powerful tool to elucidate the interface of self-association. RSA of monoclonal antibodies has been studied extensively under different solution conditions and have been shown to involve interactions for both the antigen-binding fragment and the crystallizable fragment. Novel modalities such as bispecific antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, single-chain-variable fragments, and diabodies constitute a fast-growing class of antibody-based therapeutics that have unique physiochemical properties compared to monoclonal antibodies. In this study, the RSA interface of a diabody-interleukin 22 fusion protein (FP-1) was studied using hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) in combination with in silico modeling. Taken together, the results show that a complex solution behavior underlies the self-association of FP-1 and that the interface thereof can be attributed to a specific segment in the variable light chain of the diabody. These findings also demonstrate that the combination of HDX-MS with in silico modeling is a powerful tool to guide the design and candidate selection of novel biotherapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisinger
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Harri Rahn
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Melissa Fernandes
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Nikolai Hentze
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Davide Tavella
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, United States
| | - Ehab M Moussa
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
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2
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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3
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Wu HH, Crames M, Wei Y, Liu D, Gueneva-Boucheva K, Son I, Frego L, Han F, Kroe-Barrett R, Nixon A, Michael M. Effect of the ADCC-modulating mutations and the selection of human IgG isotypes on physicochemical properties of Fc. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2411-2421. [PMID: 35760121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, particularly IgGs and Ig-based molecules, are a well-established and growing class of biotherapeutic drugs. In order to improve efficacy, potency and pharmacokinetics of these therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical industries have investigated significantly in engineering fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of these drugs to optimize the interactions of these drugs and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) in recent ten years. The biological function of the therapeutics with the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced double mutation (S239D/I332E) of isotype IgG1, the ADCC reduced double mutation (L234A/L235A) of isotype IgG1, and ADCC reduced isotype IgG4 has been well understood. However, limited information regarding the effect of these mutations or isotype difference on physicochemical properties (PCP), developability, and manufacturability of therapeutics bearing these different Fc regions is available. In this report, we systematically characterize the effects of the mutations and IgG4 isotype on conformation stability, colloidal stability, solubility, and storage stability at accelerated conditions in two buffer systems using six Fc variants. Our results provide a basis for selecting appropriate Fc region during development of IgG or Ig-based therapeutics and predicting effect of the mutations on CMC development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Maureen Crames
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Amgen Inc., Drug Product Technologies, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristina Gueneva-Boucheva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ikbae Son
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlow Michael
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Xu T, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang X. Recombinant antibodies aggregation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3913-3922. [PMID: 35608667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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5
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van Kampen MD, Kuipers-De Wilt LH, van Egmond ML, Reinders-Blankert P, van den Bremer ET, Wang G, Heck AJ, Parren PW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Biophysical characterization and stability of modified IgG1 antibodies with different hexamerization propensities. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Deciphering the high viscosity of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody in high concentration formulations by microdialysis-hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1335-1345. [PMID: 34999091 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High concentration formulations of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly desired for subcutaneous injection. However, high concentration formulations can exhibit unusual molecular behaviors, such as high viscosity or aggregation, that present challenges for manufacturing and administration. To understand the molecular mechanism of the high viscosity exhibited by high concentration protein formulations, we analyzed a human IgG4 (mAb1) at high protein concentrations using sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC), X-ray crystallography, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), and protein surface patches analysis. Particularly, we developed a microdialysis HDX-MS method to determine intermolecular interactions at different protein concentrations. SV-AUC revealed that mAb1 displayed a propensity for self-association of Fab-Fab, Fab-Fc, and Fc-Fc. mAb1 crystal structure and HDX-MS results demonstrated self-association between complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and Fc through electrostatic interactions. HDX-MS also indicated Fab-Fab interactions through hydrophobic surface patches constructed by mAb1 CDRs. Our multi-method approach, including fast screening of SV-AUC as well as interface analysis by X-ray crystallography and HDX-MS, helped to elucidate the high viscosity of mAb1 at high concentrations as induced by self-associations of Fab-Fc and Fab-Fab.
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7
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Oki S, Nishinami S, Nakauchi Y, Ogura T, Shiraki K. Arginine and its Derivatives Suppress the Opalescence of an Antibody Solution. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1126-1132. [PMID: 34843741 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence is a problem concerned with the stability of an antibody solution. It occurs when a high concentration of a protein is present. Arginine (Arg) is a versatile aggregation suppressor of proteins, which is among the candidates that suppress opalescence in antibody solutions. Here, we investigated the effect of various types of small molecular additives on opalescence to reveal the mechanism of Arg in preventing opalescence in antibody solution. As expected, Arg suppressed the opalescence of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution. Arg also concentration dependently inhibited the formation of microstructures in IgG molecules. Interestingly, the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of highly concentrated IgG solutions differed from those having low concentrations, even though IgG retained a distinct tertiary structure. Arginine ethylester was more effective in suppressing the opalescence of IgG solutions than Arg, whereas lysine and γ-guanidinobutyric acid were less effective. These results indicated that positively charged groups of both α-amine and guanidinium actively influence Arg as an additive for suppressing opalescence. Diols, which are the suppressors of the liquid-liquid phase separation of proteins were also effective in suppressing the opalescence. These results therefore provide insight into the control of opalescence of antibody solutions at high concentrations using solution additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Oki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakauchi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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8
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Powell T, Knight MJ, Wood A, O'Hara J, Burkitt W. Detection of Isopeptide Bonds in Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1519-1530. [PMID: 34528168 PMCID: PMC8497302 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A major difficulty in monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic development is product aggregation. In this study, intermolecular isopeptide bonds in mAb aggregates were characterized for the first time. We aim to propose a mechanism of covalent aggregation in a model antibody using stressed studies at raised temperatures to aid in the understanding of mAb aggregation pathways. Methods Aggregate fractions were generated using raised temperature and were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The fractions were tryptically digested and characterized using liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass-spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results An increased amount of clipping between aspartic acid and proline in a solvent accessible loop in the constant heavy 2 (CH2) domain of the mAb was observed under these conditions. Detailed peptide mapping revealed 14 isopeptide bonds between aspartic acid at that cleavage site and lysine residues on adjacent antibodies. Two additional isopeptide bonds were identified between the mAb HC N-terminal glutamic acid or a separate aspartic acid to lysine residues on adjacent antibodies. Conclusions Inter-protein isopeptide bonds between the side chains of acidic amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) and lysine were characterized for the first time in mAb aggregates. A chemical mechanism was presented whereby spontaneous isopeptide bond formation could be facilitated via either the aspartic acid side chain or C-terminus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03103-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powell
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK.
| | - Michael J Knight
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - Amanda Wood
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - John O'Hara
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
| | - William Burkitt
- Biomolecular Formulation and Characterization Sciences, UCB, Slough, SL3WE, UK
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9
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Mieczkowski C, Cheng A, Fischmann T, Hsieh M, Baker J, Uchida M, Raghunathan G, Strickland C, Fayadat-Dilman L. Characterization and Modeling of Reversible Antibody Self-Association Provide Insights into Behavior, Prediction, and Correction. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010008. [PMID: 33671864 PMCID: PMC7931086 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible antibody self-association, while having major developability and therapeutic implications, is not fully understood or readily predictable and correctable. For a strongly self-associating humanized mAb variant, resulting in unacceptable viscosity, the monovalent affinity of self-interaction was measured in the low μM range, typical of many specific and biologically relevant protein-protein interactions. A face-to-face interaction model extending across both the heavy-chain (HC) and light-chain (LC) Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs) was apparent from biochemical and mutagenesis approaches as well as computational modeling. Light scattering experiments involving individual mAb, Fc, Fab, and Fab'2 domains revealed that Fabs self-interact to form dimers, while bivalent mAb/Fab'2 forms lead to significant oligomerization. Site-directed mutagenesis of aromatic residues identified by homology model patch analysis and self-docking dramatically affected self-association, demonstrating the utility of these predictive approaches, while revealing a highly specific and tunable nature of self-binding modulated by single point mutations. Mutagenesis at these same key HC/LC CDR positions that affect self-interaction also typically abolished target binding with notable exceptions, clearly demonstrating the difficulties yet possibility of correcting self-association through engineering. Clear correlations were also observed between different methods used to assess self-interaction, such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Affinity-Capture Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy (AC-SINS). Our findings advance our understanding of therapeutic protein and antibody self-association and offer insights into its prediction, evaluation and corrective mitigation to aid therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
| | - Alan Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-496-4834
| | - Thierry Fischmann
- Department of Chemistry, Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (T.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Mark Hsieh
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
| | - Jeanne Baker
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
| | - Makiko Uchida
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
| | - Gopalan Raghunathan
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department of Chemistry, Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (T.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Laurence Fayadat-Dilman
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (C.M.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (M.U.); (G.R.); (L.F.-D.)
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10
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A Multi-Method Approach to Assess the Self-Interaction Behavior of Infliximab. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1979-1988. [PMID: 33556386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Attractive self-interaction processes in antibody formulations increase the risk of aggregation and extraordinarily elevated viscosity at high protein concentrations. These challenges affect manufacturing and application. This study aimed to understand the self-interaction process of Infliximab as a model system with pronounced attractive self-interaction. The association mechanism was studied by a multi-method approach comprising analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, self-interaction bio-layer interferometry and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Based on our results, both Fab and Fc regions of Infliximab are involved in self-interaction. We hypothesize a mechanism based on electrostatic interactions of polar and charged residues within the identified areas of the heavy and the light chain of the mAb. The combination of fast and reliable screening methods and low throughput but high resolution methods can contribute to detailed characterization and deeper understanding of specific self-interaction processes.
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11
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Domnowski M, Lo Presti K, Binder J, Reindl J, Lehmann L, Kummer F, Wolber M, Satzger M, Dehling M, Jaehrling J, Frieß W. Generation of mAb Variants with Less Attractive Self-Interaction but Preserved Target Binding by Well-Directed Mutation. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:236-245. [PMID: 33331157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strongly attractive self-interaction of therapeutic protein candidates can impose challenges for manufacturing, filling, stability, and administration due to elevated viscosity or aggregation propensity. Suitable formulations can mitigate these issues to a certain extent. Understanding the self-interaction mechanism on a molecular basis and rational protein engineering provides a more fundamental approach, and it can save costs and efforts as well as alleviate risks at later stages of development. In this study, we used computational methods for the identification of aggregation-prone regions in a mAb and generated mutants based on these findings. We applied hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to identify distinct self-interaction hot spots. Ultimately, we generated mAb variants based on a combination of both approaches and identified mutants with low attractive self-interaction propensity, minimal off-target binding, and even improved target binding. Our data show that the introduction of arginine in spatial proximity to hydrophobic patches is highly beneficial on all these levels. For our mAb, variants that contain more than one aspartate residue flanking to the hydrophobic HCDR3 show decreased attractive self-interaction at unaffected off-target and target binding. The combined engineering strategy described here underlines the high potential of understanding self-interaction in the early stages of development to predict and reduce the risk of failure in subsequent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Domnowski
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich 81377, Germany.,MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Ken Lo Presti
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jonas Binder
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Josef Reindl
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Lucille Lehmann
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Felix Kummer
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Meike Wolber
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Marion Satzger
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Marco Dehling
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Jan Jaehrling
- MorphoSys AG, Department of Protein Sciences (Research), Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich 81377, Germany
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12
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Resolving Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for a Peptide Fused Monoclonal Antibody by Formulation Optimization. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:738-745. [PMID: 32961238 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of protein solutions has been usually related to strong protein-protein interactions (PPI) under certain conditions. For the first time, we observed the LLPS phenomenon for a novel protein modality, peptide-fused monoclonal antibody (pmAb). LLPS emerged within hours between pH 6.0 to 7.0 and disappeared when solution pH values decreased to pH 5.0 or lower. Negative values of interaction parameter (kD) and close to zero values of zeta potential (ζ) were correlated to LLPS appearance. However, between pH 6.0 to 7.0, a strong electrostatic repulsion force was expected to potentially avoid LLPS based on the sequence predicted pI value, 8.35. Surprisingly, this is significantly away from experimentally determined pI, 6.25, which readily attributes the LLPS appearances of pmAb to the attenuated electrostatic repulsion force. Such discrepancy between experiment and prediction reminds the necessity of actual measurement for a complicated modality like pmAb. Furthermore, significant protein degradation took place upon thermal stress at pH 5.0 or lower. Therefore, the effects of pH and selected excipients on the thermal stability of pmAb were further assessed. A formulation consisting of arginine at pH 6.5 successfully prevented the appearance of LLPS and enhanced its thermal stability at 40 °C for pmAb. In conclusion, we have reported LLPS for a pmAb and successfully resolved the issue by optimizing formulation with aids from PPI characterization.
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13
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Mills BJ, Kruger T, Bruncko M, Zhang X, Jameel F. Effect of Linker-Drug Properties and Conjugation Site on the Physical Stability of ADCs. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1662-1672. [PMID: 32027921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The physical stability of antibody drug conjugates is dictated by the properties of the antibody, linker-drug, and conjugation site. Two linker-drugs were chosen that are different in terms of hydrophobicity and polar surface area to evaluate the effect of linker-drug properties on antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) behavior. Site-specific and non-site-specific conjugation was used to investigate the role of conjugation site in conformational and colloidal stability. Finally, 2 antibodies were selected to determine if the observed results were antibody-specific. The conformational stability is affected, with the highest degree of destabilization observed when conjugation results in the removal of interchain disulfide bonds. Although conformational destabilization occurred in the domain in which conjugation occurred and domains distinct from the conjugation site, no correlation could be drawn between linker-drug properties and conformational stability. Evaluation of aggregation by size exclusion HPLC confirmed a relationship between linker-drug hydrophobicity and aggregation propensity under thermal stress in all ADCs tested. The extent of aggregation was far greater in the conjugates generated with a more hydrophobic antibody, illustrating that the properties of both the antibody and linker-drug contribute to aggregation. These studies emphasize that the distinct properties of the molecule as a whole warrant a case-by-case evaluation of each ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064.
| | - Terra Kruger
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064; Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Milan Bruncko
- Global Biologics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Global Biologics, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Feroz Jameel
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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14
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Gentiluomo L, Roessner D, Streicher W, Mahapatra S, Harris P, Frieß W. Characterization of Native Reversible Self-Association of a Monoclonal Antibody Mediated by Fab-Fab Interaction. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Hu Y, Toth RT, Joshi SB, Esfandiary R, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB, Weis DD. Characterization of Excipient Effects on Reversible Self-Association, Backbone Flexibility, and Solution Properties of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody at High Concentrations: Part 2. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:353-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Kizhedath A, Karlberg M, Glassey J. Cross-Interaction Chromatography-Based QSAR Model for Early-Stage Screening to Facilitate Enhanced Developability of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800696. [PMID: 30810283 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) constitute a rapidly growing biopharmaceutical sector. However, their growth is impeded by developability issues such as polyspecificity and lack of solubility, which leads to attrition as well as manufacturing failures. In this study a multitool hybrid quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model development framework is described. This framework uses four novel datasets derived from the primary sequences of IgG1-κ-humanized mAbs with varying degrees of resolutions. Unsupervised pattern recognition is first performed on the descriptor sets to visualize any intrinsic property-based clustering, followed by regression of descriptors against cross-interaction chromatography (CIC) retention times. Model optimization is performed via unsupervised variable reduction followed by supervised variable selection. Finally, the models and datasets are benchmarked based on the regression model performance metrics such as R2 , Q2 , and RMSE. The results show that datasets containing localized descriptors rather than averaged value over the entire protein have better predictive performance of CIC retention behavior with R2 > 0.8 and RMSE < 0.3. Furthermore, the results indicate the physicochemical, electronic, and topological properties of hypervariable regions of antibodies that contribute most to the CIC retention times. The results of these studies could contribute to early-stage screening and better design of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Kizhedath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK
| | - Micael Karlberg
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK
| | - Jarka Glassey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK
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17
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Kaleli NE, Karadag M, Kalyoncu S. Phage display derived therapeutic antibodies have enriched aliphatic content: Insights for developability issues. Proteins 2019; 87:607-618. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Eda Kaleli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center Izmir Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Turkey
| | - Murat Karadag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center Izmir Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Turkey
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18
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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19
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Probing Conformational Diversity of Fc Domains in Aggregation-Prone Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:220. [PMID: 30255351 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fc domains are an integral component of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-based fusion proteins. Engineering mutations in the Fc domain is a common approach to achieve desired effector function and clinical efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. It remains debatable, however, whether molecular engineering either by changing glycosylation patterns or by amino acid mutation in Fc domain could impact the higher order structure of Fc domain potentially leading to increased aggregation propensities in mAbs. METHODS Here, we use NMR fingerprinting analysis of Fc domains, generated from selected Pfizer mAbs with similar glycosylation patterns, to address this question. Specifically, we use high resolution 2D [13C-1H] NMR spectra of Fc fragments, which fingerprints methyl sidechain bearing residues, to probe the correlation of higher order structure with the storage stability of mAbs. Thermal calorimetric studies were also performed to assess the stability of mAb fragments. RESULTS Unlike NMR fingerprinting, thermal melting temperature as obtained from calorimetric studies for the intact mAbs and fragments (Fc and Fab), did not reveal any correlation with the aggregation propensities of mAbs. Despite >97% sequence homology, NMR data suggests that higher order structure of Fc domains could be dynamic and may result in unique conformation(s) in solution. CONCLUSION The overall glycosylation pattern of these mAbs being similar, these conformation(s) could be linked to the inherent plasticity of the Fc domain, and may act as early transients to the overall aggregation of mAbs.
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Abstract
Antibodies are a highly successful class of biological drugs, with over 50 such molecules approved for therapeutic use and hundreds more currently in clinical development. Improvements in technology for the discovery and optimization of high-potency antibodies have greatly increased the chances for finding binding molecules with desired biological properties; however, achieving drug-like properties at the same time is an additional requirement that is receiving increased attention. In this work, we attempt to quantify the historical limits of acceptability for multiple biophysical metrics of "developability." Amino acid sequences from 137 antibodies in advanced clinical stages, including 48 approved for therapeutic use, were collected and used to construct isotype-matched IgG1 antibodies, which were then expressed in mammalian cells. The resulting material for each source antibody was evaluated in a dozen biophysical property assays. The distributions of the observed metrics are used to empirically define boundaries of drug-like behavior that can represent practical guidelines for future antibody drug candidates.
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21
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Liquid-liquid phase separation of a monoclonal antibody at low ionic strength: Influence of anion charge and concentration. Biophys Chem 2017; 220:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Li W, Prabakaran P, Chen W, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Antibody Aggregation: Insights from Sequence and Structure. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5030019. [PMID: 31558000 PMCID: PMC6698864 DOI: 10.3390/antib5030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest-growing biological therapeutics with important applications ranging from cancers, autoimmunity diseases and metabolic disorders to emerging infectious diseases. Aggregation of mAbs continues to be a major problem in their developability. Antibody aggregation could be triggered by partial unfolding of its domains, leading to monomer-monomer association followed by nucleation and growth. Although the aggregation propensities of antibodies and antibody-based proteins can be affected by the external experimental conditions, they are strongly dependent on the intrinsic antibody properties as determined by their sequences and structures. In this review, we describe how the unfolding and aggregation susceptibilities of IgG could be related to their cognate sequences and structures. The impact of antibody domain structures on thermostability and aggregation propensities, and effective strategies to reduce aggregation are discussed. Finally, the aggregation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as related to their sequence/structure, linker payload, conjugation chemistry and drug-antibody ratio (DAR) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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23
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Arora J, Hu Y, Esfandiary R, Sathish HA, Bishop SM, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB, Weis DD. Charge-mediated Fab-Fc interactions in an IgG1 antibody induce reversible self-association, cluster formation, and elevated viscosity. MAbs 2016; 8:1561-1574. [PMID: 27560842 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1222342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentration-dependent reversible self-association (RSA) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) poses a challenge to their pharmaceutical development as viable candidates for subcutaneous delivery. While the role of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) in initiating RSA is well-established, little evidence supports the involvement of the crystallizable fragment (Fc). In this report, a variety of biophysical tools, including hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry, are used to elucidate the protein interface of such non-covalent protein-protein interactions. Using dynamic and static light scattering combined with viscosity measurements, we find that an IgG1 mAb (mAb-J) undergoes RSA primarily through electrostatic interactions and forms a monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibrium. We provide the first direct experimental mapping of the interface formed between the Fab and Fc domains of an antibody at high protein concentrations. Charge distribution heterogeneity between the positively charged interface spanning complementarity-determining regions CDR3H and CDR2L in the Fab and a negatively charged region in CH3/Fc domain mediates the RSA of mAb-J. When arginine and NaCl are added, they disrupt RSA of mAb-J and decrease the solution viscosity. Fab-Fc domain interactions between mAb monomers may promote the formation of large transient antibody complexes that ultimately cause increases in solution viscosity. Our findings illustrate how limited specific arrangements of amino-acid residues can cause mAbs to undergo RSA at high protein concentrations and how conserved regions in the Fc portion of the antibody can also play an important role in initiating weak and transient protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Arora
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,b Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Yue Hu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,b Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- c Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Hasige A Sathish
- c Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Steven M Bishop
- c Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,b Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,b Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - David B Volkin
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,b Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - David D Weis
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA.,d Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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24
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Yu D, Song Y, Huang RYC, Swanson RK, Tan Z, Schutsky E, Lewandowski A, Chen G, Li ZJ. Molecular perspective of antibody aggregates and their adsorption on Protein A resin. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:66-75. [PMID: 27344283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibody aggregate is a common issue in therapeutic antibodies, which may compromise product efficacy and cause adverse effects. Antibody aggregate level is normally controlled in bioprocessing by polishing steps after Protein A capture. This paper studied the Higher Order Structures (HOS) of antibody aggregates (dimer H1 and H2) and their adsorption on Protein A resin and thus elucidated the mechanism using Protein A capture for enhanced aggregate removal. The HOS of antibody aggregates and their complex with Protein A were characterized using HDX-MS combined with SEC-MALS, Protein Conformational Array (PCA), and molecular modeling. The aggregate size and Protein A binding ratio suggested that H2 has much more compact structure than H1. HDX-MS and PCA further revealed that H1 was formed by single Fab-Fab interaction while H2 formed by Fab-Fab and likely Fc-Fc interaction. On Protein A resin, both the molar binding ratio and the correlation between protein size and ligand distance support that each monomer can only bind one Protein A ligand, while each dimer can bind two ligands, thus resulting in stronger resin binding. Furthermore, dimer H2 binds stronger than dimer H1 due to its compact structure. By integrating biophysical analysis and molecular modeling with process development, this study revealed the antibody aggregate structures and the mechanism of aggregate removal using Protein A chromatography. It also provided a general strategy for in-depth product and process understanding in antibody and other biologics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Yu
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA.
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Richard Y-C Huang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan K Swanson
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schutsky
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
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25
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Geoghegan JC, Fleming R, Damschroder M, Bishop SM, Sathish HA, Esfandiary R. Mitigation of reversible self-association and viscosity in a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody by rational, structure-guided Fv engineering. MAbs 2016; 8:941-50. [PMID: 27050875 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1171444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesired solution behaviors such as reversible self-association (RSA), high viscosity, and liquid-liquid phase separation can introduce substantial challenges during development of monoclonal antibody formulations. Although a global mechanistic understanding of RSA (i.e., native and reversible protein-protein interactions) is sufficient to develop robust formulation controls, its mitigation via protein engineering requires knowledge of the sites of protein-protein interactions. In the study reported here, we coupled our previous hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry findings with structural modeling and in vitro screening to identify the residues responsible for RSA of a model IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb-C), and rationally engineered variants with improved solution properties (i.e., reduced RSA and viscosity). Our data show that mutation of either solvent-exposed aromatic residues within the heavy and light chain variable regions or buried residues within the heavy chain/light chain interface can significantly mitigate RSA and viscosity by reducing the IgG's surface hydrophobicity. The engineering strategy described here highlights the utility of integrating complementary experimental and in silico methods to identify mutations that can improve developability, in particular, high concentration solution properties, of candidate therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Steven M Bishop
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Hasige A Sathish
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- b Department of Formulation Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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26
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Kelly RL, Sun T, Jain T, Caffry I, Yu Y, Cao Y, Lynaugh H, Brown M, Vásquez M, Wittrup KD, Xu Y. High throughput cross-interaction measures for human IgG1 antibodies correlate with clearance rates in mice. MAbs 2016; 7:770-7. [PMID: 26047159 PMCID: PMC4622737 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1043503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although improvements in technology for the isolation of potential therapeutic antibodies have made the process increasingly predictable, the development of biologically active monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into drugs can often be impeded by developability issues such as poor expression, solubility, and promiscuous cross-reactivity. Establishing early stage developability screening assays capable of predicting late stage behavior is therefore of high value to minimize development risks. Toward this goal, we selected a panel of 16 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) representing different developability profiles, in terms of self- and cross-interaction propensity, and examined their downstream behavior from expression titer to accelerated stability and pharmacokinetics in mice. Clearance rates showed significant rank-order correlations to 2 cross-interaction related assays, with the closest correlation to a non-specificity assay on the surface of yeast. Additionally, 2 self-association assays correlated with each other but not to mouse clearance rate. This case study suggests that combining assays capable of high throughput screening of self- and cross-interaction early in the discovery stage could significantly lower downstream development risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kelly
- a Department of Biological Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Cambridge , MA , USA
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27
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Arora J, Hickey JM, Majumdar R, Esfandiary R, Bishop SM, Samra HS, Middaugh CR, Weis DD, Volkin DB. Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry reveals protein interfaces and distant dynamic coupling effects during the reversible self-association of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2016; 7:525-39. [PMID: 25875351 PMCID: PMC4622866 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1029217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new analytical approaches to better characterize the nature of the concentration-dependent, reversible self-association (RSA) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directly, and with high resolution, when these proteins are formulated as highly concentrated solutions. In the work reported here, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS) was used to define the concentration-dependent RSA interface, and to characterize the effects of association on the backbone dynamics of an IgG1 mAb (mAb-C). Dynamic light scattering, chemical cross-linking, and solution viscosity measurements were used to determine conditions that caused the RSA of mAb-C. A novel HX-MS experimental approach was then applied to directly monitor differences in local flexibility of mAb-C due to RSA at different protein concentrations in deuterated buffers. First, a stable formulation containing lyoprotectants that permitted freeze-drying of mAb-C at both 5 and 60 mg/mL was identified. Upon reconstitution with RSA-promoting deuterated solutions, the low vs. high protein concentration samples displayed different levels of solution viscosity (i.e., approx. 1 to 75 mPa.s). The reconstituted mAb-C samples were then analyzed by HX-MS. Two specific sequences covering complementarity-determining regions CDR2H and CDR2L (in the variable heavy and light chains, respectively) showed significant protection against deuterium uptake (i.e., decreased hydrogen exchange). These results define the major protein-protein interfaces associated with the concentration-dependent RSA of mAb-C. Surprisingly, certain peptide segments in the VH domain, the constant domain (CH2), and the hinge region (CH1-CH2 interface) concomitantly showed significant increases in local flexibility at high vs. low protein concentrations. These results indicate the presence of longer-range, distant dynamic coupling effects within mAb-C occurring upon RSA.
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Key Words
- ADCs, antibody-drug conjugates
- BS2G, bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) 2,2,4,4 glutarate
- BsAbs, bispecific antibodies
- CD, circular dichroism
- CDR, complementarity-determining regions
- CH1-CH3, constant domains 1–3 respectively of the heavy chain
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- Fab, antigen binding fragment
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- HC, heavy chain
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HX-MS, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry
- IgG1, immunoglobulin G1
- LC, light chain
- RSA, reversible self-association
- SC, subcutaneous
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- VH/VL, variable domain of the heavy/light chain
- aggregation
- flexibility
- high protein concentration
- hydrogen exchange
- immunoglobulin G1
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mass spectrometry
- monoclonal antibody
- protein-protein interactions
- reversible self-association
- stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Arora
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center; University of Kansas ; Lawrence , KS , USA
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28
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Effect of Excipients on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Aggregation in Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solutions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:774-83. [PMID: 26756795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and aggregation can reduce the physical stability of therapeutic protein formulations. On undergoing LLPS, the protein-rich phase can promote aggregation during storage due to high concentration of the protein. Effect of different excipients on aggregation in protein solution is well documented; however data on the effect of excipients on LLPS is scarce in the literature. In this study, the effect of four excipients (PEG 400, Tween 80, sucrose, and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)) on liquid-liquid phase separation and aggregation in a dual variable domain immunoglobulin protein solution was investigated. Sucrose suppressed both LLPS and aggregation, Tween 80 had no effect on either, and PEG 400 increased LLPS and aggregation. Attractive protein-protein interactions and liquid-liquid phase separation decreased with increasing concentration of HPβCD, indicating its specific binding to the protein. However, HPβCD had no effect on the formation of soluble aggregates and fragments in this study. LLPS and aggregation are highly temperature dependent; at low temperature protein exhibits LLPS, at high temperature protein exhibits aggregation, and at an intermediate temperature both phenomena occur simultaneously depending on the solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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29
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Wu J, Schultz JS, Weldon CL, Sule SV, Chai Q, Geng SB, Dickinson CD, Tessier PM. Discovery of highly soluble antibodies prior to purification using affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:403-14. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin Protein Solution: Effect of Formulation Factors and Protein–Protein Interactions. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3261-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S. Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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31
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Esfandiary R, Parupudi A, Casas-Finet J, Gadre D, Sathish H. Mechanism of Reversible Self-Association of a Monoclonal Antibody: Role of Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:577-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Raut AS, Kalonia DS. Opalescence in monoclonal antibody solutions and its correlation with intermolecular interactions in dilute and concentrated solutions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:1263-74. [PMID: 25556561 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence indicates physical instability of a formulation because of the presence of aggregates or liquid-liquid phase separation in solution and has been reported for monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. Increased solution opalescence can be attributed to attractive protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Techniques including light scattering, AUC, or membrane osmometry are routinely employed to measure PPIs in dilute solutions, whereas opalescence is seen at relatively higher concentrations, where both long- and short-range forces contribute to overall PPIs. The mAb molecule studied here shows a unique property of high opalescence because of liquid-liquid phase separation. In this study, opalescence measurements are correlated to PPIs measured in diluted and concentrated solutions using light scattering (kD ) and high-frequency rheology (G'), respectively. Charges on the molecules were calculated using zeta potential measurements. Results indicate that high opalescence and phase separation are a result of the attractive interactions in solution; however, the presence of attractive interactions do not always imply phase separation. Temperature dependence of opalescence suggests that thermodynamic contribution to opalescence is significant and Tcloud can be utilized as a potential tool to assess attractive interactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha S Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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33
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Geng SB, Cheung JK, Narasimhan C, Shameem M, Tessier PM. Improving monoclonal antibody selection and engineering using measurements of colloidal protein interactions. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3356-3363. [PMID: 25209466 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A limitation of using mAbs as therapeutic molecules is their propensity to associate with themselves and/or with other molecules via nonaffinity (colloidal) interactions. This can lead to a variety of problems ranging from low solubility and high viscosity to off-target binding and fast antibody clearance. Measuring such colloidal interactions is challenging given that they are weak and potentially involve diverse target molecules. Nevertheless, assessing these weak interactions-especially during early antibody discovery and lead candidate optimization-is critical to preventing problems that can arise later in the development process. Here we review advances in developing and implementing sensitive methods for measuring antibody colloidal interactions as well as using these measurements for guiding antibody selection and engineering. These systematic efforts to minimize nonaffinity interactions are expected to yield more effective and stable mAbs for diverse therapeutic applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:3356-3363, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Geng
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Jason K Cheung
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Chakravarthy Narasimhan
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180.
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34
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Onitsuka M, Kawaguchi A, Asano R, Kumagai I, Honda K, Ohtake H, Omasa T. Glycosylation analysis of an aggregated antibody produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells in bioreactor culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:639-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Chereshnev VA. Effect of medium pH and antibody Fc fragment on the size of model immune complexes. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 453:286-7. [PMID: 24385097 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672913060045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia
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36
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Liu Y, Caffry I, Wu J, Geng SB, Jain T, Sun T, Reid F, Cao Y, Estep P, Yu Y, Vásquez M, Tessier PM, Xu Y. High-throughput screening for developability during early-stage antibody discovery using self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy. MAbs 2013; 6:483-92. [PMID: 24492294 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to a particular molecular target is now regarded a routine exercise. However, the successful development of mAbs that (1) express well, (2) elicit a desirable biological effect upon binding, and (3) remain soluble and display low viscosity at high concentrations is often far more challenging. Therefore, high throughput screening assays that assess self-association and aggregation early in the selection process are likely to yield mAbs with superior biophysical properties. Here, we report an improved version of affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (AC-SINS) that is capable of screening large panels of antibodies for their propensity to self-associate. AC-SINS is based on concentrating mAbs from dilute solutions around gold nanoparticles pre-coated with polyclonal capture (e.g., anti-Fc) antibodies. Interactions between immobilized mAbs lead to reduced inter-particle distances and increased plasmon wavelengths (wavelengths of maximum absorbance), which can be readily measured by optical means. This method is attractive because it is compatible with dilute and unpurified mAb solutions that are typical during early antibody discovery. In addition, we have improved multiple aspects of this assay for increased throughput and reproducibility. A data set comprising over 400 mAbs suggests that our modified assay yields self-interaction measurements that are well-correlated with other lower throughput assays such as cross-interaction chromatography. We expect that the simplicity and throughput of our improved AC-SINS method will lead to improved selection of mAbs with excellent biophysical properties during early antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Jiemin Wu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Steven B Geng
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Tushar Jain
- Computational Biology; Adimab; Palo Alto, CA USA
| | | | | | - Yuan Cao
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Yao Yu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Isermann Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy, NY USA
| | - Yingda Xu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
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37
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Nishi H, Mathäs R, Fürst R, Winter G. Label-free flow cytometry analysis of subvisible aggregates in liquid IgG1 antibody formulations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:90-9. [PMID: 24218205 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify label-free subvisible antibody particles in different formulations based on their size and physical properties by flow cytometry. Protein subvisible particles were prepared under various stress conditions and analyzed by applying different analytical techniques [light obscuration (LO), microflow imaging (MFI), and flow cytometry (FACS)] for the detection of aggregates. The capability of the FACS method to detect and count subvisible particles was evaluated and benchmarked against conventional techniques. FACS can analyze particles down to 500 nm reducing the gap between size-exclusion chromatography and LO. The applied methods of FACS, LO, and MFI displayed a proportional correlation between the total particle counts, however, FACS can provide additional information on the structural characteristics of such aggregated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Nishi
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
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38
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Esfandiary R, Hayes DB, Parupudi A, Casas-Finet J, Bai S, Samra HS, Shah AU, Sathish HA. A systematic multitechnique approach for detection and characterization of reversible self-association during formulation development of therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3089-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Sun T, Reid F, Liu Y, Cao Y, Estep P, Nauman C, Xu Y. High throughput detection of antibody self-interaction by bio-layer interferometry. MAbs 2013; 5:838-41. [PMID: 23995620 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-interaction of an antibody may lead to aggregation, low solubility or high viscosity. Rapid identification of highly developable leads remains challenging, even though progress has been made with the introduction of techniques such as self-interaction chromatography (SIC) and cross-interaction chromatography (CIC). Here, we report a high throughput method to detect antibody clone self-interaction (CSI) using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technology. Antibodies with strong self-interaction responses in the CSI-BLI assay also show delayed retention times in SIC and CIC. This method allows hundreds of candidates to be screened in a matter of hours with minimal material consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuqi Liu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Yuan Cao
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | | | - Yingda Xu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
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40
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Saito S, Hasegawa J, Kobayashi N, Tomitsuka T, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Effects of ionic strength and sugars on the aggregation propensity of monoclonal antibodies: influence of colloidal and conformational stabilities. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1263-80. [PMID: 23319172 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a general strategy for optimizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) formulations. METHODS Colloidal stabilities of four representative MAbs solutions were assessed based on the second virial coefficient (B 2) at 20°C and 40°C, and net charges at different NaCl concentrations, and/or in the presence of sugars. Conformational stabilities were evaluated from the unfolding temperatures. The aggregation propensities were determined at 40°C and after freeze-thawing. The electrostatic potential of antibody surfaces was simulated for the development of rational formulations. RESULTS Similar B 2 values were obtained at 20°C and 40°C, implying little dependence on temperature. B 2 correlated quantitatively with aggregation propensities at 40°C. The net charge partly correlated with colloidal stability. Salts stabilized or destabilized MAbs, depending on repulsive or attractive interactions. Sugars improved the aggregation propensity under freeze-thaw stress through improved conformational stability. Uneven and even distributions of potential surfaces were attributed to attractive and strong repulsive electrostatic interactions. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of colloidal stability at the lowest ionic strength is particularly effective for the development of formulations. If necessary, salts are added to enhance the colloidal stability. Sugars further improved aggregation propensities by enhancing conformational stability. These behaviors are rationally predictable according to the surface potentials of MAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Saito
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1, Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
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41
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Esfandiary R, Hayes DB, Parupudi A, Casas‐finet J, Bai S, Samra HS, Shah AU, Sathish HA. A Systematic Multitechnique Approach for Detection and Characterization of Reversible Self-Association during Formulation Development of Therapeutic Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:62-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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42
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Bethea D, Wu SJ, Luo J, Hyun L, Lacy ER, Teplyakov A, Jacobs SA, O'Neil KT, Gilliland GL, Feng Y. Mechanisms of self-association of a human monoclonal antibody CNTO607. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:531-7. [PMID: 22915597 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some antibodies have a tendency to self-associate leading to precipitation at relatively low concentrations. CNTO607, a monoclonal antibody, precipitates irreversibly in phosphate-buffered saline at concentrations above 13 mg/ml. Previous mutagenesis work based on the Fab crystal structure pinpointed a three residue fragment in the heavy chain CDR-3, (99)FHW(100a), as an aggregation epitope that is anchored by two salt bridges. Biophysical characterization of variants reveals that F99 and W100a, but not H100, contribute to the intermolecular interaction. A K210T/K215T mutant designed to disrupt the charge interactions in the aggregation model yielded an antibody that does not precipitate but forms reversible aggregates. An isotype change from IgG1 to IgG4 prevents the antibody from precipitating at low concentration yet the solution viscosity is elevated. To further understand the nature of the antibody self-association, studies on the Fab fragment found high solubility but significant self- and cross-interactions remain. Dynamic light scattering data provides evidence for higher order Fab structure at increased concentrations. Our results provide direct support for the aggregation model that CNTO607 precipitation results primarily from the specific interaction of the Fab arms of neighboring antibodies followed by the development of an extensive network of antibodies inducing large-scale aggregation and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra Bethea
- Biologics Research, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 145 King of Prussia Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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