1
|
Lu Z, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hua X, Gao C, Liu J. Morphological Engineering of Filamentous Fungi: Research Progress and Perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1197-1205. [PMID: 38693049 PMCID: PMC11239417 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2402.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are important cell factories for the production of high-value enzymes and chemicals for the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Under submerged fermentation, filamentous fungi exhibit diverse fungal morphologies that are influenced by environmental factors, which in turn affect the rheological properties and mass transfer of the fermentation system, and ultimately the synthesis of products. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of mycelial morphogenesis and then provide an overview of current developments in methods and strategies for morphological regulation, including physicochemical and metabolic engineering approaches. We also anticipate that rapid developments in synthetic biology and genetic manipulation tools will accelerate morphological engineering in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwu Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Yunguo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Xuexue Hua
- Shandong Fufeng Fermentation Co., Ltd., Linyi 276600, P. R. China
| | - Cuijuan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schrader M, Schrinner K, Polomsky L, Ivanov D, Kampen I, Schilde C, Krull R, Kwade A. Quantification and modeling of macroparticle-induced mechanical stress for varying shake flask cultivation conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1254136. [PMID: 37731767 PMCID: PMC10507416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1254136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In biotechnological processes, filamentous microorganisms are known for their broad product spectrum and complex cellular morphology. Product formation and cellular morphology are often closely linked, requiring a well-defined level of mechanical stress to achieve high product concentrations. Macroparticles were added to shake flask cultures of the filamentous actinomycete Lentzea aerocolonigenes to find these optimal cultivation conditions. However, there is currently no model concept for the dependence of the strength and frequency of the bead-induced stress on the process parameters. Therefore, shake flask simulations were performed for combinations of bead size, bead concentration, bead density and shaking frequency. Contact analysis showed that the highest shear stresses were caused by bead-bottom contacts. Based on this, a newly generated characteristic parameter, the stress area ratio (SAR), was defined, which relates the bead wall shear and normal stresses to the total shear area. Comparison of the SAR with previous cultivation results revealed an optimum pattern for product concentration and mean product-to-biomass related yield coefficient. Thus, this model is a suitable tool for future optimization, comparison and scaling up of shear-sensitive microorganism cultivation. Finally, the simulation results were validated using high-speed recordings of the bead motion on the bottom of the shake flask.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schrader
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schrinner
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Polomsky
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dimitri Ivanov
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Kampen
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carsten Schilde
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kheirkhah T, Neubauer P, Junne S. Controlling Aspergillus niger morphology in a low shear-force environment in a rocking-motion bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
4
|
Dinius A, Kozanecka ZJ, Hoffmann KP, Krull R. Intensification of bioprocesses with filamentous microorganisms. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many industrial biotechnological processes use filamentous microorganisms to produce platform chemicals, proteins, enzymes and natural products. Product formation is directly linked to their cellular morphology ranging from dispersed mycelia over loose clumps to compact pellets. Therefore, the adjustment and control of the filamentous cellular morphology pose major challenges for bioprocess engineering. Depending on the filamentous strain and desired product, optimal morphological shapes for achieving high product concentrations vary. However, there are currently no overarching strain- or product-related correlations to improve process understanding of filamentous production systems. The present book chapter summarizes the extensive work conducted in recent years in the field of improving product formation and thus intensifying biotechnological processes with filamentous microorganisms. The goal is to provide prospective scientists with an extensive overview of this scientifically diverse, highly interesting field of study. In the course of this, multiple examples and ideas shall facilitate the combination of their acquired expertise with promising areas of future research. Therefore, this overview describes the interdependence between filamentous cellular morphology and product formation. Moreover, the currently most frequently used experimental techniques for morphological structure elucidation will be discussed in detail. Developed strategies of morphology engineering to increase product formation by tailoring and controlling cellular morphology and thus to intensify processes with filamentous microorganisms will be comprehensively presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dinius
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Rebenring 56 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Zuzanna J. Kozanecka
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Rebenring 56 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Kevin P. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Rebenring 56 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Rebenring 56 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Technische Universität Braunschweig , Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kövilein A, Aschmann V, Zadravec L, Ochsenreither K. Optimization of l-malic acid production from acetate with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 using a pH-coupled feeding strategy. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:242. [DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malic acid, a dicarboxylic acid mainly used in the food industry, is currently produced from fossil resources. The utilization of low-cost substrates derived from biomass could render microbial processes economic. Such feedstocks, like lignocellulosic hydrolysates or condensates of fast pyrolysis, can contain high concentrations of acetic acid. Acetate is a suitable substrate for l-malic acid production with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863, but concentrations obtained so far are low. An advantage of this carbon source is that it can be used for pH control and simultaneous substrate supply in the form of acetic acid. In this study, we therefore aimed to enhance l-malate production from acetate with A. oryzae by applying a pH-coupled feeding strategy.
Results
In 2.5-L bioreactor fermentations, several feeding strategies were evaluated. Using a pH-coupled feed consisting of 10 M acetic acid, the malic acid concentration was increased about 5.3-fold compared to the batch process without pH control, resulting in a maximum titer of 29.53 ± 1.82 g/L after 264 h. However, it was not possible to keep both the pH and the substrate concentration constant during this fermentation. By using 10 M acetic acid set to a pH of 4.5, or with the repeated addition of NaOH, the substrate concentration could be maintained within a constant range, but these strategies did not prove beneficial as lower maximum titers and yields were obtained. Since cessation of malic acid production was observed in later fermentation stages despite carbon availability, a possible product inhibition was evaluated in shake flask cultivations. In these experiments, malate and succinate, which is a major by-product during malic acid production, were added at concentrations of up to 50 g/L, and it was found that A. oryzae is capable of organic acid production even at high product concentrations.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that a suitable feeding strategy is necessary for efficient malic acid production from acetate. It illustrates the potential of acetate as carbon source for microbial production of the organic acid and provides useful insights which can serve as basis for further optimization.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kasonga TK, Coetzee MAA, Kamika I, Momba MNB. Assessing a co-culture fungal granule ability to remove pharmaceuticals in a sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1684-1699. [PMID: 33151811 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1847204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac sodium (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) was evaluated through fungal granules development in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Fungal granules were developed in co-culture of T. polyzona, A. niger, T. longibrachiatum, M. circinelloides and R. microsporus at a retention time (RT) of 2 days and 1 day. Ligninolytic enzymes [laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP)] were determined. Removal of pharmaceuticals was assessed and metabolites identified using the SPE-UPLC-QToF/MS methods. A pH range of 3-4.6 was found to improve the granulation development from day 6 and the production of ligninolytic enzymes [MnP (253.00 ± 14.19 U/L), Lac (111.58 ± 10.00 U/L) and LiP (95.25 ± 8.22 U/L)]. At steady-state, a removal of 97.41±0.25%, 99.83±0.14%, and 99.91±0.08 were achieved at an RT of 2 days for CBZ, DCF, and IBP, respectively, and of 91.94±0.05%, 99.31±0.12% and 97.72±0.23% at an RT of 1 days for the same PhCs. A variety of chemical reactions have been proposed for degradation pathways catalysed by enzyme-producing fungi, generating fragment ions of intermediate compounds. This study is highly relevant for cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment processes in water scare countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Kabeya Kasonga
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martie A A Coetzee
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit; School of Science; College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fungal morphology: a challenge in bioprocess engineering industries for product development. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Zheng X, Cairns TC, Ni X, Zhang L, Zhai H, Meyer V, Zheng P, Sun J. Comprehensively dissecting the hub regulation of PkaC on high-productivity and pellet macromorphology in citric acid producing Aspergillus niger. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1867-1882. [PMID: 35213792 PMCID: PMC9151341 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger, an important industrial workhorse for citric acid production, is characterized by polar hyphal growth with complex pelleted, clumped or dispersed macromorphologies in submerged culture. Although organic acid titres are dramatically impacted by these growth types, studies that assess productivity and macromorphological changes are limited. Herein, we functionally analysed the role of the protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling cascade during fermentation by disrupting and conditionally expressing the pkaC gene. pkaC played multiple roles during hyphal, colony and conidiophore growth. By overexpressing pkaC, we could concomitantly modify hyphal growth at the pellet surface and improve citric acid titres up to 1.87‐fold. By quantitatively analysing hundreds of pellets during pilot fermentation experiments, we provide the first comprehensive correlation between A. niger pellet surface morphology and citric acid production. Finally, by intracellular metabolomics analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) following titration of pkaC expression, we unveil the metabolomic and transcriptomic basis underpin hyperproductivity and pellet growth. Taken together, this study confirms pkaC as hub regulator linking submerged macromorphology and citric acid production and provides high‐priority genetic leads for future strain engineering programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Timothy C Cairns
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 13355, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Ni
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Vera Meyer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 13355, Germany
| | - Ping Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tong LL, Wang Y, Du YH, Yuan L, Liu MZ, Mu XY, Chen ZL, Zhang YD, He SJ, Li XJ, Guo DS. Transcriptomic Analysis of Morphology Regulatory Mechanisms of Microparticles to Paraisaria dubia in Submerged Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4333-4347. [PMID: 35083705 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid submerged fermentation is an effective strategy to achieve large-scale production of active ingredients by macrofungi, and controlling mycelium morphology is a key factor restricting the development of this technology. Mining for superior morphological regulatory factors and elucidation of their regulatory mechanisms are vital for the further development of macrofungal fermentation technology. In this study, microparticles were used to control the morphology of Paraisaria dubia (P. dubia) in submerged fermentation, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms were revealed by transcriptomic. The relative frequency of S-type pellet diameter increased significantly from 7.14 to 88.31%, and biomass increased 1.54 times when 15 g/L talc was added. Transcriptome analysis showed that the morphological regulation of filamentous fungi was a complex biological process, which involved signal transduction, mycelium polar growth, cell wall synthesis and cell division, etc. It also showed a positive impact on the basic and secondary metabolism of P. dubia. We provided a theoretical basis for controlling the mycelium morphology of P. dubia in submerged fermentation, which will promote the development of macrofungal fermentation technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hang Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Zhen Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ya Mu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Lei Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Dan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jie He
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Whole-cell immobilization by entrapment in natural polymers can be a tool for morphological control and facilitate biomass retention. In this study, the possibility of immobilizing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae for l-malic acid production was evaluated with the two carbon sources acetate and glucose. A. oryzae conidia were entrapped in alginate, agar, and κ-carrageenan and production was monitored in batch processes in shake flasks and 2.5-L bioreactors. With glucose, the malic acid concentration after 144 h of cultivation using immobilized particles was mostly similar to the control with free biomass. In acetate medium, production with immobilized conidia of A. oryzae in shake flasks was delayed and titers were generally lower compared to cultures with free mycelium. While all immobilization matrices were stable in glucose medium, disintegration of bead material and biomass detachment in acetate medium was observed in later stages of the fermentation. Still, immobilization proved advantageous in bioreactor cultivations with acetate and resulted in increased malic acid titers. This study is the first to evaluate immobilization of A. oryzae for malic acid production and describes the potential but also challenges regarding the application of different matrices in glucose and acetate media.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Wang L, Huo H, Li Z, Gao Z. Computational and experimental investigation of flow fields in a Rushton turbine stirred tank with shear‐thinning fluid. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Libo Wang
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute China National Petroleum Corporation Daqing China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- Daqing Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute China National Petroleum Corporation Daqing China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhengming Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maumela P, Rose S, van Rensburg E, Chimphango AFA, Görgens JF. Bioprocess Optimisation for High Cell Density Endoinulinase Production from Recombinant Aspergillus niger. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3271-3286. [PMID: 34117627 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoinulinase gene was expressed in recombinant Aspergillus niger for selective and high-level expression using an exponential fed-batch fermentation. The effects of the growth rate (μ), glucose feed concentration, nitrogen concentration and fungal morphology on enzyme production were evaluated. A recombinant endoinulinase with a molecular weight of 66 kDa was secreted. Endoinulinase production was growth associated at μ> 0.04 h-1, which is characteristic of the constitutive gpd promoter used for the enzyme production. The highest volumetric activity (670 U/ml) was achieved at a growth rate of 93% of μmax (0.07 h-1), while enzyme activity (506 U/ml) and biomass substrate yield (0.043 gbiomassDW/gglucose) significantly decreased at low μ (0.04 h-1). Increasing the feed concentration resulted in high biomass concentrations and viscosity, which necessitated high agitation to enhance the mixing efficiency and oxygen. However, the high agitation and low DO levels (ca. 8% of saturation) led to pellet disruption and growth in dispersed morphology. Enzyme production profiles, product (Yp/s) and biomass (Yx/s) yield coefficients were not affected by feed concentration and morphological change. The gradual increase in the concentration of nitrogen sources showed that, a nitrogen limited culture was not suitable for endoinulinase production in recombinant A. niger. Moreover, the increase in enzyme volumetric activity was still directly related to an increase in biomass concentration. An increase in nitrogen concentration, from 3.8 to 12 g/L, resulted in volumetric activity increase from 393 to 670 U/ml, but the Yp/s (10053 U/gglucose) and Yx/s (0.049 gbiomasDWs/gglucose) did not significantly change. The data demonstrated the potential of recombinant A. niger and high cell density fermentation for the development of large-scale endoinulinase production system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pfariso Maumela
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Shaunita Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Eugéne van Rensburg
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | | | - Johann Ferdinand Görgens
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rong S, Tang X, Guan S, Zhang B, Li Q, Cai B, Huang J. Effects of Impeller Geometry on the 11α-Hydroxylation of Canrenone in Rushton Turbine-Stirred Tanks. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:890-901. [PMID: 34024892 PMCID: PMC9706011 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2104.04002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 11α-hydroxylation of canrenone can be catalyzed by Aspergillus ochraceus in bioreactors, where the geometry of the impeller greatly influences the biotransformation. In this study, the effects of the blade number and impeller diameter of a Rushton turbine on the 11α-hydroxylation of canrenone were considered. The results of fermentation experiments using a 50 mm four-blade impeller showed that 3.40% and 11.43% increases in the conversion ratio were achieved by increasing the blade number and impeller diameter, respectively. However, with an impeller diameter of 60 mm, the conversion ratio with a six-blade impeller was 14.42% lower than that with a four-blade impeller. Data from cold model experiments with a large-diameter six-blade impeller indicated that the serious leakage of inclusions and a 22.08% enzyme activity retention led to a low conversion ratio. Numerical simulations suggested that there was good gas distribution and high fluid flow velocity when the fluid was stirred by large-diameter impellers, resulting in a high dissolved oxygen content and good bulk circulation, which positively affected hyphal growth and metabolism. However, a large-diameter six-blade impeller created overly high shear compared to a large-diameter four-blade impeller, thereby decreasing the conversion ratio. The average shear rates of the former and latter cases were 43.25 s-1 and 35.31 s-1, respectively. We therefore concluded that appropriate shear should be applied in the 11α-hydroxylation of canrenone. Overall, this study provides basic data for the scaled-up production of 11α-hydroxycanrenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Rong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Guan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China,Corresponding authors S. Guan Phone: +86-021-60873005 E-mail:
| | - Botao Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Baoguo Cai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China,
J. Huang Phone: +86-021-60873240 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jansen R, Küsters K, Morschett H, Wiechert W, Oldiges M. A fully automated pipeline for the dynamic at-line morphology analysis of microscale Aspergillus cultivation. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:2. [PMID: 33676585 PMCID: PMC7937226 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphology, being one of the key factors influencing productivity of filamentous fungi, is of great interest during bioprocess development. With increasing demand of high-throughput phenotyping technologies for fungi due to the emergence of novel time-efficient genetic engineering technologies, workflows for automated liquid handling combined with high-throughput morphology analysis have to be developed. Results In this study, a protocol allowing for 48 parallel microbioreactor cultivations of Aspergillus carbonarius with non-invasive online signals of backscatter and dissolved oxygen was established. To handle the increased cultivation throughput, the utilized microbioreactor is integrated into a liquid handling platform. During cultivation of filamentous fungi, cell suspensions result in either viscous broths or form pellets with varying size throughout the process. Therefore, tailor-made liquid handling parameters such as aspiration/dispense height, velocity and mixing steps were optimized and validated. Development and utilization of a novel injection station enabled a workflow, where biomass samples are automatically transferred into a flow through chamber fixed under a light microscope. In combination with an automated image analysis concept, this enabled an automated morphology analysis pipeline. The workflow was tested in a first application study, where the projected biomass area was determined at two different cultivation temperatures and compared to the microbioreactor online signals. Conclusions A novel and robust workflow starting from microbioreactor cultivation, automated sample harvest and processing via liquid handling robots up to automated morphology analysis was developed. This protocol enables the determination of projected biomass areas for filamentous fungi in an automated and high-throughput manner. This measurement of morphology can be applied to describe overall pellet size distribution and heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jansen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Küsters
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Morschett
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany.,Computational Systems Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Böl M, Schrinner K, Tesche S, Krull R. Challenges of influencing cellular morphology by morphology engineering techniques and mechanical induced stress on filamentous pellet systems-A critical review. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:51-67. [PMID: 33716605 PMCID: PMC7923580 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous microorganisms are main producers of organic acids, enzymes, and pharmaceutical agents such as antibiotics and other active pharmaceutical ingredients. With their complex cell morphology, ranging from dispersed mycelia to dense pellets, the cultivation is challenging. In recent years, various techniques for tailor-made cell morphologies of filamentous microorganisms have been developed to increase product formation and have been summarised under the term morphology engineering. These techniques, namely microparticle-enhanced cultivation, macroparticle-enhanced cultivation, and alteration of the osmolality of the culture medium by addition of inorganic salts, the salt-enhanced cultivation, are presented and discussed in this review. These techniques have already proven to be useful and now await further proof-of-concept. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of individual pellets is of special interest for a general understanding of pellet mechanics and the productivity of biotechnological processes with filamentous microorganisms. Correlating them with substrate uptake and finally with productivity would be a breakthrough not to be underestimated for the comprehensive characterisation of filamentous systems. So far, this research field is under-represented. First results on filamentous pellet mechanics are discussed and important future aspects, which the filamentous expert community should deal with, will be presented and critically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and AdaptronicsTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Kathrin Schrinner
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Sebastian Tesche
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Optimizing Xylindein from Chlorociboria spp. for (Opto)electronic Applications. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylindein, a stable quinonic blue-green fungal pigment, has shown potential for use not only as a colorant but also as an (opto)electronic material. As no method presently exists to synthesize the pigment, organic production by slow-growing fungi from the genus Chlorociboria is the only method to obtain it. This has resulted in limited quantities of impure xylindein, hampering research. In order to improve quantity and quality of pigment for optoelectronic applications, speed of xylindein production by Chlorociboria aeruginosa and its relative purity were compared across liquid and solid-state fermentation conditions on selected nutrient sources. Liquid 2% malt shaking cultures produced the same amount of pigment in 5 weeks that previous testing produced in 2 months. Xylindein generation speed, purity, and conductive properties of produced pigment for (opto)electronics was then compared between two Chlorociboria species native to North America, Chlorociboria aeruginosa and Chlorociboria aeruginascens. Differences were seen in the conductivity of extracted pigment between species and strains, with xylindein from C. aeruginascens strain UAMH 7614 producing films with the highest effective electron mobility. The identification of the most effective growth conditions and the strain with highest purity xylindein production should support further development of sustainable organic (opto)electronics. Future work identifying new strains with reduced production of interfering metabolites and new extraction methodologies will help to produce very low cost xylindein, supporting sustainable technologies based on the pigment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Barrios-González J, Pérez-Sánchez A, Bibián ME. New knowledge about the biosynthesis of lovastatin and its production by fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8979-8998. [PMID: 32930839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, and its semisynthetic derivative simvastatine, has great medical and economic importance, besides great potential for other uses. In the last years, a deeper and more complex view of secondary metabolism regulation has emerged, with the incorporation of cluster-specific and global transcription factors, and their relation to signaling cascades, as well as the new level of epigenetic regulation. Recently, a new mechanism, which regulates lovastatin biosynthesis, at transcriptional level, has been discovered: reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation; also new unexpected environmental stimuli have been identified, which induce the synthesis of lovastatin, like quorum sensing-type molecules and support stimuli. The present review describes this new panorama and uses this information, together with the knowledge on lovastatin biosynthesis and genomics, as the foundation to analyze literature on optimization of fermentation parameters and medium composition, and also to fully understand new strategies for strain genetic improvement. This new knowledge has been applied to the development of more effective culture media, with the addition of molecules like butyrolactone I, oxylipins, and spermidine, or with addition of ROS-generating molecules to increase internal ROS levels in the cell. It has also been applied to the development of new strategies to generate overproducing strains of Aspergillus terreus, including engineering of the cluster-specific transcription factor (lovE), global transcription factors like the ones implicated in ROS regulation (or even mitochondrial alternative respiration aox gen), or the global regulator LaeA. Moreover, there is potential to apply some of these findings to the development of novel unconventional production systems. KEY POINTS: • New findings in regulation of lovastatin biosynthesis, like ROS regulation. • Induction by unexpected stimuli: autoinducer molecules and support stimuli. • Recent reports on culture medium and process optimization from this stand point. • Applications to molecular genetic strain improvement methods and production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Barrios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ailed Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Esmeralda Bibián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saberi A, Jalili H, Nikfarjam A, Koohsorkhi J, Jarmoshti J, Bizukojc M. Monitoring of Aspergillus terreus morphology for the lovastatin production in submerge culture by impedimetry. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Rodrigues KA, Rocha RT, Mulinari FF, Guedes AV, Teixeira MDM, Motta DDO, Fernandes L, Magalhães BS, Felipe MSS, Pappas GJ, Parachin NS. Exploring the Brazilian diversity of Aspergillus sp. strains for lovastatin and itaconic acid production. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 138:103367. [PMID: 32198121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are well known for producing secondary metabolites applied in various industrial segments. Among these, lovastatin and itaconic acid, produced by Aspergillus terreus, have applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Lovastatin is primarily used for the control of hypercholesterolemia, while itaconic acid is a building block for the production of synthetic fibers, coating adhesives, among others. In this study, for the first time, 35 strains of Aspergillus sp. from four Brazilian culture collections were evaluated for lovastatin and itaconic acid production and compared to a reference strain, ATCC 20542. From an initial screening, the strains ATCC 20542, URM 224, URM1876, URM 5061, URM 5254, URM 5256, URM 5650, and URM 5961 were selected for genomic comparison. Among tested strains, the locus corresponding to the lovastatin genomic cluster was assembled, showing that all genes essential for lovastatin biosynthesis were present in producing URM 5961 and URM 5650 strains, with 100% and 98.5% similarity to ATCC 20542, respectively. However, in the no producing URM 1876, URM 224, URM 5254, URM 5061, and URM 5256 strains, this cluster was either fragmented or missing. Among the 35 strains evaluated for itaconic acid production in this study, only three strains had titers above 0.5 g/L, 16 strains had production below 0.5 g/L, and the remaining 18 strains had no production, with the highest production of itaconic acid observed in the URM 5254 strain with 2.2 g/L. The essential genes for itaconic acid production, mttA, cadA msfA were also mapped, where all three genes linked to itaconic acid production were found in a single contig in the assembly of each strain. In contrast to lovastatin loci, there is no correlation between the level of itaconic acid production and genetic polymorphisms in the genes associated with its biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Assis Rodrigues
- Grupo Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Theodoro Rocha
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil; Computational Genomics Group, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, CEP 70790-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Furtado Mulinari
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Adevilton Viana Guedes
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Medicina, Brasília, DF CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Dielle de Oliveira Motta
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simas Magalhães
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Georgios Joannis Pappas
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil; Computational Genomics Group, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, CEP 70790-900, Brazil
| | - Nádia Skorupa Parachin
- Grupo Engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-900, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF CEP 70790-160, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu T, Wang L, Ma F, Wang Y, Bai S. A bio-functions integration microcosm: Self-immobilized biochar-pellets combined with two strains of bacteria to remove atrazine in water and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121326. [PMID: 31629595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A self-immobilization method for microorganisms was developed based on fungal pellets. Generally, pellets have some problems such as cell leakage, cell loading limitation and low mechanical strength. Therefore, biochar was applied to overcome these disadvantages. Atrazine degradable microorganism Arthrobacter sp. ZXY-2 was immobilized by Aspergillus niger Y3 pellets. After adding biochar with optimal dosage (0.006 g biochar for 0.3 g pellets with ZXY-2), the self-immobilized biomixture (SIB) removed 50 mg /L atrazine rapidly within 1 h, which was 61% higher compared to pellets without biochar. The kinetic adsorption results showed that the biosorption of biochar by pellets followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The ATZ removal ability and reusability of SIB were significantly increased by biochar. The results showed that the addition of biochar could enhance the connection between ZXY-2 and pellets based carrier, and the favorable biodegradation pH of ZXY-2 changed to 6 and 10. Several analyses such as ζ-potential measurements, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and elemental analyses were performed to evaluate the mechanism of action of SIB. To enhance the ATZ degradation by single strain, Agrobacterium, sp WL-1 was isolated and added. The metabolic pathways and their function complementation were studied. Furthermore, a biomass integration model for wastewater treatment was proposed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianmiao Yu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Bai
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effects of Cultural Conditions in Enhancing the Production of Anti-MRSA Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Leaf of Ocimum sanctum L. in Submerged Fermentation System. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
22
|
Evaluating aeration and stirring effects to improve itaconic acid production from glucose using Aspergillus terreus. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1383-1389. [PMID: 31617036 PMCID: PMC6828833 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the bioreactor conditions, in particular the mode and intensity of aeration and mixing were studied on itaconic acid (IA) fermentation efficiency by Aspergillus terreus strain from glucose substrate. IA was produced in batch system by systematically varying the oxygen content of the aeration gas (from 21 to 31.5 vol% O2) and the stirring rate (from 150 to 600 rpm). The data were analyzed kinetically to characterize the behavior of the process, and besides, the performances were evaluated comparatively with the literature. It turned out that the operation of the bioreactor with either the higher inlet O2 concentration (31.5 vol% O2) or faster stirring (600 rpm) could enhance biological IA generation the most, resulting in yield and volumetric productivity of 0.31 g IA/g glucose and 0.32 g IA/g glucose and 3.15 g IA/L day and 4.26 g IA/L day, respectively. Overall, the significance of fermentation settings was shown in this work regarding IA production catalyzed by A. terreus and notable advances could be realized by adjusting the aeration and stirring towards an optimal combination.
Collapse
|
23
|
Papapostolou A, Karasavvas E, Chatzidoukas C. Oxygen mass transfer limitations set the performance boundaries of microbial PHA production processes – A model-based problem investigation supporting scale-up studies. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
24
|
Abd Rahim MH, Lim EJ, Hasan H, Abbas A. The investigation of media components for optimal metabolite production of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105672. [PMID: 31326443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen, salt and pre-culture conditions on the production of lovastatin in A. terreus ATCC 20542. METHODS Different combinations of nitrogen sources, salts and pre-culture combinations were applied in the fermentation media and lovastatin yield was analysed chromatographically. RESULT The exclusion of MnSO4 ·5H2O, CuSO4·5H2O and FeCl3·6H2O were shown to significantly improve lovastatin production (282%), while KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and NaCl and ZnSO4·7H2O were indispensable for good lovastatin production. Simple nitrogen source (ammonia) was unfavourable for morphology, growth and lovastatin production. In contrast, yeast extract (complex nitrogen source) produced the highest lovastatin yield (25.52 mg/L), while powdered soybean favoured the production of co-metabolites ((+)-geodin and sulochrin). Intermediate lactose: yeast extract (5:4) ratio produced the optimal lovastatin yield (12.33 mg/L) during pre-culture, while high (5:2) or low (5:6) lactose to yeast extract ratio produced significantly lower lovastatin yield (7.98 mg/L and 9.12 mg/L, respectively). High spore concentration, up to 107 spores/L was shown to be beneficial for lovastatin, but not for co-metabolite production, while higher spore age was shown to be beneficial for all of its metabolites. CONCLUSION The findings from these investigations could be used for future cultivation of A. terreus in the production of desired metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Elicia Jitming Lim
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ali Abbas
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen X, Zhou J, Ding Q, Luo Q, Liu L. Morphology engineering ofAspergillus oryzaeforl‐malate production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2662-2673. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ansari S, Jalili H, Bizukojc M, Amrane A. Influence of the construction of porous spargers on lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20,542 in a laboratory bubble column. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1205-1213. [PMID: 30949844 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In bubble column bioreactors, the hydrodynamic behavior like mixing time, bubble size and morphology of filamentous fungi are influenced by the construction of spargers. Sparger pore size is an important factor influencing formation of bubbles. In this study for the first time, a 5-L bubble column bioreactor with different porous spargers was used to investigate the effect of mean air bubble diameter (at 0.36, 0.18 and 0.09 cm) on fungal growth, broth viscosity, fungal pellet morphology and lovastatin production by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus. All cultivations were carried out at air flow rate equal to 0.5 Lair L-1 min-1. The viscosity of the broth was influenced by both biomass concentration and size of the fungal pellets. The highest values of viscosity were observed at bubbles of 0.09 cm diameter after 192 h of cultivation. The largest fluffy pellets and the highest yield of lovastatin (443 mg/L) were obtained at air bubbles diameter of 0.18 cm. Lovastatin yield on biomass growth in this condition was, respectively, 1.7-fold and 3.5-fold higher than in the cultivations performed with air bubbles of 0.36 and 0.09 cm diameters. These laboratory scale experiment indicates that air bubble diameter has the impact on lovastatin production and A. terreus culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ansari
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Jalili
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Abdeltif Amrane
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karahalil E, Coban HB, Turhan I. A current approach to the control of filamentous fungal growth in media: microparticle enhanced cultivation technique. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:192-201. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1531821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Karahalil
- Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Bugra Coban
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Irfan Turhan
- Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rocking Aspergillus: morphology-controlled cultivation of Aspergillus niger in a wave-mixed bioreactor for the production of secondary metabolites. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:128. [PMID: 30129427 PMCID: PMC6102829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi including Aspergillus niger are cell factories for the production of organic acids, proteins and bioactive compounds. Traditionally, stirred-tank reactors (STRs) are used to cultivate them under highly reproducible conditions ensuring optimum oxygen uptake and high growth rates. However, agitation via mechanical stirring causes high shear forces, thus affecting fungal physiology and macromorphologies. Two-dimensional rocking-motion wave-mixed bioreactor cultivations could offer a viable alternative to fungal cultivations in STRs, as comparable gas mass transfer is generally achievable while deploying lower friction and shear forces. The aim of this study was thus to investigate for the first time the consequences of wave-mixed cultivations on the growth, macromorphology and product formation of A. niger. Results We investigated the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on A. niger cultivated at a 5 L scale in a disposable two-dimensional rocking motion bioreactor (CELL-tainer®) and a BioFlo STR (New Brunswick®), respectively. Two different A. niger strains were analysed, which produce heterologously the commercial drug enniatin B. Both strains expressed the esyn1 gene that encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase ESYN under control of the inducible Tet-on system, but differed in their dependence on feeding with the precursors d-2-hydroxyvaleric acid and l-valine. Cultivations of A. niger in the CELL-tainer resulted in the formation of large pellets, which were heterogeneous in size (diameter 300–800 μm) and not observed during STR cultivations. When talcum microparticles were added, it was possible to obtain a reduced pellet size and to control pellet heterogeneity (diameter 50–150 μm). No foam formation was observed under wave-mixed cultivation conditions, which made the addition of antifoam agents needless. Overall, enniatin B titres of about 1.5–2.3 g L−1 were achieved in the CELL-tainer® system, which is about 30–50% of the titres achieved under STR conditions. Conclusions This is the first report studying the potential use of single-use wave-mixed reactor systems for the cultivation of A. niger. Although final enniatin yields are not competitive yet with titres achieved under STR conditions, wave-mixed cultivations open up new avenues for the cultivation of shear-sensitive mutant strains as well as high cell-density cultivations.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fang X, Zhao G, Dai J, Liu H, Wang P, Wang L, Song J, Zheng Z. Macro-morphological characterization and kinetics of Mortierella alpina colonies during batch cultivation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192803. [PMID: 30086137 PMCID: PMC6080745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective method for research of macro-morphological characterization and its kinetics was developed by studying the macro-morphological characteristics of Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous zygomycete widely used to produce lipids rich in PUFA, in function of culture medium composition and to link morphological features of fungus with the level of lipid production. A number of distinct morphological forms including hollow pellets, fluffy pellets and freely dispersed mycelia were obtained by changing the fermentation factors. By fitting a Logistic curve, the maximum specific growth rate (μmax)was obtained, which determined the final mycelia morphology. μmax of 0.6584 in three kind of morphological forms is the more appropriate. According to the Luedeking-Piret equation fitting, α≠0 and β≠0, lipid production was partially associated with the hyphal growth, fluffy pellets which turn glucose into lipidwas more effective than the other two kinds of morphological forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junying Song
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Insitutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mir-Tutusaus JA, Baccar R, Caminal G, Sarrà M. Can white-rot fungi be a real wastewater treatment alternative for organic micropollutants removal? A review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:137-151. [PMID: 29579480 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants are a diverse group of compounds that are detected at trace concentrations and may have a negative effect on the environment and/or human health. Most of them are unregulated contaminants, although they have raised a concern in the scientific and global community and future regulation might be written in the near future. Several approaches have been tested to remove micropollutants from wastewater streams. In this manuscript, a focus is placed in reactor biological treatments that use white-rot fungi. A critical review of white-rot fungal-based technologies for micropollutant removal from wastewater has been conducted, several capabilities and limitations of such approaches have been identified and a range of solutions to overcome most of the limitations have been reviewed and/or proposed. Overall, this review argues that white-rot fungal reactors could be an efficient technology to remove micropollutants from specific wastewater streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Anton Mir-Tutusaus
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rim Baccar
- ENIS Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Eco Technology, University of Sfax, BP 1173-3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mir-Tutusaus JA, Caminal G, Sarrà M. Influence of process variables in a continuous treatment of non-sterile hospital wastewater by Trametes versicolor and novel method for inoculum production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 212:415-423. [PMID: 29455149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants such as pharmaceutical active compounds, present at high concentration in hospital wastewater (HWW), pose both environmental and human health challenges. Fungal reactors can effectively remove such contaminants and produce non-toxic effluents, but their ability to operate for a long period of time is yet to be demonstrated in real hospital wastewater. Several process variables need to be studied beforehand. Here, variables: pellet size, aeration and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio are studied in continuous operations with real HWW. Moreover, a novel strategy for inoculum production that could reduce economical and operational costs is proposed and tested. Optimum pellet size was found to be 2 mm and an aeration of 0.8 L min-1 was needed to maintain fungal viability. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 7.5 was selected and the pellet production time was reduced from 6 to 3 days. The novel low-cost inoculum preparation produced pellets with the same characteristics as the traditionally prepared ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Anton Mir-Tutusaus
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC) CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
de Souza RA, Kamat NM. Three dimensional typological studies using scanning electron microscopy for characterization of Termitomycespellets obtained from submerged growth conditions. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:25-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1379611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- RA de Souza
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India
| | - NM Kamat
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, 403206, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Uday USP, Majumdar R, Tiwari ON, Mishra U, Mondal A, Bandyopadhyay TK, Bhunia B. Isolation, screening and characterization of a novel extracellular xylanase from A spergillus niger (KP874102.1) and its application in orange peel hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:401-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
The effect of viscosity, friction, and sonication on the morphology and metabolite production from Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1753-1761. [PMID: 28879627 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of viscosity, friction, and sonication on the morphology and the production of lovastatin, (+)-geodin, and sulochrin by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. Sodium alginate and gelatine were used to protect the fungal pellet from mechanical force by increasing the media viscosity. Sodium alginate stimulated the production of lovastatin by up to 329.0% and sulochrin by 128.7%, with inhibitory effect on (+)-geodin production at all concentrations used. However, the use of gelatine to increase viscosity significantly suppressed lovastatin, (+)-geodin, and sulochrin's production (maximum reduction at day 9 of 42.7, 60.8, and 68.3%, respectively), which indicated that the types of chemical play a major role in metabolite production. Higher viscosity increased both pellet biomass and size in all conditions. Friction significantly increased (+)-geodin's titre by 1527.5%, lovastatin by 511.1%, and sulochrin by 784.4% while reducing pellet biomass and size. Conversely, sonication produced disperse filamentous morphology with significantly lower metabolites. Sodium alginate-induced lovastatin and sulochrin production suggest that these metabolites are not affected by viscosity; rather, their production is affected by the specific action of certain chemicals. In contrast, low viscosity adversely affected (+)-geodin's production, while pellet disintegration can cause a significant production of (+)-geodin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Osadolor OA, Nair RB, Lennartsson PR, Taherzadeh MJ. Empirical and experimental determination of the kinetics of pellet growth in filamentous fungi: A case study using Neurospora intermedia. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Kowalska A, Antecka A, Owczarz P, Bizukojć M. Inulinolytic activity of broths of Aspergillus niger ATCC 204447 cultivated in shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactor. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:1006-1020. [PMID: 32624851 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the first detailed study of an inulinolytic fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 204447 since its discovery, covering submerged cultivations both in shake flasks and a stirred tank bioreactor. Various carbon sources were applied to induce the inulinolytic activity in shake flask cultures. The highest volumetric and specific (per gram of biomass) activities (respectively 0.68 U/mL and 184 U g/X) were observed for the initial inulin and sucrose concentrations equal to 20 g/L. The fungus grew as large (>3 mm) spherical pellets. The influence of inoculum density and application of microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC) were studied in the batch bioreactor cultivations. Inoculum density moderately affected the inulinolytic activities, whose highest values were 0.7 U/mL and 165 U g/X at the lowest studied spore density of 3.33·108 L-1. Dispersed hyphae evolved in the bioreactor made the broth difficult to aerate due to high apparent viscosity (exceeding 200 Pa sn at shear rate about 0.05 s-1) and shear thinned properties (flow behavior index below 0.2). In MPEC (10 μm talc microparticles) the pellets of diameter between 1 and 2 mm were formed, which facilitated the aeration of the broth and increased the specific inulinolytic activity 3.5-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalska
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering Lodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
| | - Anna Antecka
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering Lodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
| | - Piotr Owczarz
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering Lodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojć
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering Lodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Siewiera P, Różalska S, Bernat P. Efficient dibutyltin (DBT) elimination by the microscopic fungus Metarhizium robertsii under conditions of intensive aeration and ascorbic acid supplementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12118-12127. [PMID: 28349308 PMCID: PMC5410213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyltin (DBT) is an environmental pollutant characterized by immunotoxic, neurotoxic, and pro-oxidant properties. In this study, an attempt was made to enhance DBT elimination by the Metarhizium robertsii strain. We observed enhanced fungal growth in the bioreactor (pO2 ≥ 20%) compared to flask cultures (μ max increased from 0.061 to 0.086 h-1). Moreover, under aerated conditions, M. robertsii mycelium with "hairy" morphology biodegraded DBT (20 mg l-1) 10-fold faster in the bioreactor than in the flask cultures. Monobutyltin (MBT) and a hydroxylated derivative of MBT (OHBuSnH2) were detected as by-products of dibutyltin debutylation. Simultaneous usage of glucose and butyltins indicates the comatabolic nature of monobutyltin and dibutyltin removal. In order to protect fungal cells from oxidative stress caused by DBT presence, vitamin C (20 mg l-1) was applied. Supplementation with ascorbic acid (AA) resulted in a 3-fold acceleration of MBT removal during the first 7 h of incubation. Using the HPLC-MS/MS technique, a quantitative analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, was performed. In the AA presence, a decrease in the MDA amount (about 45%) was observed compared to the case with fungal cells exposed to DBT alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Siewiera
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mota MJ, Lopes RP, Koubaa M, Roohinejad S, Barba FJ, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Fermentation at non-conventional conditions in food- and bio-sciences by the application of advanced processing technologies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:122-140. [PMID: 28423948 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1312272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interest in improving the yield and productivity values of relevant microbial fermentations is an increasingly important issue for the scientific community. Therefore, several strategies have been tested for the stimulation of microbial growth and manipulation of their metabolic behavior. One promising approach involves the performance of fermentative processes during non-conventional conditions, which includes high pressure (HP), electric fields (EF) and ultrasound (US). These advanced technologies are usually applied for microbial inactivation in the context of food processing. However, the approach described in this study focuses on the use of these technologies at sub-lethal levels, since the aim is microbial growth and fermentation under these stress conditions. During these sub-lethal conditions, microbial strains develop specific genetic, physiologic and metabolic stress responses, possibly leading to fermentation products and processes with novel characteristics. In some cases, these modifications can represent considerable improvements, such as increased yields, productivities and fermentation rates, lower accumulation of by-products and/or production of different compounds. Although several studies report the successful application of these technologies during the fermentation processes, information on this subject is still scarce and poorly understood. For that reason, the present review paper intends to assemble and discuss the main findings reported in the literature to date, and aims to stimulate interest and encourage further developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Mota
- a Chemistry Department, QOPNA , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Rita P Lopes
- a Chemistry Department, QOPNA , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Mohamed Koubaa
- b Sorbonne Universités , Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Centre de Recherche de Royallieu , Compiegne France
| | - Shahin Roohinejad
- c Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering , Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food , Karlsruhe , Germany.,d Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Division of Food and Nutrition , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Francisco J Barba
- e Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universitat de València , València , Spain
| | - Ivonne Delgadillo
- a Chemistry Department, QOPNA , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- a Chemistry Department, QOPNA , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Growth and lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus under different carbohyrates as carbon sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
40
|
Production of lovastatin and itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus: a comparative perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:34. [PMID: 28102516 PMCID: PMC5247550 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus is a textbook example of an industrially relevant filamentous fungus. It is used for the biotechnological production of two valuable metabolites, namely itaconic acid and lovastatin. Itaconic acid serves as a precursor in polymer industry, whereas lovastatin found its place in the pharmaceutical market as a cholesterol-lowering statin drug and a precursor for semisynthetic statins. Interestingly, their biosynthetic gene clusters were shown to reside in the common genetic neighborhood. Despite the genomic proximity of the underlying biosynthetic genes, the production of lovastatin and itaconic acid was shown to be favored by different factors, especially with respect to pH values of the broth. While there are several reviews on various aspects of lovastatin and itaconic acid production, the survey on growth conditions, biochemistry and morphology related to the formation of these two metabolites has never been presented in the comparative manner. The aim of the current review is to outline the correlations and contrasts with respect to process-related and biochemical discoveries regarding itaconic acid and lovastatin production by A. terreus.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nair RB, Lennartsson PR, Taherzadeh MJ. Mycelial pellet formation by edible ascomycete filamentous fungi, Neurospora intermedia. AMB Express 2016; 6:31. [PMID: 27103628 PMCID: PMC4840137 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pellet formation of filamentous fungi in submerged culture is an imperative topic of fermentation research. In this study, we report for the first time the growth of filamentous ascomycete fungus, Neurospora intermedia in its mycelial pellet form. In submerged culture, the growth morphology of the fungus was successfully manipulated into growing as pellets by modifying various cultivation conditions. Factors such as pH (2.0–10.0), agitation rate (100–150 rpm), carbon source (glucose, arabinose, sucrose, and galactose), the presence of additive agents (glycerol and calcium chloride) and trace metals were investigated for their effect on the pellet formation. Of the various factors screened, uniform pellets were formed only at pH range 3.0–4.0, signifying it as the most influential factor for N. intermedia pellet formation. The average pellet size ranged from 2.38 ± 0.12 to 2.86 ± 0.38 mm. The pellet formation remained unaffected by the inoculum type used and its size showed an inverse correlation with the agitation rate of the culture. Efficient glucose utilization was observed with fungal pellets, as opposed to the freely suspended mycelium, proving its viability for fast-fermentation processes. Scale up of the pelletization process was also carried out in bench-scale airlift and bubble column reactors (4.5 L).
Collapse
|
42
|
Prathumpai W, Kocharin K. Phomalactone optimization and production of entomopathogenic fungi by Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842 and BCC 2763. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:44-8. [PMID: 25285781 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.970691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phomalactone, an antibacterial, insecticidal, and herbicidal compound, was produced by insect pathogenic fungi, Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842 and BCC 2763, in bioreactors using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose and fructose were preferable for growth and phomalactone production. The highest specific growth rate (μ) of 0.012 hr(-1), the highest biomass yield (Ysx) of 0.38 g DW g(-1) sugar, the highest volumetric sugar consumption rate (qs) of 0.036 g (L hr)(-1), the maximum phomalactone concentration ([Formula: see text]) of 93.30 mg L(-1) at 127 hr, and the highest volumetric production rate of phomalactone (qp) of 0.46 ± 0.12 mg (L d)(-1) were obtained on glucose and sodium nitrate as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, by O. communis BCC 1842. In contrast, O. communis BCC 2763 gave lower phomalactone production. This mass phomalactone production is useful for the biological synthesis of a precursor for more broad-range potent analogs such as antitumor, antifungal, and others and for its further biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Prathumpai
- a Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) , National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Thailand Science Park, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - K Kocharin
- a Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) , National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , Thailand Science Park, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Application of EulerLagrange CFD for quantitative evaluating the effect of shear force on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
44
|
Todokoro T, Fukuda K, Matsumura K, Irie M, Hata Y. Production of the natural iron chelator deferriferrichrysin from Aspergillus oryzae and evaluation as a novel food-grade antioxidant. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2998-3006. [PMID: 26399367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deferriferrichrysin (Dfcy) is a siderophore found in foods fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and is a promising candidate for an antioxidant food additive because of its high binding constant toward iron. However, the Dfcy concentration is typically low in foods and cultures. RESULTS We optimised culture conditions to improve Dfcy production to 2800 mg L(-1) from 22.5 mg L(-1) under typical conditions. Then, we evaluated the potential of Dfcy as a food additive by measuring its safety, stability, and antioxidant activity. Dfcy was sufficiently stable that over 90% remained after pasteurisation at 63 °C for 30 min at pH 3-11, or after sterilisation at 120 °C for 4 min at pH 4-6. Dfcy showed high antioxidant activity in an oil-in-water model, where inhibition of lipid oxidation was measured by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Dfcy decreased PV and TBARS by 83% and 75%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Dfcy was equal to or higher than that of the synthetic chelator EDTA. CONCLUSION Our study provides the first practical method for production of Dfcy. Dfcy can be a novel food-grade antioxidant and the first natural alternative to the synthesised iron chelator EDTA. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/adverse effects
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/economics
- Antioxidants/isolation & purification
- Aspergillus oryzae/chemistry
- Aspergillus oryzae/growth & development
- Aspergillus oryzae/metabolism
- Fermentation
- Food Preservatives/adverse effects
- Food Preservatives/chemistry
- Food Preservatives/economics
- Food Preservatives/isolation & purification
- Food-Processing Industry/economics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Hot Temperature/adverse effects
- Industrial Waste/analysis
- Industrial Waste/economics
- Iron Chelating Agents/adverse effects
- Iron Chelating Agents/chemistry
- Iron Chelating Agents/economics
- Iron Chelating Agents/isolation & purification
- Japan
- Models, Chemical
- Mutagenicity Tests
- Oryza/chemistry
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/adverse effects
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/economics
- Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins, Dietary/chemistry
- Plant Proteins, Dietary/economics
- Plant Proteins, Dietary/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins, Dietary/metabolism
- Protein Hydrolysates/chemistry
- Protein Hydrolysates/economics
- Protein Hydrolysates/isolation & purification
- Protein Hydrolysates/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Seeds/chemistry
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
- Wine/analysis
- Wine/microbiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Todokoro
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd, 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Fukuda
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd, 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Kengo Matsumura
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd, 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Motoko Irie
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd, 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Yoji Hata
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co., Ltd, 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Application of microparticle-enhanced cultivation to increase the access of oxygen to Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 mycelium and intensify lovastatin biosynthesis in batch and continuous fed-batch stirred tank bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
46
|
Subhan M, Faryal R, Macreadie I. Exploitation of Aspergillus terreus for the Production of Natural Statins. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2020013. [PMID: 29376930 PMCID: PMC5753075 DOI: 10.3390/jof2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus (A.) terreus has dominated the biological production of the “blockbuster” drugs known as statins. The statins are a class of drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and lead to lower cholesterol production. The statins were initially discovered in fungi and for many years fungi were the sole source for the statins. At present, novel chemically synthesised statins are produced as inspired by the naturally occurring statin molecules. The isolation of the natural statins, compactin, mevastatin and lovastatin from A. terreus represents one of the great achievements of industrial microbiology. Here we review the discovery of statins, along with strategies that have been applied to scale up their production by A. terreus strains. The strategies encompass many of the techniques available in industrial microbiology and include the optimization of media and fermentation conditions, the improvement of strains through classical mutagenesis, induced genetic manipulation and the use of statistical design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Subhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Diffusional and transcriptional mechanisms involved in laccases production by Pleurotus ostreatus CP50. J Biotechnol 2016; 223:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
48
|
Control of fungal morphology for improved production of a novel antimicrobial alkaloid by marine-derived fungus Curvularia sp. IFB-Z10 under submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
49
|
Yen HW, Chiang MH. Using the mycelium-covered cereals as an efficient inoculation method for rapamycin fermentation in a 15-L fermenter using Streptomyces hygroscopicus. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
50
|
Rapid Chromatographic Determination and Structural Confirmation of β-Hydroxy Acid Form of Lovastatin in the Fermentation Broth of Aspergillus Terreus PM03. Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|