1
|
Gehlenborg J, Miegel F, Moritz S, Scheunemann J, Yassari AH, Jelinek L. Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 83:101927. [PMID: 38064875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT). METHODS Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli. RESULTS In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding. LIMITATIONS Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment. CONCLUSION The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Gehlenborg
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Miegel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Scheunemann
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amir-Hosseyn Yassari
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geist T, Plezia S, Cepeda-Benito A, López MH, Valverde MR. Online Administration of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: The Web-IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-022-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
3
|
Janssen PGJ, McEnteggart C, Barnes-Holmes D, van Ee E, Egger J. Assessing Psychological Inflexibility Pertaining to Self in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using an Indirect Measure of (Nonassociative) Propositions. Behav Ther 2022; 53:1122-1132. [PMID: 36229111 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Relational frame theory (RFT) is a modern behavioral account of human language and cognition, which focuses on relations or propositions, rather than associations, as core explanatory constructs. In an attempt to measure such propositions, RFT researchers have developed the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP). It has been argued that the size of an IRAP effect may provide a metric for psychological inflexibility. The current study aimed to determine whether psychological inflexibility, as measured by the self-focused Natural Language-IRAP (NL-IRAP), would be higher in a clinical sample of individuals with a diagnosis of PTSD (N = 29) when compared to a nonclinical sample. Subsequently, the study investigated whether the self-focused NL-IRAP could be used to predict the presence of a clinical diagnosis, using a ROC analysis. As predicted, higher levels of psychological inflexibility were observed for the clinical group. The self-focused NL-IRAP also correctly classified the presence of PTSD (AUC = 76%) with a sensitivity level of 79.3% and a specificity level of 59.2%. Overall, the use of the IRAP as a nonassociative clinical measure appears promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus G J Janssen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Psychotraumacentrum Zuid Nederland.
| | | | | | - Elisa van Ee
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Psychotraumacentrum Zuid Nederland
| | - Jos Egger
- Centre of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University; Stevig Specialized and Forensic Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities, Dichterbij
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simione L, Vagni M, Maiorano T, Giostra V, Pajardi D. How Implicit Attitudes toward Vaccination Affect Vaccine Hesitancy and Behaviour: Developing and Validating the V-IRAP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4205. [PMID: 35409886 PMCID: PMC8998609 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most important ways of fighting infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. However, vaccine hesitancy and refusal can reduce adherence to vaccination campaigns, and therefore undermine their effectiveness. Although the scientific community has made great efforts to understand the psychological causes of vaccine hesitancy, studies on vaccine intention have usually relied on traditional detection techniques, such as questionnaires. Probing these constructs explicitly could be problematic due to defense mechanisms or social desirability. Thus, a measure capable of detecting implicit attitudes towards vaccination is needed. To achieve this aim, we designed and validated a new test called the Vaccine-IRAP, or V-IRAP, which is a modified version of the original Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure, or IRAP, task. The V-IRAP allows the unspoken reasons behind vaccine hesitancy to be investigated, and is able to distinguish between positive and negative beliefs on vaccination. The test was assessed in a sample of 151 participants. The V-IRAP showed good internal reliability and convergent validity, with meaningful correlational patterns with explicit measures. Moreover, it revealed incremental validity over such explicit measures. Lastly, the V-IRAP was able to shed light on the implicit attitudes involved in vaccine refusal, revealing negative attitudes relative to vaccine-related risks in non-vaccinated participants. Overall, these results support V-IRAP as a sensitive and reliable tool that could be used in future studies on implicit attitudes toward vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simione
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Vagni
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (T.M.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Tiziana Maiorano
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (T.M.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Valeria Giostra
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (T.M.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniela Pajardi
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (T.M.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Attempting to Analyze Perspective-Taking with a False Belief Vignette Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Saltos-Rivas R, Novoa-Hernández P, Serrano Rodríguez R. On the quality of quantitative instruments to measure digital competence in higher education: A systematic mapping study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257344. [PMID: 34506585 PMCID: PMC8432775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) on how the quality of the quantitative instruments used to measure digital competencies in higher education is assured. 73 primary studies were selected from the published literature in the last 10 years in order to 1) characterize the literature, 2) evaluate the reporting practice of quality assessments, and 3) analyze which variables explain such reporting practices. The results indicate that most of the studies focused on medium to large samples of European university students, who attended social science programs. Ad hoc, self-reported questionnaires measuring various digital competence areas were the most commonly used method for data collection. The studies were mostly published in low tier journals. 36% of the studies did not report any quality assessment, while less than 50% covered both groups of reliability and validity assessments at the same time. In general, the studies had a moderate to high depth of evidence on the assessments performed. We found that studies in which several areas of digital competence were measured were more likely to report quality assessments. In addition, we estimate that the probability of finding studies with acceptable or good reporting practices increases over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Saltos-Rivas
- Facultad de Filosofía Letras y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Pavel Novoa-Hernández
- Escuela de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hernández-López M, Quiñones-Jiménez L, Blanco-Romero AL, Rodríguez-Valverde M. Testing the discrepancy between actual and ideal body image with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). J Eat Disord 2021; 9:82. [PMID: 34238379 PMCID: PMC8264984 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discrepancy between actual and ideal body image is considered an index of body dissatisfaction and a risk factor for eating disorders. While discrepancy has been traditionally tested with figural drawing rating scales, in recent times the use of implicit measures has been explored. METHODS This study employs the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to examine actual-ideal body-size discrepancy in a sample of 130 Spanish college students, as well as its utility to predict symptoms of eating disorders and other body-image relevant measures. Participants completed the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). The three smallest and the three largest contour drawings of the CDRS were used as target stimuli in two different IRAP tasks: one in combination with the sample phrases "I am" and "I am not" (that assessed implicit actual body image), another in combination with the phrases "I want to be" and "I don't want to be" (that assessed implicit ideal body image). After completing both IRAP tasks, participants completed explicit measures of body-image psychological inflexibility, body dissatisfaction, and symptoms of eating disorders. RESULTS Results showed a small implicit bias towards thinness. Participants were faster in affirming than denying that they are thin and that they desire to be thin. They were also faster in affirming than denying that they are fat and that they want to be fat, but to a smaller extent than with thinness. Specifically, the implicit desire to be (or not be) fat emerged as an independent predictor of eating disorder symptoms, psychological inflexibility, and body dissatisfaction that significantly increased the predictive power of CDRS scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the need for further research on specific body image implicit beliefs towards fatness, both in subclinical and clinical populations, in order to examine whether willingness to accept the idea that one can have a larger body size can be a suitable target for prevention and intervention in eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Hernández-López
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Campus las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Michnevich T, Schmidt AF, Scheunemann J, Moritz S, Miegel F, Jelinek L. Aggressiveness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder as assessed by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Li XM, Dobson KS. Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Development and Validation of an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Measure Implicit Dysfunctional Beliefs about Caregiving in Dementia Family Caregivers. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCaregivers of people with dementia who endorse dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving are at high risk of experiencing higher levels of distress. These dysfunctional beliefs are presented in the form of rules, verbal statements that specify what responsibilities one should expect in order to be a “good caregiver,” and are characterized as rigid, unrealistic, or highly demanding. Previous studies relied exclusively on self-report measures when assessing such dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop and validate an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to measure implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving (CARE-IRAP), and 2) considering the relatively high age of the sample, to analyze the adaptation of the IRAP for older adults, comparing the IRAP performance between older adult caregivers and middle-aged caregivers. Participants were 123 dementia family caregivers with a mean age of 62.24 ± 12.89. Adaptations were made to the IRAP by adjusting the accuracy and response time criteria. The sample was split into middle-aged caregivers (below 60 years) and older adult caregivers (60 or older). The CARE-IRAP scores presented significant positive correlations with explicit measures of dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and experiential avoidance in caregiving. A similar pattern of results was observed across the two age groups. The results revealed that caregivers endorse implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and offer preliminary support for the use of the IRAP as a valid measure of implicit caregiving beliefs. This exploratory study is the first to adapt the IRAP criteria to older adults, and future studies should further explore criteria suitable for this population.
Collapse
|
11
|
Farrell L, Nearchou F, McHugh L. Examining the effectiveness of brief interventions to strengthen a positive implicit relation between women and STEM across two timepoints. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-020-09576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study assessed the impact of three brief interventions aimed at influencing implicit gender bias in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields. The reduction of this bias is a key consideration as it remains a major barrier to gender equality in STEM. The interventions (psychoeducation, exposure to positive counter-stereotypical exemplars and perspective-taking) were compared to a control group at two timepoints. Gender-STEM bias was assessed at the implicit level (via the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; IRAP) and the explicit level (via rating scales). Two hundred and ten adults (58.1% women) completed one of the four study conditions. Results indicated that implicit gender-STEM bias is malleable, at least in the short term. At Time 1, intervention groups showed higher levels of implicit pro-Women-STEM bias and lower levels of pro-Men-STEM bias than the Control group. Psychoeducation appeared most effective, followed by exposure to positive counter-stereotypical exemplars. Results from Time 2 presented a more complex picture of implicit bias change, as the control group exhibited an increased pro-Women-STEM bias that was unexpected. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to refining the interventions, the malleability of gender-STEM bias and the measurement of implicit bias across contexts.
Collapse
|
12
|
Inoue K, Shima T, Takahashi M, Lee SK, Ohtsuki T, Kumano H. Reliability and Validity of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Change Agenda. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Matsuda K, Garcia Y, Catagnus R, Brandt JA. Can Behavior Analysis Help Us Understand and Reduce Racism? A review of the Current Literature. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:336-347. [PMID: 32642393 PMCID: PMC7314880 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to eradicate racism, it persists globally, negatively affecting education, mental health, community relations, and economic development. Every behavior analyst can, and should, contribute to the reduction of racism in some way. Unfortunately, little behavior-analytic research exists to guide us. This article proposes ways that members of our scientific community can learn about racism from a behavioral perspective, extend experimental analyses of prejudice, and intervene to reduce racism in varied settings. It describes both traditional behavior-analytic and functional-contextualist accounts of racism and summarizes the small amount of related empirical and applied research. The review suggests that combining traditional behavior-analytic methods with acceptance and commitment training techniques may attenuate racism more effectively. The article ends with a call to collaborate around this globally important issue-and to do more to reduce racism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Matsuda
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
| | - Yors Garcia
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
| | - Robyn Catagnus
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. Wells St, Chicago, IL 60654 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Do Implicit and Explicit Racial Biases Influence Autism Identification and Stigma? An Implicit Association Test Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:106-128. [PMID: 32415531 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Are implicit and explicit biases related to ASD identification and/or stigma? College students (N = 493) completed two IATs assessing implicit stigma and racial biases. They evaluated vignettes depicting a child with ASD or conduct disorder (CD) paired with a photo of a Black or White child. CD was more implicitly and explicitly stigmatized than ASD. Accurately identifying ASD was associated with reduced explicit stigma; identifying CD led to more stigma. Participants who identified as White implicitly associated the White child with ASD and the Black child with CD. A trend in the reverse direction was observed among Black participants. Implicit and explicit biases were unrelated. Findings highlight a need for trainings to ameliorate biases favoring one's in-group.
Collapse
|
15
|
Farrell L, McHugh L. Exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit gender-STEM bias and behavior among STEM students using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Maloney E, Foody M, Murphy C. Do Response Options in the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) Matter? A Comparison of Contextual Relations versus Relational Coherent Indicators. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Tagliabue M, Squatrito V, Presti G. Models of Cognition and Their Applications in Behavioral Economics: A Conceptual Framework for Nudging Derived From Behavior Analysis and Relational Frame Theory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2418. [PMID: 31736824 PMCID: PMC6838970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper puts forward a rounder conceptual model for interpreting short- and long-term effects of choice behavior. As a further development of dual-process theory, Kahneman (2003) distinguished between intuition and reasoning, which served as the respective precursors of the cognitive processing systems 1 and 2. We maintain that they reflect the more rigorous distinction between brief and immediate and extended and elaborated relational responding, which may be reinterpreted through an analysis of their functional properties. Repertoires of relational responding are offered by the multi-dimensional multi-level model. Specifically, we provide a conceptual account of how nudging, or the manipulation of environmental contingencies, works on the creation and modification of relational framing. Educative nudges, or boosts, are a subset of nudges that may more easily maintain target choice behavior in the future. The central role of verbal behavior is essential toward formulating rules, which inform and guide choice behavior over time. Although nudges are traditionally regarded as System 1-steered aspects, they are herein regarded as cues for responding to relational frames, which may induce System 2-steered aspects. We suggest adopting the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) to inform how coherent and immediate responding to novel relational responding may occur in the presence of choice behavior. Several examples are included to support the claim of encompassing relational responding and choice behavior. We address the instances of consumer behavior, stereotypy and prejudices, eating behavior, and overcoming cognitive biases. The conclusions depict a promising way forward for the study of choice: an improved model for interpreting and overcoming human errors, due to changes in the contingencies of behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tagliabue
- Cultural Selection and Behavioral Economics Lab, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valeria Squatrito
- Kore University Behavioral Lab, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Presti
- Kore University Behavioral Lab, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kavanagh D, Roelandt A, Van Raemdonck L, Barnes-Holmes Y, Barnes-Holmes D, McEnteggart C. The On-Going Search for Perspective-Taking IRAPs: Exploring the Potential of the Natural Language-IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Kane A, Murphy C, Kelly M. Assessing implicit and explicit dementia stigma in young adults and care-workers. DEMENTIA 2018; 19:1692-1711. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301218804727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to assess implicit and self-reported stigma towards people with dementia in young adults with no contact or experience ( n = 23), and in care-workers ( n = 17 professional dementia care-workers). Data were analysed to determine whether stigma was related to self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, stress and professional burnout. Forty participants completed the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure and Dementia Attitudes Scale. The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to measure depression, anxiety, stress and professional burnout. The young adult group showed statistically significant levels of dementia stigma (on the two “ dementia” trial-types, p = .027 and p = .030). Statistical analyses showed more dementia-positive attitudes in care-workers compared to young adults on the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure and the Dementia Attitudes Scale (both p’s=.021). Spearman’s Rho correlations tests showed that for the care-givers, higher levels of burn-out were associated with more negative attitudes towards people with dementia on both of the Dementia Attitudes Scale subscales (social comfort p<.001 and dementia knowledge p=.005). The results support prior research showing that experience with a stigmatised group can lower stigma and demonstrate the importance of providing a supportive work environment to mitigate burnout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kane
- National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Carol Murphy
- National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The development and validation of an implicit measure of competence need satisfaction. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
21
|
Farrell L, McHugh L. Examining gender-STEM bias among STEM and non-STEM students using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Hussey I, Barnes-Holmes D, Booth R. Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit "fearlessness of death". J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 51:1-9. [PMID: 26613193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Suicidal behaviour has proved to be difficult to predict, due in part to the particular limitations of introspection within suicidality. In an effort to overcome this, recent research has demonstrated the utility of indirect measures of "implicit" attitudes within the study of suicidality. However, research to date has focused predominantly on implicit self-evaluations and self-death associations. No work has examined implicit evaluations of death, despite the theoretical importance of such evaluations; "fearlessness of death" is central to both the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicide.. METHODS Twenty-three psychiatric patients with current suicidal ideation and twenty-five normative university students completed two versions of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) that targeted evaluations of death. One task specified personal death (i.e., was self-focused) and the other targeted death in the abstract. RESULTS Self-focused evaluations of death reliably distinguished between the two groups, correctly classifying 74% of cases, but evaluations of death in the abstract did not. The suicidal group produced specific biases indicating a rejection of the negativity of death. Results are consistent with the definition of suicidality as involving a self-focused wish to die.. LIMITATIONS For ethical reason, suicidal behaviours were not assessed in the normative group. Groups were therefore not mutually exclusive. This may have decreased the specificity of the IRAP. CONCLUSIONS Suicidal ideation is associated with an implicit "fearlessness of death". The utility of implicit death-evaluations should therefore be considered alongside self-evaluations and self-death associations in the future..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Booth
- St Patrick's University Hospital, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Assessment of Weight/Shape Implicit Bias Related to Attractiveness, Fear, and Disgust. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Maloney E, Barnes-Holmes D. Exploring the Behavioral Dynamics of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: The Role of Relational Contextual Cues Versus Relational Coherence Indicators as Response Options. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Drake CE, Seymour KH, Habib R. Testing the IRAP: Exploring the Reliability and Fakability of an Idiographic Approach to Interpersonal Attitudes. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-015-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Life is Good, But Death Ain’t Bad Either: Counter-Intuitive Implicit Biases to Death in a Normative Population. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-015-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
27
|
Exploring the Reliability and Convergent Validity of Implicit Racial Evaluations. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2015. [DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v24i0.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Ritzert TR, Forsyth JP, Berghoff CR, Barnes-Holmes D, Nicholson E. The impact of a cognitive defusion intervention on behavioral and psychological flexibility: An experimental evaluation in a spider fearful non-clinical sample. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
29
|
Bast DF, Barnes-Holmes D. Developing the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Self-Forgiveness Related to Failing and Succeeding Behaviors. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
30
|
Remue J, Hughes S, De Houwer J, De Raedt R. To be or want to be: disentangling the role of actual versus ideal self in implicit self-esteem. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108837. [PMID: 25268889 PMCID: PMC4182604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work suggests that both depressed and non-depressed individuals display implicit positivity towards the self. In the current study, we examined whether this positivity can be underpinned by two qualitatively distinct propositions related to actual ('I am good') or ideal ('I want to be good') self-esteem. Dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants completed a self-esteem Implicit Association Test (IAT) as well an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) targeting their actual self-esteem and an IRAP targeting ideal self-esteem. Both groups demonstrated similar and positive IAT effects. A more complex picture emerged with regard to the IRAP effects. Whereas non-dysphorics did not differ in their actual and ideal self-esteem, their dysphoric counterparts demonstrated lower actual than ideal self-esteem. Our results suggest that closer attention to the role of propositional processes in implicit measures may unlock novel insight into the relationship between implicit self-esteem and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Remue
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dimaro LV, Dawson DL, Roberts NA, Brown I, Moghaddam NG, Reuber M. Anxiety and avoidance in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: the role of implicit and explicit anxiety. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 33:77-86. [PMID: 24632427 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined implicit and explicit anxiety in individuals with epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) and explored whether these constructs were related to experiential avoidance and seizure frequency. Based on recent psychological models of PNESs, it was hypothesized that nonepileptic seizures would be associated with implicit and explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance. Explicit anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; implicit anxiety was measured by an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; and experiential avoidance was measured with the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Although both groups with epilepsy and PNESs scored similarly on implicit measures of anxiety, significant implicit-explicit anxiety discrepancies were only identified in patients with PNESs (p<.001). In the group with PNESs (but not in the group with epilepsy), explicit anxiety correlated with experiential avoidance (r=.63, p<.01) and frequency of seizures (r=.67, p<.01); implicit anxiety correlated with frequency of seizures only (r=.56, p<.01). Our findings demonstrate the role of implicit anxiety in PNESs and provide additional support for the contribution of explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance to this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian V Dimaro
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Rampton Hospital, Retford, Nottinghamshire DN22 0PD, UK.
| | - David L Dawson
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Nicole A Roberts
- School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W, Thunderbird Road, MC 3051, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
| | - Ian Brown
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Nima G Moghaddam
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vilardaga R, Bricker J, McDonell M. The promise of mobile technologies and single case designs for the study of individuals in their natural environment. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2014; 3:148-153. [PMID: 24949285 PMCID: PMC4059557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mobile technologies are growing rapidly around the world to broad demographics of society. These technologies hold great promise for their integration with Single Case Designs (SCDs) and the study of individuals in their natural environment. This paper discusses the theoretical, methodological and analytic implications of these tools for the advancement of the contextual behavioral etiology of behavioral disorders, and their remediation. We hope this paper will highlight the scientific advantages of combining mobile technologies and SCDs and encourage their adoption among CBS scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Vilardaga
- University of Washington & Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Jonathan Bricker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center & University of Washington
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Petróczi A. The doping mindset – Part II: Potentials and pitfalls in capturing athletes’ doping attitudes with response-time methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|