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Ruwoldt J, Blindheim FH, Chinga-Carrasco G. Functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin - a critical review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12529-12553. [PMID: 37101953 PMCID: PMC10123495 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant polyaromatic biopolymer. Due to its rich and versatile chemistry, many applications have been proposed, which include the formulation of functional coatings and films. In addition to replacing fossil-based polymers, the lignin biopolymer can be part of new material solutions. Functionalities may be added, such as UV-blocking, oxygen scavenging, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, which draw on lignin's intrinsic and unique features. As a result, various applications have been proposed, including polymer coatings, adsorbents, paper-sizing additives, wood veneers, food packaging, biomaterials, fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and antifouling membranes. Today, technical lignin is produced in large volumes in the pulp and paper industry, whereas even more diverse products are prospected to be available from future biorefineries. Developing new applications for lignin is hence paramount - both from a technological and economic point of view. This review article is therefore summarizing and discussing the current research-state of functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin, where emphasis is put on the formulation and application of such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE PFI AS Høgskoleringen 6B Trondheim 7491 Norway
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Alves J, Gaspar PD, Lima TM, Silva PD. What is the role of active packaging in the future of food sustainability? A systematic review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1004-1020. [PMID: 35303759 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the strong increase in products consumption, the purchase of products on online platforms as well as the requirements for greater safety and food protection are a concern for food and packaging industries. Active packaging brings huge advances in the extension of product shelf-life and food degradation and losses reduction. This systematic work aims to collect and evaluate all existing strategies and technologies of active packaging that can be applied in food products, with a global view of new possibilities for food preservation. Oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide emitters/absorbers, ethylene scavengers, antimicrobial and antioxidant active packaging, and other active systems and technologies are summarized including the products commercially available and the respective mechanisms of action. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Alves
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro D Gaspar
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- C-MAST - Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tânia M Lima
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- C-MAST - Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro D Silva
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- C-MAST - Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Monteiro T, Moreira M, Gaspar SBR, Almeida MG. Bilirubin oxidase as a single enzymatic oxygen scavenger for the development of reductase-based biosensors in the open air and its application on a nitrite biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114720. [PMID: 36148736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The commercialization of amperometric or voltammetric biosensors that operate at potentials lower than -0.2 V vs SHE has been hindered by the need for anoxic working conditions due to the interference of molecular oxygen, whose electrochemical reduction can potentially mask other redox processes and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). A deoxygenation step must be thus integrated into the analytical process. To this end, several (bio)chemical oxygen scavenging systems have been proposed, such as the bi-enzyme system, glucose oxidase/catalase. Still, a few issues persist owing to enzyme impurities and the formation of oxygen reactive species. Here in, we propose a new mono-enzymatic oxygen scavenging system composed of a multicopper oxidase as a single biocatalytic oxygen reducer. As a model, we used bilirubin oxidase (BOD), which catalyzes the direct reduction of oxygen to water in the presence of an electron donor substrate, without releasing hydrogen peroxide. Both the direct electron transfer and mediated electrochemical approach using different co-substrates were screened for the ability to promote the enzymatic reduction of oxygen. An optimal combination of BOD with sodium ascorbate proved to be quick (5 min) and effective. It was subsequently employed, as a proof-of-concept, in a voltammetric biosensor based on a multiheme cytochrome c nitrite reductase, which performs the reduction of nitrite to ammonia at potentials below -0.3 V vs SHE. The nitrite biosensor performed well under ambient air, with no need for a second enzyme to account for the build-up of oxygen reactive intermediaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Monteiro
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Moreira
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sara B R Gaspar
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Gabriela Almeida
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal.
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Winestrand S, Järnström L, Jönsson LJ. Fractionated Lignosulfonates for Laccase-Catalyzed Oxygen-Scavenging Films and Coatings. Molecules 2021; 26:6322. [PMID: 34684902 PMCID: PMC8537236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin derivatives have potential as antioxidants in advanced packaging materials through their ability to scavenge oxygen in reactions catalyzed by phenol-oxidizing enzymes, such as laccase. The effects of size fractionation of lignosulfonates on laccase-catalyzed reactions were investigated in experiments with aqueous solutions, films, and coated paperboard. Four industrial lignosulfonate preparations were compared: Feed (unfractionated), Prod (5-60 kDa enriched), Conc (≥60 kDa enriched), and Perm (≤60 kDa enriched). Extraction of lignosulfonates from films showed that the enzymic reaction increased the average molecular weight from <10,000 to up to 66,000. The enzymatic reaction resulted in an increase in the water contact angle of the films from the range 25-49° to 56-81°. The four preparations showed relatively small differences with regard to their ability to scavenge oxygen in aqueous solution and in experiments with coated paperboards in sealed chambers. Coatings with lignosulfonates where the contents of low-molecular weight material had been reduced (i.e., Prod and Conc) showed improved water resistance after the enzymic reaction. Thus, in both aqueous and solid media, fractionation of lignosulfonates had little effect on oxygen scavenging, but fractionation was beneficial for other reasons, such as improved cross-linking resulting in higher molecular weight and superior water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Järnström
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden;
| | - Leif J. Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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Javed A, Rättö P, Järnström L, Ullsten H. Lignin-Containing Coatings for Packaging Materials-Pilot Trials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1595. [PMID: 34063401 PMCID: PMC8156500 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One severe weakness of most biopolymers, in terms of their use as packaging materials, is their relatively high solubility in water. The addition of kraft lignin to starch coating formulations has been shown to reduce the water solubility of starch in dry coatings. However, lignin may also migrate into aqueous solutions. For this paper, kraft lignin isolated using the LignoBoost process was used in order to examine the effect of pH level on the solubility of lignin with and without ammonium zirconium carbonate (AZC). Machine-glazed (MG) paper was coated in a pilot coating machine, with the moving substrate at high speed, and laboratory-coated samples were used as a reference when measuring defects (number of pinholes). Kraft lignin became soluble in water at lower pH levels when starch was added to the solution, due to the interactions between starch and lignin. This made it possible to lower the pH of the coating solutions, resulting in increased water stability of the dry samples; that is, the migration of lignin to the model liquids decreased when the pH of the coating solutions was reduced. No significant difference was observed in the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) between high and low pH for the pilot-coated samples. The addition of AZC to the formulation reduced the migration of lignin from the coatings to the model liquids and led to an increase in the water contact angle, but also increased the number of pinholes in the pilot-coated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Javed
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden; (P.R.); (L.J.)
| | - Peter Rättö
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden; (P.R.); (L.J.)
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Biorefinery and Energy, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Järnström
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden; (P.R.); (L.J.)
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Salgado PR, Di Giorgio L, Musso YS, Mauri AN. Recent Developments in Smart Food Packaging Focused on Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.630393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging has a crucial function in the modern food industry. New food packaging technologies seek to meet consumers and industrial's demands. Changes related to food production, sale practices and consumers' lifestyles, along with environmental awareness and the advance in new areas of knowledge (such as nanotechnology or biotechnology), act as driving forces to develop smart packages that can extend food shelf-life, keeping and supervising their innocuousness and quality and also taking care of the environment. This review describes the main concepts and types of active and intelligent food packaging, focusing on recent progress and new trends using biodegradable and biobased polymers. Numerous studies show the great possibilities of these materials. Future research needs to focus on some important aspects such as possibilities to scale-up, costs, regulatory aspects, and consumers' acceptance, to make these systems commercially viable.
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Beer B, Bartolome MJ, Berndorfer L, Bochmann G, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis and synthesis of lignin cross-linked chitosan functional hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1440-1446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Enzymatic synthesis of highly flexible lignin cross-linked succinyl-chitosan hydrogels reinforced with reed cellulose fibres. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Vasile C. Polymeric Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings for Food Packaging: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1834. [PMID: 30261658 PMCID: PMC6213312 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Special properties of the polymeric nanomaterials (nanoscale size, large surface area to mass ratio and high reactivity individualize them in food packaging materials. They can be processed in precisely engineered materials with multifunctional and bioactive activity. This review offers a general view on polymeric nanocomposites and nanocoatings including classification, preparation methods, properties and short methodology of characterization, applications, selected types of them used in food packaging field and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, biological, biocatalyst and so forth, functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (PPIMC), Romanian Academy, 41A Gr. Ghica Alley, RO 700487 Iasi, Romania.
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Gillgren T, Hedenström M, Jönsson LJ. Comparison of laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of organosolv lignin and lignosulfonates. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:438-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Janjarasskul T, Suppakul P. Active and intelligent packaging: The indication of quality and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:808-831. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1225278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theeranun Janjarasskul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Suppakul
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Intelligent Agro-Food Packaging (CIFP), College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University — Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Naseem A, Tabasum S, Zia KM, Zuber M, Ali M, Noreen A. Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:296-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Novel natural phenolic compound-based oxygen scavenging system for active packaging applications. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Active food packaging involves the packaging of foods with materials that provide an enhanced functionality, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant or biocatalytic functions. This can be achieved through the incorporation of active compounds into the matrix of the commonly used packaging materials, or by the application of coatings with the corresponding functionality through surface modification. The latter option offers the advantage of preserving the packaging materials’ bulk properties nearly intact. Herein, different coating technologies like embedding for controlled release, immobilization, layer-by-layer deposition, and photografting are explained and their potential application for active food packaging is explored and discussed.
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Martínez-Abad A, Ruthes AC, Vilaplana F. Enzymatic-assisted extraction and modification of lignocellulosic plant polysaccharides for packaging applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Abad
- Division of Glycoscience; School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrea C. Ruthes
- Division of Glycoscience; School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience; School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; Stockholm Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
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Ten E, Vermerris W. Recent developments in polymers derived from industrial lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ten
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32610‐3610
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science and UF Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida32610‐3610
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Johansson K, Gillgren T, Winestrand S, Järnström L, Jönsson LJ. Comparison of lignin derivatives as substrates for laccase-catalyzed scavenging of oxygen in coatings and films. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:1. [PMID: 24382027 PMCID: PMC3882780 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lignin derivatives are phenylpropanoid biopolymers derived from pulping and biorefinery processes. The possibility to utilize lignin derivatives from different types of processes in advanced enzyme-catalyzed oxygen-scavenging systems intended for active packaging was explored. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of alkali lignin (LA), hydrolytic lignin (LH), organosolv lignin (LO), and lignosulfonates (LS) was compared using oxygen-scavenging coatings and films in liquid and gas phase systems. Results When coatings containing lignin derivatives and laccase were immersed in a buffered aqueous solution, the oxygen-scavenging capability increased in the order LO < LH < LA < LS. Experiments with coatings containing laccase and LO, LH or LA incubated in oxygen-containing gas in air-tight chambers and at a relative humidity (RH) of 100% showed that paperboard coated with LO and laccase reduced the oxygen content from 1.0% to 0.4% during a four-day period, which was far better than the results obtained with LA or LH. LO-containing coatings incubated at 92% RH also displayed activity, with a decrease in oxygen from 1.0% to 0.7% during a four-day period. The oxygen scavenging was not related to the content of free phenolic hydroxyl groups, which increased in the order LO < LS < LH < LA. LO and LS were selected for further studies and films containing starch, clay, glycerol, laccase and LO or LS were characterized using gel permeation chromatograpy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and wet stability. Conclusions The investigation shows that different lignin derivatives exhibit widely different properties as a part of active coatings and films. Results indicate that LS and LO were most suitable for the application studied and differences between them were attributed to a higher degree of laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of LS than of LO. Inclusion in active-packaging systems offers a new way to utilize some types of lignin derivatives from biorefining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Winestrand S, Johansson K, Järnström L, Jönsson LJ. Co-immobilization of oxalate oxidase and catalase in films for scavenging of oxygen or oxalic acid. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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