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Park MR, Ahn JS, Lee MG, Lee BR, Ock SA, Byun SJ, Hwang IS. Characterization of Enlarged Tongues in Cloned Piglets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9103-9116. [PMID: 37998748 PMCID: PMC10670481 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the efficiency of cloning remains very low, this technique has become the most reliable way to produce transgenic pigs. However, the high rate of abnormal offspring such as an enlarged tongue lowers the cloning efficiency by reducing the early survivability of piglets. Thus, the present study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the enlarged tongue from cloned piglets by histologic and transcriptomic analysis. As a result, it was observed that the tissues from enlarged tongues (n = 3) showed isolated and broken muscle bundles with wide spaces while the tissues from normal tongues (n = 3) showed the tight connection of muscle bundles without space by histological analysis. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy results also showed the formation of isolated and broken muscle bundles in enlarged tongues. The transcriptome analysis showed a total of 197 upregulated and 139 downregulated genes with more than 2-fold changes in enlarged tongues. Moreover, there was clear evidence for the difference between groups in the muscle system process with high relation in the biological process by gene ontology analysis. The analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathway of differentially expressed genes indicated that the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glucagon signaling pathway were also involved. Conclusively, our results could suggest that the abnormal glycolytic regulation may result in the formation of an enlarged tongue. These findings might have the potential to understand the underlying mechanisms, abnormal development, and disease diagnosis in cloned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Min Gook Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sun A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Use of Genome Editing Techniques to Produce Transgenic Farm Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1354:279-297. [PMID: 34807447 PMCID: PMC9810480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are essential for the treatment and diagnosis of clinical human ailments. The availability and biological activity of recombinant proteins is heavily influenced by production platforms. Conventional production platforms such as yeast, bacteria, and mammalian cells have biological and economical challenges. Transgenic livestock species have been explored as an alternative production platform for recombinant proteins, predominantly through milk secretion; the strategy has been demonstrated to produce large quantities of biologically active proteins. The major limitation of utilizing livestock species as bioreactors has been efforts required to alter the genome of livestock. Advancements in the genome editing field have drastically improved the ability to genetically engineer livestock species. Specifically, genome editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system have lowered efforts required to generate genetically engineered livestock, thus minimizing restrictions on the type of genetic modification in livestock. In this review, we discuss characteristics of transgenic animal bioreactors and how the use of genome editing systems enhances design and availability of the animal models.
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Deykin AV, Shcheblykina OV, Povetka EE, Golubinskaya PA, Pokrovsky VM, Korokina LV, Vanchenko OA, Kuzubova EV, Trunov KS, Vasyutkin VV, Radchenko AI, Danilenko AP, Stepenko JV, Kochkarova IS, Belyaeva VS, Yakushev VI. Genetically modified animals for use in biopharmacology: from research to production. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.7.76685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In this review, the analysis of technologies for obtaining biologically active proteins from various sources is carried out, and the comparative analysis of technologies for creating producers of biologically active proteins is presented. Special attention is paid to genetically modified animals as bioreactors for the pharmaceutical industry of a new type. The necessity of improving the technology of development transgenic rabbit producers and creating a platform solution for the production of biological products is substantiated.
The advantages of using TrB for the production of recombinant proteins: The main advantages of using TrB are the low cost of obtaining valuable complex therapeutic human proteins in readily accessible fluids, their greater safety relative to proteins isolated directly from human blood, and the greater safety of the activity of the native protein.
The advantages of the mammary gland as a system for the expression of recombinant proteins: The mammary gland is the organ of choice for the expression of valuable recombinant proteins because milk is easy to collect in large volumes.
Methods for obtaining transgenic animals: The modern understanding of the regulation of gene expression and the discovery of new tools for gene editing can increase the efficiency of creating bioreactors for animals and help to obtain high concentrations of the target protein.
The advantages of using rabbits as bioreactors producing recombinant proteins in milk: The rabbit is a relatively small animal with a short duration of gestation, puberty and optimal size, capable of producing up to 5 liters of milk per year per female, receiving up to 300 grams of the target protein.
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Lee SY, Han JH, Lee EK, Kim YK, Hwang SA, Lee SH, Kim M, Cho GY, Hwang JH, Kim SJ, Yoo JG, Cho SK, Lee KJ, Cho WK. Structural and functional characterization of recombinant human growth hormone isolated from transgenic pig milk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236788. [PMID: 32735629 PMCID: PMC7394428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish and reproduce transgenic pigs expressing human growth hormone (hGH) in their milk. We also aimed to purify hGH from the milk, to characterize the purified protein, and to assess the potential of our model for mass production of therapeutic proteins using transgenic techniques. Using ~15.5 L transgenic pig milk, we obtained proteins with ≥ 99% purity after three pre-treatments and five column chromatography steps. To confirm the biosimilarity of our milk-derived purified recombinant hGH (CGH942) with commercially available somatropin (Genotropin), we performed spectroscopy, structural, and biological analyses. We observed no difference between the purified protein and Genotropin samples. Furthermore, rat models were used to assess growth promotion potential. Our results indicate that CGH942 promotes growth, by increasing bone development and body weight. Toxicity assessments revealed no abnormal findings after 4 weeks of continuous administration and 2 weeks of recovery. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for both males and females was determined to be 0.6 mg/kg/day. Thus, no toxicological differences were observed between commercially available somatropin and CGH942 obtained from transgenic pig milk. In conclusion, we describe a transgenic technique using pigs, providing a new platform to produce human therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Joo-Hee Han
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Kyu Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seo-Ah Hwang
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Maria Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Gye Yoon Cho
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Hwang
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Yoo
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Weon-Ki Cho
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Hryhorowicz M, Lipiński D, Hryhorowicz S, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Ryczek N, Zeyland J. Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060670. [PMID: 32575461 PMCID: PMC7349405 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hryhorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Szymon Hryhorowicz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Natalia Ryczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.L.); (A.N.-T.); (N.R.); (J.Z.)
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6
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Zhao H, Xie S, Zhang N, Ao Z, Wu X, Yang L, Shi J, Mai R, Zheng E, Cai G, Wu Z, Li Z. Source and Follicular Fluid Treatment During the In Vitro Maturation of Recipient Oocytes Affects the Development of Cloned Pig Embryo. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:71-81. [PMID: 32125895 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig cloning technique is valuable in agriculture, biomedicine, and life sciences. However, the full-term developmental efficiency of cloned pig embryos is only about 1%, which limits pig cloning application. The quality of recipient oocytes greatly affects the developmental competence of cloned pig embryos. Thus, this study investigated the effects of a recipient oocyte source (in vivo matured [IVVM] oocytes vs. slaughter house-derived in vitro matured [IVTM] oocytes), and follicular liquid treatment (slaughter house-derived immature follicle-derived fluid [IFF] vs. in vivo-matured follicle-derived fluid [MFF]) during the in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes on the development of the cloned pig embryos. Our results showed that using IVVM oocytes to replace IVTM oocytes as recipient oocytes, and using 10% MFF IVM medium to replace 10% IFF IVM medium could enhance the development of the cloned pig embryos. IFF and MFF contained different levels of oocyte quality-related proteins, resulting in different oocyte quality-related gene expression levels and reactive oxygen species levels between the 10% MFF medium-cultured oocytes and 10% IFF medium-cultured oocytes. This study provided useful information for enhancing the pig cloning efficiency by improving the quality of recipient oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyi Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liusong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - Ranbiao Mai
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of reproductive technologies that are applied to porcine breeds. Nowadays the porcine industry, part of a high technological and specialized sector, offers high-quality protein food. The development of the swine industry is founded in the development of breeding/genetics, nutrition, animal husbandry, and animal health. The implementation of reproductive technologies in swine has conducted to levels of productivity never reached before. In addition, the pig is becoming an important species for biomedicine. The generation of pig models for human disease, xenotransplantation, or production of therapeutic proteins for human medicine has in fact generated a growing field of interest.
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Baek SY, Chung HJ, Kim KW, Cho KH, Choi I, Lee HT. Potential use of transgenic domestic pigs expressing recombinant human erythropoietin in diabetes translation research. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 23:42-49. [PMID: 30834158 PMCID: PMC6394289 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1554544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, diabetes mellitus (DM) has shown rapid global increases with about five million deaths annually. Animal models are imperative to understand disease mechanisms and develop diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic interventions in translational research. Rodent and mini-pig models have been established and widely used for DM research. However, domestic pig models are limited in spite of advantages such as pharmacokinetic and physiopathological availability. This study examines the potential use of domestic pigs expressing recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) as disease and therapeutic response models for DM. We previously generated transgenic pigs (n = 16, EPO Tg) in which rhEPO was expressed and circulated in all organs. Thirty-two pigs, including 16 controls, were fed high fat (HF) diets for 42 weeks. Subsequently, blood samples for chemical and metabolic analysis were collected after fasting for 24 h and glucose loading for oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). We found increased activation of the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway under hypoxic conditions after rhEPO treatment, and HF diet-inducible-obesity in the EPO Tg and control pigs. OGTTs showed lower fasting glucose levels in the EPO Tg pigs than in controls before and after the HF diet, suggesting that rhEPO may affect glucose concentrations. Insulin and C-peptide concentrations responded slowly to glucose administration and returned to initial levels after 2 h. The blood test results suggest that EPO might affect metabolic and chemical components such as glucose, high-density lipoprotein, glucagon, triglyceride, and free fatty acid. Our findings support the use of rhEPO transgenic domestic pigs as model animals for translational DM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Baek
- Swine Science Division, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Swine Science Division, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Cho
- Swine Science Division, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Choi
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Taek Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Chung HJ, Park HJ, Baek SY, Park JK, Lee WY, Kim KW, Jo YM, Hochi S, Kim YM, Choi TJ, Cho ES, Cho KH. Production of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (htPA) using in vitro cultured transgenic pig mammary gland cells. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:317-322. [PMID: 30522372 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1521824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. We have previously produced a human tPA (htPA)-overexpressing transgenic pig using a mammary gland-specific promoter. In this study, we have established a transgenic pig mammary gland cell line that produces recombinant htPA. The mammary gland cells grew well and retained their character over long periods of culture. There was no difference in the extent of apoptosis in transgenic cells compared to wild-type mammary gland cells. In addition, the transgenic mammary gland cells expressed and secreted htPA into the conditioned media at a concentration similar to that in milk. This transgenic cell line represents a simple and ethical method for recombinant htPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Baek
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef & Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Wanju-gun , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jo
- Medi Kinetics Central Research Institute , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Ueda , Nagano , Japan
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jeong Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suek Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science , Cheoan-si , Republic of Korea
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11
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Production of transgenic chickens constitutively expressing human erythropoietin (hEPO): Problems with uncontrollable overexpression of hEPO gene. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Jeon Y, Yoon JD, Cai L, Hwang SU, Kim E, Lee E, Jeung EB, Hyun SH, Hwang WS. Zinc supplementation during in vitro maturation increases the production efficiency of cloned pigs. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:635-638. [PMID: 27488694 PMCID: PMC5177983 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc supplementation (0.8 µg/ml) in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium significantly enhances oocyte quality. In this study, we compared the
development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos produced from conventional IVM (control) and zinc-supplemented IVM oocytes. A total of 1206 and 890
SCNT embryos were produced using control and zinc-supplemented oocytes, respectively, and then were transferred to 11 and 8 recipients, respectively. Five
control recipients and three zinc-supplemented recipients became pregnant. Two live piglets and eight mummies were born from two control recipients, and ten
live piglets and six stillborn piglets were born from three zinc-supplemented recipients. The production efficiency significantly increased in the
zinc-supplemented group (0.33% vs. 3.02%). This report suggests that zinc supplementation in IVM medium improved the production efficiency of
cloned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubyeol Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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13
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Feng X, Cao S, Wang H, Meng C, Li J, Jiang J, Qian Y, Su L, He Q, Zhang Q. Production of transgenic dairy goat expressing human α-lactalbumin by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:73-85. [PMID: 25139669 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Production of human α-lactalbumin (hα-LA) transgenic cloned dairy goats has great potential in improving the nutritional value and perhaps increasing the yield of dairy goat milk. Here, a mammary-specific expression vector 5A, harboring goat β-lactoglobulin (βLG) promoter, the hα-LA gene, neo(r) and EGFP dual markers, was constructed. Then, it was effectively transfected into goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) and the expression of hα-LA was investigated. Both the hα-LA transcript and protein were detected in the transfected GMECs after the induction of hormonal signals. In addition, the 5A vector was introduced into dairy goat fetal fibroblasts (transfection efficiency ≈60-70%) to prepare competent transgenic donor cells. A total of 121 transgenic fibroblast clones were isolated by 96-well cell culture plates and screened with nested-PCR amplification and EGFP fluorescence. After being frozen for 8 months, the transgenic cells still showed high viabilities, verifying their ability as donor cells. Dairy goat cloned embryos were produced from these hα-LA transgenic donor cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and the rates of fusion, cleavage, and the development to blastocyst stages were 81.8, 84.4, and 20.0%, respectively. A total of 726 reconstructed embryos derived from the transgenic cells were transferred to 74 recipients and pregnancy was confirmed at 90 days in 12 goats. Of six female kids born, two carried hα-LA and the hα-LA protein was detected in their milk. This study provides an effective system to prepare SCNT donor cells and transgenic animals for human recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Feng
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
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14
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Lin YS, Yang CC, Hsu CC, Hsu JT, Wu SC, Lin CJ, Cheng WTK. Establishment of a novel, eco-friendly transgenic pig model using porcine pancreatic amylase promoter-driven fungal cellulase transgenes. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:61-71. [PMID: 25063310 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Competition between humans and livestock for cereal and legume grains makes it challenging to provide economical feeds to livestock animals. Recent increases in corn and soybean prices have had a significant impact on the cost of feed for pig producers. The utilization of byproducts and alternative ingredients in pig diets has the potential to reduce feed costs. Moreover, unlike ruminants, pigs have limited ability to utilize diets with high fiber content because they lack endogenous enzymes capable of breaking down nonstarch polysaccharides into simple sugars. Here, we investigated the feasibility of a transgenic strategy in which expression of the fungal cellulase transgene was driven by the porcine pancreatic amylase promoter in pigs. A 2,488 bp 5'-flanking region of the porcine pancreatic amylase gene was cloned by the genomic walking technique, and its structural features were characterized. Using GFP as a reporter, we found that this region contained promoter activity and had the potential to control heterologous gene expression. Transgenic pigs were generated by pronuclear microinjection. Founders and offspring were identified by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Cellulase mRNA and protein showed tissue-specific expression in the pancreas of F1 generation pigs. Cellulolytic enzyme activity was also identified in the pancreas of transgenic pigs. These results demonstrated the establishment of a tissue-specific promoter of the porcine pancreatic amylase gene. Transgenic pigs expressing exogenous cellulase may represent a way to increase the intake of low-cost, fiber-rich feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Choi MS, Shim MR, Oh MY, Kim KW, Lee HC, Yang BC, Chung HK, Kim JH, Lee HT, Hwang IS, Hochi S, Heo YT, Kim NH, Uhm SJ, Park JK, Chang WK, Chung HJ. Proteins associated with reproductive disorders in testes of human erythropoietin gene-harboring transgenic boars. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1020-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Bovine prolactin elevates hTF expression directed by a tissue-specific goat β-casein promoter through prolactin receptor-mediated STAT5a activation. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1991-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Yun SJ, Naidansuren P, Sim BW, Park JJ, Park CW, Nanjidsuren T, Kang MH, Hwang SY, Yoon JT, Min KS. Aberrant phenotypes of transgenic mice expressing dimeric human erythropoietin. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:6. [PMID: 22284751 PMCID: PMC3284390 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimeric human erythropoietin (dHuEPO) peptides are reported to exhibit significantly higher biological activity than the monomeric form of recombinant EPO. The objective of this study was to produce transgenic (tg) mice expressing dHuEPO and to investigate the characteristics of these mice. METHODS A dHuEPO-expressing vector under the control of the goat beta-casein promoter, which produced a dimer of human EPO molecules linked by a 2-amino acid peptide linker (Asp-Ile), was constructed and injected into 1-cell fertilized embryos by microinjection. Mice were screened using genomic DNA samples obtained from tail biopsies. Blood samples were obtained by heart puncture using heparinized tubes, and hematologic parameters were assessed. Using the microarray analysis tool, we analyzed differences in gene expression in the spleens of tg and control mice. RESULTS A high rate of spontaneous abortion or death of the offspring was observed in the recipients of dHuEPO embryos. We obtained 3 founder lines (#4, #11, and #47) of tg mice expressing the dHuEPO gene. However, only one founder line showed stable germline integration and transmission, subsequently establishing the only transgenic line (#11). We obtained 2 F1 mice and 3 F2 mice from line #11. The dHuEPO protein could not be obtained because of repeated spontaneous abortions in the tg mice. Tg mice exhibited symptoms such as short lifespan and abnormal blood composition. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and hematocrit levels in the tg mice were remarkably higher than those in the control mice. The spleens of the tg mice (F1 and F2 females) were 11- and -21-fold larger than those of the control mice. Microarray analysis revealed 2,672 spleen-derived candidate genes; more genes were downregulated than upregulated (849/764). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used for validating the results of the microarray analysis of mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, dHuEPO tg mice caused excessive erythrocytosis that led to abnormal blood composition, short lifespan, and abnormal splenomegaly. Further, we identified 2,672 genes associated with splenomegaly by microarray analysis. These results could be useful in the development of dHuEPO-producing tg animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jo Yun
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bio & Information Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 456-749, Korea
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18
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Tan WS, Carlson DF, Walton MW, Fahrenkrug SC, Hackett PB. Precision editing of large animal genomes. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 80:37-97. [PMID: 23084873 PMCID: PMC3683964 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404742-6.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animals are an important source of protein and nutrition for most humans and will play key roles in satisfying the increasing demand for food in an ever-increasing world population. The past decade has experienced a revolution in the development of methods that permit the introduction of specific alterations to complex genomes. This precision will enhance genome-based improvement of farm animals for food production. Precision genetics also will enhance the development of therapeutic biomaterials and models of human disease as resources for the development of advanced patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Spring Tan
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Whyte JJ, Prather RS. Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:879-91. [PMID: 21671302 PMCID: PMC3522184 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Randall S. Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
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Sperb F, Werlang ICR, Margis-Pinheiro M, Basso LA, Santos DS, Pasquali G. Molecular cloning and transgenic expression of a synthetic human erythropoietin gene in tobacco. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:652-65. [PMID: 21590305 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone belonging to a group of hematopoietic growth factors that control the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells. It induces the production of erythrocytes, thereby increasing the amount of circulating hemoglobin and oxygen. Previous attempts to transgenically express human EPO in plants failed to succeed because the plants exhibited abnormal morphology and infertility. In the present work, we describe the generation of fertile transgenic tobacco plants able to express a synthetic version of human EPO. A 582-bp fragment of the human EPO gene was synthesized using a PCR-based method and ligated into pCR-Blunt. After sequencing, the human EPO fragment was transferred to pWUbi.tm1 and the expression cassette was then transferred to the binary vector pWBVec4a. After Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Nicotiana tabacum SR1 plants, integration of the transgene into T(0) and T(1) plant genomes was confirmed by PCR. The human EPO gene was found to be expressed in tobacco leaves at the mRNA and protein levels. Self-crossing allowed us to obtain T(1) plants exhibiting Mendelian segregation of the transgene. None of the plants presented any kind of malformation or deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Sperb
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Seong J, Kim MJ, Kim HS, Kim SA, Jeon HW, Sung SH, Kim KC, Suh DS. Generation of transgenic silkworms for production of erythropoietin in Bombyx mori. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Bovine prolactin promotes the expression of human transferrin in the milk of transgenic mice. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:787-93. [PMID: 20213525 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The bovine prolactin vector was injected directly into the mammary glands of mice carrying the human transferrin transgene to investigate its effect on the production of human transferrin in milk. The mean levels of human transferrin in two experimental groups were increased by approx. 60% compared with the control group: 1143 +/- 196 ng/ml (experimental group 1; two injections) and 1160 +/- 189 ng/ml (experimental group 2; three injections) versus 714 +/- 75 ng/ml (control group). These findings suggest the potential utility of the prolactin vector for efficient expression of valuable pharmaceutical proteins in transgenic animal mammary glands.
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Zhang YL, Wan YJ, Wang ZY, Xu D, Pang XS, Meng L, Wang LH, Zhong BS, Wang F. Production of dairy goat embryos, by nuclear transfer, transgenic for human acid beta-glucosidase. Theriogenology 2010; 73:681-90. [PMID: 20053430 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant human lysosomal acid beta-glucosidase (hGCase) by a transgenic animal bioreactor, using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), would decrease the cost of producing this product. The objective was to establish an effective procedure to prepare hGCase transgenic donor cells and nuclear transfer (NT) embryos to produce hGCase protein in the Saanen dairy goat mammary gland. A mammary-specific expression vector for hGCase was constructed and transfected into HC-11 mammary epithelial cells for bioactivity analysis in vitro; mRNA transcripts and hGCase protein were correctly expressed in transfected HC-11 cells. The hGCase gene was then introduced into fetal fibroblasts (from dairy goats) to prepare competent transgenic donor cells. Transgenic fibroblast clones from a single round of transfection were reliably isolated by 96-well cell culture plates and screened with PCR amplification and chromosomal counting (66.8%). Dairy goat cloned embryos were produced from these hGCase fetal cells by SCNT, the hGCase transgene was successfully detected in these embryos, and there were similar rates (P>0.05) of fusion (83.3% vs. 77.8%), cleavage (89.1% vs. 90.9%), and development to the morula/blastocyst stages (36.4% vs. 38.9%) between NT embryos using transgenic fetal fibroblasts and non-transfected control cells. Moreover, 98 well-developed reconstructed embryos derived from transgenic cells were transferred to 16 recipients; pregnancy was confirmed at 40 d in two goats. Therefore, we achieved functional expression of hGCase in mammary gland cells and normal development to Day 40 of cloned embryos carrying the hGCase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhang
- Center of Embryo Engineering and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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LEE HG, LEE HC, KIM SW, LEE P, CHUNG HJ, LEE YK, HAN JH, HWANG IS, YOO JI, KIM YK, KIM HT, LEE HT, CHANG WK, PARK JK. Production of Recombinant Human Von Willebrand Factor in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:484-90. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Gi LEE
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA
- Animal Resources Research Center, Kon-Kuk University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hoon-Taek LEE
- Animal Resources Research Center, Kon-Kuk University
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26
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Efficient recovery of recombinant human erythropoietin from milk of transgenic pigs by two-step pretreatment. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-007-0158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Kodama D, Nishimiya D, Iwata KI, Yamaguchi K, Yoshida K, Kawabe Y, Motono M, Watanabe H, Yamashita T, Nishijima KI, Kamihira M, Iijima S. Production of human erythropoietin by chimeric chickens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:834-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Monosialylated biantennary N-glycoforms containing GalNAc–GlcNAc antennae predominate when human EPO is expressed in goat milk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 470:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bösze Z, Baranyi M, Whitelaw CBA. Producing recombinant human milk proteins in the milk of livestock species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 606:357-93. [PMID: 18183938 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human proteins produced by the mammary glands of genetically modified transgenic livestock mammals represent a special aspect of milk bioactive components. For therapeutic applications, the often complex posttranslational modifications of human proteins should be recapitulated in the recombinant products. Compared to alternative production methods, mammary gland production is a viable option, underlined by a number of transgenic livestock animal models producing abundant biologically active foreign proteins in their milk. Recombinant proteins isolated from milk have reached different phases of clinical trials, with the first marketing approval for human therapeutic applications from the EMEA achieved in 2006.
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Abstract
Swine production has been an important part of our lives since the late Mesolithic or early Neolithic periods, and ranks number one in world meat production. Pig production also contributes to high-value-added medical markets in the form of pharmaceuticals, heart valves, and surgical materials. Genetic engineering, including the addition of exogenous genetic material or manipulation of the endogenous genome, holds great promise for changing pig phenotypes for agricultural and medical applications. Although the first transgenic pigs were described in 1985, poor survival of manipulated embryos; inefficiencies in the integration, transmission, and expression of transgenes; and expensive husbandry costs have impeded the widespread application of pig genetic engineering. Sequencing of the pig genome and advances in reproductive technologies have rejuvenated efforts to apply transgenesis to swine. Pigs provide a compelling new resource for the directed production of pharmaceutical proteins and the provision of cells, vascular grafts, and organs for xenotransplantation. Additionally, given remarkable similarities in the physiology and size of people and pigs, swine will increasingly provide large animal models of human disease where rodent models are insufficient. We review the challenges facing pig transgenesis and discuss the utility of transposases and recombinases for enhancing the success and sophistication of pig genetic engineering. 'The paradise of my fancy is one where pigs have wings.' (GK Chesterton).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Clark
- Department of Animal Science at the University of Minnesota, Fitch Ave, St, Paul, MN 55108, USA
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