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Hamanová Čechová M, Cvrček J, Dupej J, Brůžek J, Velemínská J. The influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and sex classification based on external morphology of the frontal bone. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1727-1740. [PMID: 38400922 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The most significant sexual differences in the human skull are located in the upper third of the face (the frontal bone), which is a useful research object, mainly in combination with virtual anthropology methods. However, the influence of biological relatedness on sexual dimorphism and frontal bone variability remains unknown. This study was directed at sexual difference description and sex classification using the form and shape of the external surface of the frontal bones from a genealogically documented Central European osteological sample (nineteenth to twentieth centuries). The study sample consisted of 47 cranial CT images of the adult members of several branches of one family group over 4 generations. Three-dimensional virtual models of the frontal bones were analyzed using geometric morphometrics and multidimensional statistics. Almost the entire external frontal surface was significantly different between males and females, especially in form. Significant differences were also found between this related sample and an unrelated one. Sex estimation of the biologically related individuals was performed using the classification models developed on a sample of unrelated individuals from the recent Czech population (Čechová et al. in Int J Legal Med 133: 1285 1294, 2019), with a result of 74.46% and 63.83% in form and shape, respectively. Failure of this classifier was caused by the existence of typical traits found in the biologically related sample different from the usual manifestation of sexual dimorphism. This can be explained as due to the increased degree of similarity and the reduction of variability in biologically related individuals. The results show the importance of testing previously published methods on genealogical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Hamanová Čechová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Cvrček
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1710, Prague 20, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Eren H, Sezer B, Deniz Y. Evaluation of the differences in the localization of the lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development in children: A new anthropological and forensic approach. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 159:105892. [PMID: 38241846 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate changes in lingula mandibulae localization before and after puberty and sex differences. DESIGN 288 panoramic radiographs evaluated retrospectively were divided into four groups according to pubertal development: under and over 10 years old for females and under and over 11 years old for males. Four anatomic sites were used as reference points: (a) the anterior border of the ramus; (b) the posterior border of the ramus; (c) the deepest point of mandibular notch; and (d) the angulus mandibulae. The ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (a) and (b) and the ratio of the distances from the lingula mandibulae to points (c) and (d) were determined. Two-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences between subgroups based on sex and puberty, and a Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Puberty and sex has a significant interaction effect on the vertical location of the lingula mandibulae. Postpubertal lingula mandibulae is positioned proportionally more anteriorly by prepubertal localization. In addition, the lingula mandibulae is situated more posteriorly in females compared to males. A significant interaction effect of puberty and sex was observed in relation to the vertical positioning of the lingula mandibulae. CONCLUSIONS The spatial localization of the lingula mandibulae and its spatial displacement with age can be used both in estimating sex and the onset of puberty. Changes in the localization of lingula mandibulae according to pubertal development and sex can be used in forensic and anthropological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Eren
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Berkant Sezer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye.
| | - Yeşim Deniz
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkiye; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Williams MCG, Almeida M, Alper DP, Allam O, Shah J, Craver A, Judge A, Rivera JC, Persing JA, Alperovich M. Technique for Cephalometric Analysis of the Craniofacial Skeleton Following Facial Feminization Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2023:00001665-990000000-01198. [PMID: 37955450 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is characterized by a series of relatively diverse procedures aimed at aligning skeletal and soft tissue facial appearance with one's experienced feminine gender. Although there are several well-described outcomes from surgical techniques, there is no standardized methodology to provide reliable analyses of postoperative FFS outcomes. This paper describes the first reliable and reproducible technique to accurately and consistently measure post-FFS changes to guide surgical planning to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica C G Williams
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Meinerová T, Šutoová D, Brukner Havelková P, Velemínská J, Dupej J, Bejdová Š. How reliable is the application of the sex classifier based on exocranial surface (Musilová et al., 2016) for geographically and temporally distant skull series. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 352:111850. [PMID: 37827023 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex estimation is one of the crucial trends in cases of findings of unknown skeletal remains in forensics and bioarchaeology. The changing nature of sexual dimorphism (population specificity, secular trend, other external and internal factors influence) brings challenges to developing new methods; and there are new aims to be independent of these changes such, as the method by Musilová et al. (2016). These methods need to be evaluated on different datasets to determine if they are truly reliable among populations from different places and times, in the case of bioarchaeology. This study assessed the application of the aforementioned method on non-European contemporary and ancient populations to identify the reliability of the method on this separate dataset. The study sample consisted of 96 CT scans of skulls from contemporary Egyptians and 54 3D models of skulls from the Egyptian Old Kingdom Period (2700-2180 BC). The classifier method, previously tested on both Czech and French populations, yielded high accuracies (over 90 %) for sex estimation. For the contemporary Egyptian skull sample, the classifier was able to determine males versus females with an 89.59 % accuracy rate and an AUC value (area under the curve - a measure of the combined specificity and sensitivity of the test) of 0.99; this proves that the classifier is reliable even with a lower degree of accuracy. Conversely, the Old Kingdom Period sample yielded a lower level of accuracy at around 70 % (61.11 %, precisely), although with an AUC value of 0.92, the result is not considered reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Meinerová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic.
| | - Denisa Šutoová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Brukner Havelková
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic
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Prevost A, Muller S, Lauwers F, Heuzé Y. Quantification of global orbital shape variation. Clin Anat 2023; 36:1066-1074. [PMID: 36648017 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The complex anatomy of the orbit generates a complex orbital shape that can only be quantified approximatively by classic linear measurements such as maximum width and height. There is no global three-dimensional quantification of variations in orbital shape. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify a global three-dimensional orbital shape variation in a healthy population and to test a series of explanatory factors. We investigated the hypotheses that orbital shape is related to gender(H1), orbital size(H2) and/or age(H3). Medical computed tomography(CT) images of 60 adult individuals were studied. The study sample consisted of 30 males and 30 females with a mean age of 25.1 years. Four anatomical landmarks and 140 semi-landmarks were measured on both positive and negative 3D reconstructed orbits and analyzed with geometric morphometrics. A principal component analysis(PCA) was computed to define a morphological space. Shape variation was visualized using vector distance maps and diagrams. The greatest variation was seen in the length of the superior orbital fissure. There was a gradient in terms of orbital shape ranging from short, wide orbits to tall, narrow orbits. The analysis did not highlight any significant age-, gender- or size-related impact in terms of orbital shape variation. Future avenues to explore include the study of other potential explanatory factors such as the different embryological origins of the orbital bones, the passage of vessels and nerves, and ethnic origins. This method can also be applied to the study of pathological orbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Prevost
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, Ramsay Santé Clinique de l'Union, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lauwers
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, Pessac, France
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Fournier G, Maret D, Telmon N, Savall F. An automated landmark method to describe geometric changes in the human mandible during growth. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 149:105663. [PMID: 36893681 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The principal aim of this study was to assess an automatic landmarking approach to human mandibles based on the atlas method. The secondary aim was to identify the areas of greatest variation in the mandibles of middle-aged to older adults. DESIGN Our sample consisted of 160 mandibles from computed tomography scans of 80 men and 80 women aged between 40 and 79 years. Eleven anatomical landmarks were placed manually on mandibles. The automated landmarking through point cloud alignment and correspondence (ALPACA) method implemented in 3D Slicer was used to automatically place landmarks to all meshes. Euclidean distances, normalized centroid size, and Procrustes ANOVA were calculated for both methods. A pseudo-landmarks approach was followed using ALPACA to identify areas of changes among our sample. RESULTS The ALPACA method showed significant differences in Euclidean distances for all landmarks compared to the manual method. A mean Euclidean distance of 1.7 mm was found for the ALPACA method and 0.99 mm for the manual method. Both methods found that sex, age, and size had a significant effect on mandibular shape. The greatest variations were observed in the condyle, ramus, and symphysis regions. CONCLUSION The results obtained using the ALPACA method are acceptable and promising. This approach can automatically place landmarks with an average accuracy of less than 2 mm, which may be sufficient in most anthropometric analyses. In the light of our results, however, odontological application such as occlusal analysis is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fournier
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France; Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - D Maret
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France; Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - N Telmon
- Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - F Savall
- Laboratory Centre for Anthropology and Genomics of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Service de Médecine Légale, Hôpital de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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Matthews HS, Mahdi S, Penington AJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Walsh S, Shriver MD, Claes P, Weinberg SM. Using data-driven phenotyping to investigate the impact of sex on 3D human facial surface morphology. J Anat 2023. [PMID: 36943032 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sex on human facial morphology have been widely documented. Because sexual dimorphism is relevant to a variety of scientific and applied disciplines, it is imperative to have a complete and accurate account of how and where male and female faces differ. We apply a comprehensive facial phenotyping strategy to a large set of existing 3D facial surface images. We investigate facial sexual dimorphism in terms of size, shape, and shape variance. We also assess the ability to correctly assign sex based on shape, both for the whole face and for subregions. We applied a predefined data-driven segmentation to partition the 3D facial surfaces of 2446 adults into 63 hierarchically linked regions, ranging from global (whole face) to highly localized subparts. Each facial region was then analyzed with spatially dense geometric morphometrics. To describe the major modes of shape variation, principal components analysis was applied to the Procrustes aligned 3D points comprising each of the 63 facial regions. Both nonparametric and permutation-based statistics were then used to quantify the facial size and shape differences and visualizations were generated. Males were significantly larger than females for all 63 facial regions. Statistically significant sex differences in shape were also seen in all regions and the effects tended to be more pronounced for the upper lip and forehead, with more subtle changes emerging as the facial regions became more granular. Males also showed greater levels of shape variance, with the largest effect observed for the central forehead. Classification accuracy was highest for the full face (97%), while most facial regions showed an accuracy of 75% or greater. In summary, sex differences in both size and shape were present across every part of the face. By breaking the face into subparts, some shape differences emerged that were not apparent when analyzing the face as a whole. The increase in facial shape variance suggests possible evolutionary origins and may offer insights for understanding congenital facial malformations. Our classification results indicate that a high degree of accuracy is possible with only parts of the face, which may have implications for biometrics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soha Mahdi
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony J Penington
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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Jaklová LK, Velemínská J, Dupej J, Moravec T, Bejdová Š. Palatal surface development from 6 years of age to early adulthood: data modelling using 3D geometric morphometrics. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2347-2358. [PMID: 36627532 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study followed the modelling of postnatal growth of a healthy palate of the Central European (Czech) population sample based on transverse data on sex and age from 6 to 19 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Digitised 3D models of 212 healthy palatal surfaces were evaluated using 3D geometric morphometrics and superimpositions. The individuals were grouped based on age (preschool, younger and older school age, younger and older adolescents, young adults) and sex (♂ n = 101, ♀ n = 111). RESULTS Female palatal development was non-linear and was interrupted between the 10-12 years and then proceeded intensively until the age of 15 when it ceased. In contrast, male-modelled growth was consistent throughout the follow-up and continued linearly until at least 19 years of age. The palate did not widen further with increasing age, and primarily palatal vaulting and heightening were found. The characteristics and distribution of areas with extensive modelled growth changes were comparable in females and males, as confirmed by the location of principal components (PC1 and PC2) within modal space and growth trajectories. The extent of sexual dimorphism increased from 15 years of age due to pubertal spurt combined with earlier completion of palatal development in females. CONCLUSIONS The study showed modelled healthy palatal development from 6 years of age to early adulthood, which might be utilised as reference standards for the Central European population sample. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The comparison of normal reference subjects with patients with cranio-maxillo-facial dysmorphologies represents the first step in diagnosing and establishing effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kožejová Jaklová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Yamamoto S, Tanikawa C, Yamashiro T. Morphologic variations in the craniofacial structures in Japanese adults and their relationship with sex differences. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:e93-e105. [PMID: 36621352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The morphology of the human face varies broadly, with genetic and environmental factors determining these variations. Examining variations in the 3-dimensional (3D) craniomandibular morphology and identifying related factors (eg, sex differences) are important in orthodontic clinics. This study observed shape variations in the 3D facial morphology of Japanese adults showing skeletal Class 1 malocclusion and examined the association of sexual dimorphism with shape variations. METHODS Sixty cone-beam computed tomography images of Japanese adults (30 males and 30 females) with skeletal Class I malocclusion were employed. In each cone-beam computed tomography image, wire mesh fitting was conducted as previously described. A principal component (PC) analysis after Procrustes registration and the PC clustering method was conducted to observe the shape variations. A PC regression analysis was conducted to determine the sexual morphologic characteristics. RESULTS Nine PCs depicting 62% of the morphology were determined. Four typical phenotypes were found, mainly related to mandibular protrusion (PC1) and the vertical divergence of the face (PC2). PCs related to sex determination were PC3 (robustness of the mandibular angle in males), PC5 (greater size and shape of the coronoid and mastoid processes in males), and PC7 (greater maxillary width in males), accounting for 16% of total variations. CONCLUSIONS The major shape variations in skeletal Class 1 subjects were related to nonsexual dimorphic characteristics (ie, mandibular protrusion and facial divergence). Sexual dimorphic characteristics were evaluated in detail and accounted for 16% of total morphologic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Olsen TB, García-Martínez D, Villa C. Testing different 3D techniques using geometric morphometrics: Implications for cranial fluctuating asymmetry in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:224-234. [PMID: 36790697 PMCID: PMC10100329 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the performance of 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner in detecting cranial fluctuating asymmetry. Sets of 32 landmarks (6 in the midline and 13 bilateral) were acquired from 14 archeological crania using a 3D digitizer, and from 3D models generated from a CT scanner and surface scanner using Viewbox 4. Levels of shape variation were analyzed in MorphoJ using Procrustes analysis of variance and Principal component analysis. Intra-observer error accounted for 1.7%, 1.8%, and 4.5% of total shape variation for 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner respectively. Fluctuating asymmetry accounted for 15%-16% of total shape variation. Variation between techniques accounted for 18% of total shape variation. We found a higher level of missing landmarks in our surface scan data than for both 3D digitizer and CT scanner data, and both 3D model-based techniques sometimes obscured taphonomic damage. All three 3D techniques are appropriate for measuring cranial fluctuating asymmetry. We advise against combining data collected with different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Bottos Olsen
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain.,Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ajanović Z, Ajanović U, Dervišević L, Hot H, Voljevica A, Talović E, Dervišević E, Hašimbegović S, Sarač-Hadžihalilović A. A Geometric Morphometrics Approach for Sex Estimation Based on the Orbital Region of Human Skulls from Bosnian Population. SCANNING 2023; 2023:2223138. [PMID: 37089258 PMCID: PMC10121348 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2223138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurifa Ajanović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Uzeir Ajanović
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Dervišević
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Hot
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Voljevica
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elvira Talović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Dervišević
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Hašimbegović
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Serbia, 71 123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Sarač-Hadžihalilović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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12
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Bidmos MA, Olateju OI, Latiff S, Rahman T, Chowdhury MEH. Machine learning and discriminant function analysis in the formulation of generic models for sex prediction using patella measurements. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:471-485. [PMID: 36205796 PMCID: PMC9902304 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex prediction from bone measurements that display sexual dimorphism is one of the most important aspects of forensic anthropology. Some bones like the skull and pelvis display distinct morphological traits that are based on shape. These morphological traits which are sexually dimorphic across different population groups have been shown to provide an acceptably high degree of accuracy in the prediction of sex. A sample of 100 patella of Mixed Ancestry South Africans (MASA) was collected from the Dart collection. Six parameters: maximum height (maxh), maximum breadth (maxw), maximum thickness (maxt), the height of articular facet (haf), lateral articular facet breadth (lafb), and medial articular facet breath (mafb) were used in this study. Stepwise and direct discriminant function analyses were performed for measurements that exhibited significant differences between male and female mean measurements, and the "leave-one-out" approach was used for validation. Moreover, we have used eight classical machine learning techniques along with feature ranking techniques to identify the best feature combinations for sex prediction. A stacking machine learning technique was trained and validated to classify the sex of the subject. Here, we have used the top performing three ML classifiers as base learners and the predictions of these models were used as inputs to different machine learning classifiers as meta learners to make the final decision. The measurements of the patella of South Africans are sexually dimorphic and this observation is consistent with previous studies on the patella of different countries. The range of average accuracies obtained for pooled multivariate discriminant function equations is 81.9-84.2%, while the stacking ML technique provides 90.8% accuracy which compares well with those presented for previous studies in other parts of the world. In conclusion, the models proposed in this study from measurements of the patella of different population groups in South Africa are useful resent with reasonably high average accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak A. Bidmos
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oladiran I. Olateju
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Latiff
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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13
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Daboul A, Krüger M, Ivanonvka T, Obst A, Ewert R, Stubbe B, Fietze I, Penzel T, Hosten N, Biffar R, Cardini A. Do brachycephaly and nose size predict the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? A sample-based geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial variation in relation to OSA syndrome and the role of confounding factors. J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13801. [PMID: 36579627 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder that leads to sleep fragmentation and is potentially bidirectionally related to a variety of comorbidities, including an increased risk of heart failure and stroke. It is often considered a consequence of anatomical abnormalities, especially in the head and neck, but its pathophysiology is likely to be multifactorial in origin. With geometric morphometrics, and a large sample of adults from the Study for Health in Pomerania, we explore the association of craniofacial morphology to the apnea-hypopnea index used as an estimate of obstructive sleep apnea severity. We show that craniofacial size and asymmetry, an aspect of morphological variation seldom analysed in obstructive sleep apnea research, are both uncorrelated to apnea-hypopnea index. In contrast, as in previous analyses, we find evidence that brachycephaly and larger nasal proportions might be associated to obstructive sleep apnea severity. However, this correlational signal is weak and completely disappears when age-related shape variation is statistically controlled for. Our findings suggest that previous work might need to be re-evaluated, and urge researchers to take into account the role of confounders to avoid potentially spurious findings in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Daboul
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Krüger
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tatyana Ivanonvka
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Media and Computer Science East Bavarian Technical University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden, Amberg, Germany
| | - Anne Obst
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ingo Fietze
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Medicine Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Medicine Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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14
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A Geometric Morphometric Study on Sexual Dimorphism in Viscerocranium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091333. [PMID: 36138812 PMCID: PMC9495862 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of sexual dimorphism manifested by human bones is an important factor for development of effective sex estimation methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the viscerocranium using geometric morphometric techniques. It also aimed to explore the sex differences in distinct viscerocranial regions and to establish the most dimorphic region with regard to size and shape. Computed tomography images of 156 males and 184 females were used in the study. Three-dimensional coordinates of 31 landmarks were acquired. Five landmark configurations were constructed from the viscerocranium and its orbital, nasal, maxillary, and zygomatic region. Generalized Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were applied to each configuration. The significance of the sex differences in size and shape was assessed and significant differences were found in all configurations. The highest accuracy was obtained from both shape and size of the whole viscerocranium. Based on size only, the highest accuracy was achieved by the nasal region. The accuracy based on shape was generally low for all configurations, but the highest result was attained by the orbital region. Hence, size is a better sex discriminator than shape.
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15
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Toneva DH, Nikolova SY, Tasheva-Terzieva ED, Zlatareva DK, Lazarov NE. Sexual dimorphism in shape and size of the neurocranium. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:1851-1863. [PMID: 35945460 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex identification is a primary step in forensic analysis of skeletal remains. The accuracy of sex estimation methods greatly depends on the sexual dimorphism manifested by the target anatomical region. The study aims to evaluate the sexual dimorphism in shape and size of the neurocranium and to compare the potential of shape and size of different cranial regions to classify correctly the male and female crania. The study was carried out on computed tomography images of 373 Bulgarian adults (161 males and 212 females). Three-dimensional coordinates of 32 landmarks were acquired. The landmarks were arranged in 4 configurations: neurocranium, frontal bone, parietotemporal region, and occipital bone. For each configuration, the presence of significant sex differences in shape and size was tested. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to explore the shape variation. The classification power of size and shape was tested using discriminant analysis and k-means clustering. The neurocranium shows significant sex differences in shape and size. The parietotemporal region is the most dimorphic neurocranial part in size and the frontal bone is the most differing one in shape. The size of the parietotemporal region and frontal bone classifies correctly more than 80% of the crania. The discrimination ability based on shape is rather low as the highest values of about 70% are obtained for the frontal and occipital bone. The PCA plots show large overlapping of the male and female crania. It can be inferred that the sex-specific size differences in the neurocranium are more important than the shape differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silviya Y Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena D Tasheva-Terzieva
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dora K Zlatareva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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16
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Sex Determination in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) Using Geometric Morphometrics of the Skull. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030302. [PMID: 35158626 PMCID: PMC8833625 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to determine the sexual dimorphism of quail’s skull by using the geometric morphometric morphometrics and to reveal the shape differences between male and female individuals. For these purposes, photographs of quail skulls in dorsal, ventral, and caudal views were taken and analyzed with the geometric morphometric method. The most significant difference in terms of sexual dimorphism was observed in the dorsal aspect. In caudal view, it was seen that the roof of the skull in females is thinner and longer than in males, but the sex distribution was not decisive compared to other aspects. Geometric morphometrics proved to be a good tool for analyses of the sexual dimorphism and better than traditional morphometrics by their potential way of shape analyses. Abstract The study investigated whether there is a morphological difference between the shape of the female and male quail’s skulls. For this purpose, 18 female and 21 male quails were used. After the skulls were obtained, their photographs were taken, and geometric analysis was performed. Dorsal (14 landmarks), caudal (8 landmarks), and ventral (13 landmarks) images of skulls were evaluated. As a result of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 28 principal components (PCs) were obtained for dorsal view, 16 PCs for caudal view, and 26 PCs for ventral view. PC1 (41.206%) for the caudal aspect explained the highest shape variation in terms of sex. It was seen that PC1 for dorsal view explained 33.046% and PC1 for ventral view explained 34.495% shape variation. For the dorsal view, the orbital pit of males was found to be deeper than females. The foramen magnum was narrower in female skulls. The lateral borders of the neurocranium were more pointed upwards in males. On ventral view, it was seen that male individuals had a wider skull in shape. Geometrically, it was determined that the male and female distinction was the best in the dorsal view. According to the dorsal view, only one male individual was found to be in the female group, and all other male individuals were completely separated from the females. After the dorsal view, the best distinction was seen ventrally. In the caudal examination, sexual discrimination was not fully seen. In this study, shape differences in quail’s skulls were examined between sexes, and shape differences were revealed geometrically. In addition to traditional morphometry studies, it is thought that geometric analysis studies will add a useful perspective to the literature.
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Rathod S, Dhande S, Lathiya V, Kolte A. Assessment of the greater palatine foramen position in an Indian population: A cone-beam computed tomography study. JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL DENTAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jicdro.jicdro_7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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18
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Costa Mendes L, Delrieu J, Gillet C, Telmon N, Maret D, Savall F. Sexual dimorphism of the mandibular conformational changes in aging human adults: A multislice computed tomographic study by geometric morphometrics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253564. [PMID: 34157047 PMCID: PMC8219137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process has an impact on mandibular bone morphology and can therefore affect shape sexual dimorphism. Understanding the effect of senescence on mandibular shape changes is particularly important to correctly estimate the sex of an individual and predict age-related conformational modifications. The purpose of this study was to assess age-related changes in mandibular shape and sexual dimorphism. The study sample comprised 160 Multi Slice Computed Tomography examinations of individuals aged 40 to 79 years. Geometric morphometric analysis of fourteen osteometric landmarks was used to examine sexual dimorphism and patterns of mandibular shape variation with age. Results showed that mandibular sexual dimorphism of shape remained significant with aging. Conformational changes occurred between 50 and 70 years and were different for male and female individuals. Females presented earlier and more marked age-related shape changes than males. These observations suggest that mandibular senescence is a sexually dimorphic process since its onset, rate, and the areas subjected to conformational changes differ from male to female individuals. Senescence-related changes present substantial variability, and further investigation is required to determine precisely the age that marks their onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Costa Mendes
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Julien Delrieu
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Gillet
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Norbert Telmon
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Maret
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- UFR d’Odontologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Savall
- Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service de Médecine Légale, CHU Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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19
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Milella M, Franklin D, Belcastro MG, Cardini A. Sexual differences in human cranial morphology: Is one sex more variable or one region more dimorphic? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2789-2810. [PMID: 33773067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of cranial sexual dimorphism (CSD) among modern humans is relevant in evolutionary studies of morphological variation and in a forensic context. Despite the abundance of quantitative studies of CSD, few have specifically examined intra-sex variability. Here we quantify CSD in a geographically homogeneous sample of adult crania, which includes Italian individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. Cranial morphology is described with 92 3D landmarks analyzed using Procrustean geometric morphometrics (PGMM). Size and shape variables are used to compare morphological variance between sexes in the whole cranium and four individual regions. The same variables, plus Procrustes form, are used to quantify average sex differences and explore classification accuracy. Our results indicate that: (a) as predicted by Wainer's rule, males present overall more variance in size and shape, albeit this is statistically significant only for total cranial size; (b) differences between sexes are dominated by size and to a lesser extent by Procrustes form; (c) shape only accounts for a minor proportion of variance; (d) the cranial base shows almost no dimorphism for shape; and (e) facial Procrustes form is the most accurate predictor of skeletal sex. Overall, this study suggests developmental factors underlying differences in CSD among cranial regions; stresses the need for population-specific models that describe craniofacial variation as the basis for models that facilitate the estimation of sex in unidentified skeletal remains; and provides one of the first confirmations of "Wainer's rule" in relation to sexual dimorphism in mammals specific to the human cranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardini
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Velemínská J, Fleischmannová N, Suchá B, Dupej J, Bejdová Š, Kotěrová A, Brůžek J. Age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism in contemporary Europe. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2033-2044. [PMID: 33649866 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical load and hormonal levels tended to change just like the soft and skeletal tissue of the elderly with age. Although aging in both sexes shared common traits, it was assumed that there would be a reduction of sexual dimorphism in aged individuals. The main goals of this study were (1) to evaluate age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism during senescence, (2) to determine age-related differences in female and male skulls separately, and (3) to compare skull senescence in Czech and French adult samples as discussed by Musilová et al. (Forensic Sci Int 269:70-77, 2016). The cranial surface was analyzed using coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis. The study sample consisted of 245 CT scans of heads from recent Czech (83 males and 59 females) and French (52 males and 51 females) individuals. Virtual scans in the age range from 18 to 92 years were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. The cranial form was significantly greater in males in all age categories. After size normalization, sexual dimorphism of the frontal, occipital, and zygomatic regions tended to diminish in the elderly. Its development during aging was caused by morphological changes in both female and male skulls but secular changes must also be taken into account. The most notable aging changes were the widening of the neurocranium and the retrusion of the face, including the forehead, especially after the age of 60 in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was similar between the Czech and French samples but its age-related differences were partially different because of the population specificity. Cranial senescence was found to degrade the accuracy of sex classification (92-94%) in the range of 2-3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Fleischmannová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Suchá
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 118 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anežka Kotěrová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Zhang Y, Schepartz LA. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric studies of modern human occipital variation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245445. [PMID: 33444349 PMCID: PMC7808672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate three-dimensional morphological variation of the occipital bone between sexes and among populations, to determine how ancestry, sex and size account for occipital shape variation and to describe the exact forms by which the differences are expressed. Methods CT data for 214 modern crania of Asian, African and European ancestry were compared using 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics, including principal component analysis, Hotelling’s T2 test, multivariate regression, ANOVA, and MANCOVA. Results Sex differences in average occipital morphology are only observed in Europeans, with males exhibiting a pronounced inion. Significant ancestral differences are observed among all samples and are shared by males and females. Asian and African crania have smaller biasterionic breadths and flatter clivus angles compared to Europeans. Asian and European crania are similar in their nuchal and occipital plane proportions, nuchal and occipital angles, and lower inion positions compared to Africans. Centroid size significantly differs between sexes and among populations. The overall allometry, while significant, explains little of the shape variation. Larger occipital bones were associated with a more curved occipital plane, a pronounced inion, a narrower biasterionic breadth, a more flexed clivus, and a lower and relatively smaller foramen magnum. Conclusions Although significant shape differences were observed among populations, it is not recommended to use occipital morphology in sex or population estimation as both factors explained little of the observed variance. Other factors, relating to function and the environment, are suggested to be greater contributors to occipital variation. For the same reason, it is also not recommended to use the occiput in phylogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynne A. Schepartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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22
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Machine learning approaches for sex estimation using cranial measurements. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:951-966. [PMID: 33179173 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to apply support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) as sex classifiers and to generate useful classification models for sex estimation based on cranial measurements. Besides, the performance of the generated sub-symbolic machine learning models is compared with models developed through logistic regression (LR). The study was carried out on computed tomography images of 393 Bulgarian adults (169 males and 224 females). The three-dimensional coordinates of 47 landmarks were acquired and used for calculation of the cranial measurements. A total of 64 measurements (linear distances, angles, triangle areas and heights) and 22 indices were calculated. Two datasets were assembled including the linear measurements only and all measurements and index, respectively. An additional third dataset comprising all possible interlandmark distances between the landmarks was constructed. Two machine learning algorithms-SVM and ANN and a traditional statistical analysis LR-were applied to generate models for sex estimation. In addition, two advanced attribute selection techniques (Weka BestFirst and Weka GeneticSearch) were used. The classification accuracy of the models was evaluated by means of 10 × 10-fold cross-validation procedure. All three methods achieved accuracy results higher than 95%. The best accuracy (96.1 ± 0.5%) was obtained by SVM and it was statistically significantly higher than the best results achieved by ANN and LR. SVM and ANN reached higher accuracy by training on the full datasets than the selection datasets, except for the sample described by the interlandmark distances, where the reduction of attributes by the GeneticSearch algorithm improved the accuracy.
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DEMİRASLAN Y, ÖZGEL Ö, GÜRBÜZ İ, KAŞTAN Ö. The mandibles of the Honamli and Hair goats (Capra hircus); a geometric morphometric study. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.759964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Geometric morphometric wing analysis represents a robust tool to identify female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17613. [PMID: 33077803 PMCID: PMC7573584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate species identification is the prerequisite to assess the relevance of mosquito specimens, but is often hindered by missing or damaged morphological features. The present study analyses the applicability of wing geometric morphometrics as a low-cost and practical alternative to identify native mosquitoes in Germany. Wing pictures were collected for 502 female mosquitoes of five genera and 19 species from 80 sampling sites. The reliable species identification based on interspecific wing geometry of 18 landmarks per specimen was tested. Leave-one-out cross validation revealed an overall accuracy of 99% for the genus and 90% for the species identification. Misidentifications were mainly due to three pairings of Aedes species: Aedes annulipes vs. Aedes cantans, Aedes cinereus vs. Aedes rossicus and Aedes communis vs. Aedes punctor. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region was sequenced to validate the morphological and morphometric identification. Similar to the results of the morphometric analysis, the same problematic three Aedes-pairs clustered, but most other species could be well separated. Overall, our study underpins that morphometric wing analysis is a robust tool for reliable mosquito identification, which reach the accuracy of COI barcoding.
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Del Bove A, Profico A, Riga A, Bucchi A, Lorenzo C. A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:643-654. [PMID: 33025582 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid-sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex. RESULTS All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone. CONCLUSION The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub-Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Archaeoanthropology, SABAP-FI, Scandicci, Italy
| | - Ana Bucchi
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Second-to-fourth digit ratio and facial shape in Buryats of Southern Siberia. Early Hum Dev 2020; 149:105138. [PMID: 32750625 PMCID: PMC7374133 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2nd-to-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative predictor of a prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic (males < females). Studies, linking digit ratio and full facial shapes among Europeans, show that a low 2D:4D is associated with a set of male-specific facial features. Buryats - Mongolian people from Southern Siberia - demonstrate a different pattern of facial sexual dimorphism than Europeans (narrower and more vertically elongated faces in men as opposed to women). AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between facial shape and the 2D:4D in comparison to the pattern of facial sexual dimorphism in Buryats. SUBJECTS Buryats: 88 men and 80 women aged 20 ± 2 years. OUTCOME MEASURES To assess relationship between facial shape and 2D:4D we used a geometric morphometric approach based on standardized full-face frontal photographs and direct measurements of the digit lengths among right-handed individuals. RESULTS The results revealed that 2D:4D was associated with facial morphology in Buryat men, and to a lesser extent in women. Narrower faces, elongated in the vertical direction, and a narrower lower facial outline, were characteristic of Buryat men with low 2D:4D ratios, which corresponded to the male-like facial shapes in Buryats. CONCLUSIONS In Europeans, such facial features were reported for men with a high 2D:4D, which corresponded more to female-like European facial shapes. Hence, our results show that sex-specific morphogenesis in humans is multidirectional, and that digit ratio is capable of predicting sex-specific facial traits even in populations with differing sexually-dimorphic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Rostovtseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,Corresponding author
| | - Anna A. Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy pr-t 27/4, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marina L. Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str. 20, Moscow 101000, Russia
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27
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Data mining for sex estimation based on cranial measurements. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110441. [PMID: 32781389 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop effective and understandable classification models for sex estimation and to identify the most dimorphic linear measurements in adult crania by means of data mining techniques. Furthermore, machine learning models and models developed through logistic regression analysis are compared in terms of performance. Computed tomography scans of 393 adult individuals were used in the study. A landmark-based approach was applied to collect the metric data. The three-dimensional coordinates of 47 landmarks were acquired and used for calculation of linear measurements. Two datasets of cranial measurements were assembled, including 37standard measurements and 1081 interlandmark distances, respectively. Three data mining algorithms were applied: the rule induction algorithms JRIP and Ridor, and the decision tree algorithm J48. Two advanced attribute selection methods (Weka BestFirst and Weka GeneticSearch) were also used. The best accuracy result (91.9 %) was achieved by a set of rules learnt by the JRIP algorithm from the dataset constructed by application of the GeneticSearch selection algorithm to the dataset of standard cranial measurements. The set consisted of five rules including seven cranial measurements. Its accuracy was even better than the classification rates achieved by the logistic regression models. Concerning the second dataset of nonstandard measurements, the best accuracy (88.3 %) was obtained by using classification models learnt by two algorithms - JRIP with a dataset preprocessed by the BestFirst selection algorithm and Ridor with preprocessing by the GeneticSearch selection algorithm. Our experiments show that for the two datasets mentioned above the rule-based models contain smaller sets of rules with shorter lists of measurements and achieve better classification accuracy results in comparison with decision tree-based models.
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Sexual dimorphism in facial shape of modern Buryats of Southern Siberia. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23458. [PMID: 32596969 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate sexual dimorphism in the full facial shape of modern Buryats-people of Southern Siberia of Mongolian origin. METHODS For this purpose, we have used geometric morphometrics based on standardized full-face frontal photographs. This allowed us to assess and visualize differences in facial shapes between Buryat men (n = 98) and women (n = 89). To specify the facial areas, where the differences occurred, we have complemented our analysis with standard anthropometric facial parameters based on approximations to the craniofacial and mandibular landmarks and soft-tissue morphology of specific facial areas. RESULTS Our results revealed that Buryat women have a set of sexually dimorphic features similar to those reported earlier for other Asian populations (a relatively wider and vertically shorter lower face, more round visible areas of the eyes, relatively narrower noses, smaller mouths, larger [in vertical dimension] foreheads, and relatively thinner upper lips, when compared to Buryat males). At the same time, Buryat women had a specific characteristic, distinguishing them from other world populations-a significantly higher upper face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) compared to males. This indicates that the high fWHR is not a universally male feature in humans, which raises a question of underlying developmental mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate that some elements of sexually dimorphic facial shapes may differ across populations with different genetic and ecological backgrounds, and suggest that universal mechanisms of sex-specific facial morphogenesis still need to be clarified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina L Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Bertsatos A, Chovalopoulou ME, Brůžek J, Bejdová Š. Advanced procedures for skull sex estimation using sexually dimorphic morphometric features. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1927-1937. [PMID: 32504147 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces an automated method for estimating sex from cranial sex diagnostic traits by extracting and evaluating specialized morphometric features from the glabella, the supraorbital ridge, the occipital protuberance, and the mastoid process. The proposed method was developed and evaluated using two European population samples, a Czech sample comprising 170 crania reconstructed from anonymized CT scans and a Greek sample of 156 crania from the Athens Collection. It is based on a fully automatic algorithm applied on 3D models for extracting sex diagnostic morphometric features which are further processed by computer vision and machine learning algorithms. Classification accuracy was evaluated in a population specific and a population generic 2-way cross-validation scheme. Population-specific accuracy for individual morphometric features ranged from 78.5 to 96.7%, whereas population generic correct classification ranged from 71.7 to 90.8%. Combining all sex diagnostic traits in multi-feature sex estimation yielded correct classification performance in excess of 91% for the entire sample, whereas the sex of about three fourths of the sample could be determined with 100% accuracy according to posterior probability estimates. The proposed method provides an efficient and reliable way to estimate sex from cranial remains, and it offers significant advantages over existing methods. The proposed method can be readily implemented with the skullanalyzer computer program and the estimate_sex.m GNU Octave function, which are freely available under a suitable license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bertsatos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 157 01, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Agbolade O, Nazri A, Yaakob R, Ghani AA, Cheah YK. Morphometric approach to 3D soft-tissue craniofacial analysis and classification of ethnicity, sex, and age. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228402. [PMID: 32271782 PMCID: PMC7145022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of three-dimensional scan models offers a useful resource for studying craniofacial variation. The complex mathematical analysis for facial point acquisition in three-dimensional models has made many craniofacial assessments laborious. Method This study investigates three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue craniofacial variation, with relation to ethnicity, sex and age variables in British and Irish white Europeans. This utilizes a geometric morphometric approach on a subsampled dataset comprising 292 scans, taken from a Liverpool-York Head Model database. Shape variation and analysis of each variable are tested using 20 anchor anatomical landmarks and 480 sliding semi-landmarks. Results Significant ethnicity, sex, and age differences are observed for measurement covering major aspects of the craniofacial shape. The ethnicity shows subtle significant differences compared to sex and age; even though it presents the lowest classification accuracy. The magnitude of dimorphism in sex is revealed in the facial, nasal and crania measurement. Significant shape differences are also seen at each age group, with some distinct dimorphic features present in the age groups. Conclusions The patterns of shape variation show that white British individuals have a more rounded head shape, whereas white Irish individuals have a narrower head shape. White British persons also demonstrate higher classification accuracy. Regarding sex patterns, males are relatively larger than females, especially in the mouth and nasal regions. Females presented with higher classification accuracy than males. The differences in the chin, mouth, nose, crania, and forehead emerge from different growth rates between the groups. Classification accuracy is best for children and senior adult age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Agbolade
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azree Nazri
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Razali Yaakob
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Azim Ghani
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cappella A, Gibelli D, Vitale A, Zago M, Dolci C, Sforza C, Cattaneo C. Preliminary study on sexual dimorphism of metric traits of cranium and mandible in a modern Italian skeletal population and review of population literature. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 44:101695. [PMID: 32259691 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the sexual dimorphism of skull in a modern skeletal collection through a direct anthropometric methodology by using a logistic regression analysis as statistical approach in order to provide specific regression formulae for the Italian population. Thirtyfour measurements (24 from cranium, 10 from mandible; 33 linear distances, one angle) were taken on 80 individuals (40 males, 40 females). A stepwise discriminant function analysis selected the combination of variables which best discriminated between sexes, and a cross-validation assessed the accuracy rate of the original sample. Most distances resulted longer in males than in females, but differences were statistically significant only for 12 and 6 out of respectively 24 cranium and 10 mandibular distances. Five combined cranium features returned a prediction accuracy of 88.6% (y = -81.01 + 0.14* Maximum cranial length + 0.16* Basion-bregma height -0.05* Cranial base length +0.20* Bizygomatic breadth +0.31* Nasal height; adjusted R2 = 47.0%). Nine mandibular features were required to reach 74.7% accuracy (y = -93.08 + 0.19* Bigonial width +0.14* Bicondylar breadth +0.11* Mandibular length +0.18* Height of the mandibular body at mental foramen +0.21* Chin height -0.09* Mandibular angle -0.06* Minimum ramus breadth -0.05* Maximum ramus height -0.01* Maximum ramus breadth; adjusted R2 = 23.92%). Current results and existing literature suggested that only few cranial measurements can be used for diagnosis of sex: the same variables showed similar accuracy in different ethnic contexts. In conclusion, some aspects of sexual dimorphism of skull seem to be independent from ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cappella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 37, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gibelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Albarita Vitale
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi n. 39, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli n. 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Øvervoll M, Schettino I, Suzuki H, Okubo M, Laeng B. Filtered beauty in Oslo and Tokyo: A spatial frequency analysis of facial attractiveness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227513. [PMID: 31935264 PMCID: PMC6959585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Images of European female and male faces were digitally processed to generate spatial frequency (SF) filtered images containing only a narrow band of visual information within the Fourier spectrum. The original unfiltered images and four SF filtered images (low, medium-low, medium-high and high) were then paired in trials that kept constant SF band and face gender and participants made a forced-choice decision about the more attractive among the two faces. In this way, we aimed at identifying those specific SF bands where forced-choice preferences corresponded best to forced-choice judgements made when viewing the natural, broadband, facial images. We found that aesthetic preferences dissociated across SFs and face gender, but similarly for participants from Asia (Japan) and Europe (Norway). Specifically, preferences when viewing SF filtered images were best related to the preference with the broadband face images when viewing the highest filtering band for the female faces (about 48-77 cycles per face). In contrast, for the male faces, the medium-low SF band (about 11-19 cpf) related best to choices made with the natural facial images. Eye tracking provided converging evidence for the above, gender-related, SF dissociations. We suggest greater aesthetic relevance of the mobile and communicative parts for the female face and, conversely, of the rigid, structural, parts for the male face for facial aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Øvervoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø (The Arctic University of Norway), Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Hikaru Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matia Okubo
- Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gillet C, Costa-Mendes L, Rérolle C, Telmon N, Maret D, Savall F. Sex estimation in the cranium and mandible: a multislice computed tomography (MSCT) study using anthropometric and geometric morphometry methods. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:823-832. [PMID: 31897666 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyze the respective contribution of the skull and mandible to sex estimation in an entire cranium using metric and geometric morphometric methods and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) analysis. MATERIALS The study sample comprised 120 individuals aged 23 to 84 years and divided into three groups (whole sample and over or under 40 years of age). METHODS Forty-eight osteometric landmarks were positioned using Osirix®, 34 for the cranium and 14 for the mandible. The data were analyzed using univariate analyses and logistic regression using backward stepwise selection with cross-validation of the classification results. Generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) was used, and Goodall's F test and Mahalanobis D2 matrices allowed an assessment of statistical significance. RESULTS The classification accuracy of cranium models ranged from 87% to 88.3%, and from 68% to 81.4% for the mandibular models. With geometric morphometry, accuracy was of 94-100% for the cranium and 84.2% for the mandible. DISCUSSION We conclude that the mandible had a higher accuracy rate for individuals over 40 years than individuals under 40 years of age, although the accuracy of geometric morphometry did not differ significantly between the age groups. The cranium, however, presented greater predictability for all the parameters assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gillet
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Leonor Costa-Mendes
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,UFR Odontologie de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Rérolle
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Service de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Trousseau, Avenue de la République, 37170 Chambray-lès-, Tours, France
| | - Norbert Telmon
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,Service de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Maret
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.,UFR Odontologie de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Savall
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France. .,Service de Médecine Légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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Finka LR, Luna SP, Brondani JT, Tzimiropoulos Y, McDonagh J, Farnworth MJ, Ruta M, Mills DS. Geometric morphometrics for the study of facial expressions in non-human animals, using the domestic cat as an exemplar. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9883. [PMID: 31285531 PMCID: PMC6614427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expression is a common channel for the communication of emotion. However, in the case of non-human animals, the analytical methods used to quantify facial expressions can be subjective, relying heavily on extrapolation from human-based systems. Here, we demonstrate how geometric morphometrics can be applied in order to overcome these problems. We used this approach to identify and quantify changes in facial shape associated with pain in a non-human animal species. Our method accommodates individual variability, species-specific facial anatomy, and postural effects. Facial images were captured at four different time points during ovariohysterectomy of domestic short haired cats (n = 29), with time points corresponding to varying intensities of pain. Images were annotated using landmarks specifically chosen for their relationship with underlying musculature, and relevance to cat-specific facial action units. Landmark data were subjected to normalisation before Principal Components (PCs) were extracted to identify key sources of facial shape variation, relative to pain intensity. A significant relationship between PC scores and a well-validated composite measure of post-operative pain in cats (UNESP-Botucatu MCPS tool) was evident, demonstrating good convergent validity between our geometric face model, and other metrics of pain detection. This study lays the foundation for the automatic, objective detection of emotional expressions in a range of non-human animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Finka
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK. .,Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Stelio P Luna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Brondani
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - John McDonagh
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Mark J Farnworth
- Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Marcello Ruta
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Daniel S Mills
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Bank Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
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Robertson HI, Pokotylo DL, Weston DA. Testing landmark redundancy for sex-based shape analysis of the adult human os coxa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:689-703. [PMID: 31155703 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the individual effectiveness of common landmarks used in sex estimation of whole adult coxal bones in sex-based shape analysis and propose a method to determine how many principal components of sex-based shape to include for discriminant function analysis. METHODS Three-dimensional models (NextEngine desktop laser scanner) of left and right os coxae from 396 individuals (William Bass Skeletal Collection, Forensic Anthropology Centre, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN) were subjected to shape analysis using 32 landmarks (Landmark 3.6, Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization). Each landmark was individually removed and subjected to a new principal component analysis to identify the effect omitting a landmark has on PC1/PC2 ordination. Landmarks that poorly discriminated sex-based shape were considered redundant for analysis on sex estimation. RESULTS This study identified 17 landmarks that represent sex-based shape of right and left coxal bones most effectively, these are: the anterior superior iliac spine; posterior superior iliac spine; posterior inferior iliac spine; iliac crest; apex of the auricular surface; greater sciatic notch; ischial spine; superior, inferior and distal points on ischial tuberosity; superior, inferior and midpoint on the symphyseal face; arcuate eminence; ischiopubic ramus; posterosuperior and anterosuperior points on the acetabular rim. The first and second PCs of the 17-landmark configuration correctly predicted sex in 98.5% of cases; better than a 32-landmark configuration (96%) and better than previous landmark studies on whole coxal bone sex-based shape. CONCLUSIONS These 17 landmarks represent more meaningful data for sex-based shape analysis in PC1 and 2 and concentrate meaningful sex-based shape data to the first five PCs that make up over 50% of the total shape variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Robertson
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David L Pokotylo
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darlene A Weston
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sex estimation using external morphology of the frontal bone and frontal sinuses in a contemporary Czech population. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sex and ancestry related differences between two Central European populations determined using exocranial meshes. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:364-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tebbens M, Nota NM, Liberton NPTJ, Meijer BA, Kreukels BPC, Forouzanfar T, Verdaasdonk RM, den Heijer M. Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment Induces Facial Feminization in Transwomen and Masculinization in Transmen: Quantification by 3D Scanning and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. J Sex Med 2019; 16:746-754. [PMID: 30926514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone treatment induces feminization of the body in transwomen and masculinization in transmen. However, the effect of hormone treatment on facial characteristics is still unknown. AIM We aimed to study whether hormone treatment induces facial feminization and masculinization and how this potential change affects satisfaction and self-esteem. METHODS In this single-center cohort study, we included 27 transwomen and 15 transmen who received standardized hormone treatment in the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam. Facial 3-dimensional images were obtained at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. At each image, 22 facial landmarks were placed. Furthermore, the FACE-Q Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale were obtained at the same measurement points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures included the relative local shift of skin in millimeters in the 22 landmarks in the transverse (x-axis), coronal (y-axis), and sagittal (z-axis) anatomic axes, the color maps, and the outcomes of the questionnaires. RESULTS After 12 months, cheek tissue in transwomen increased, with 0.50 mm (95% CI 0.04-0.96) in the x-axis and 1.08 mm (95% CI 0.31-1.85) in the z-axis. Tissue in the jaws decreased with -0.60 mm (95% CI -1.28-0.08) in the x-axis and -0.18 mm (95% CI -0.03-0.33) in the y-axis. Cheek tissue in transmen decreased with -0.45 mm (95% CI -1.00-0.11) in the x-axis and -0.84 mm (95% CI -1.92-0.25) in the z-axis. These changes already started after 3 months. An increase in satisfaction with the facial appearance was found in both transwomen and transmen. There were no changes in reported self-esteem. CLINICAL IMPLICATION These results could lead to more realistic expectations of facial changes. Furthermore, our results suggest that the face continues to change for at least a year, which could suggest that performing facial feminization surgery after 1 year of hormone treatment might be too early. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS This study is the first that provides insight into the facial changes in transgender individuals receiving hormone treatment, and it introduces an objective method to examine (small) facial changes. Our study is limited by the poor reliability of the landmarks, the difficulty of facial fixation, and the lack of gender-specific questions in the questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Hormone treatment in transwomen induces an increase in cheek tissue and a decrease in jaw tissue. In transmen a tendency of decrease in cheek tissue and an increase in jaw tissue was found. These changes are in the direction of the desired gender. Tebbens M, Nota NM, Liberton NPTJ, et al. Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment Induces Facial Feminization in Transwomen and Masculinization in Transmen: Quantification by 3D Scanning and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. J Sex Med 2019;16:746-754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Tebbens
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke M Nota
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P T J Liberton
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, 3D InnovationLab, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Psychology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf M Verdaasdonk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, 3D InnovationLab, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Radio-Morphometric Evaluation of Greater Palatine Canal and Pterygopalatine Fossa Component: Maxillary Anesthetic Implications. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:863-867. [PMID: 30817530 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a retrospective analytical cross-sectional study involving 131 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of adult (18-99 years) that assessed greater palatine canal (GPC) attributes (length, curvature angle, diameter of curvature) and the type of the trajectory of GPC-pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) component. The GPC is an important landmark that connects the oral cavity and PPF. It contains greater and lesser palatine nerves, along-with descending palatine artery and vein by extending from the inferior part of the PPF to the hard palate. The GPC acts as a pathway for infiltration of local anesthesia. The inferior orbital fissure (IOF) is in close proximity to these vital anatomic structures and hence accurate identification of its location during regional block anesthesia is crucial. This is one of the very few studies investigating these important structures on CBCT scans highlighting the importance of preoperative scans for the anatomic determination. The images were analyzed for the lengths and anatomic paths of the right and left GPC-PPF in sagittal plane. The diameters of the upper (higher bony aspect of PPF) and lower openings (GPC opening) displayed statistically significant differences in the comparison between males and females (P < 0.05). Overestimation or underestimation of the GPC length can cause a lack of anesthesia and undesirable diffusion of the anesthetic solution into the orbit thorough the IOF causing diplopia, or into the cranial cavity. A thorough understanding of GPC length and pathway types is obligatory for proper anesthetic administration and performing any maxillofacial procedures.
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Mustafa AG, Tashtoush AA, Alshboul OA, Allouh MZ, Altarifi AA. Morphometric Study of the Hard Palate and Its Relevance to Dental and Forensic Sciences. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:1687345. [PMID: 30809259 PMCID: PMC6369495 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1687345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the morphometric features of the hard palate and to test the reliability of using palatal morphology in sex determination. Three hundred maxillary casts were collected from dental clinics in north Jordan. The age and gender of the patient and the serial number for each cast were recorded. The age range was 6 to 50 years old. A caliper was used to perform the following measurements: the length, width, and depth of the hard palate. In addition, the size, shape, and position of the incisive papilla were also determined. All measurements were done by a trained examiner who was able to perform the measurements in a reproducible manner. Statistical analysis showed that the mean palatal length, width, and depth, and size of dental papilla in both groups were the highest in males. The full logistic regression model including all the three predictors (length, width, and depth) indicated that the three parameters were significantly correlated with gender in the adult group. However, in the child group, only width and length were significantly (p=0.001, p > 0.042 respectively) correlated with gender. Regarding the shape and size of the incisive papilla, they were significantly different between males and females in both adult (p > 0.03) and child (p=0.001) groups. These findings might be potentially relevant to anthropological studies aiming at individual and/or sex identification. Moreover, the results might have clinical value in prosthodontics, especially in fabricating complete maxillary dentures for edentulous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman G. Mustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayssar A. Tashtoush
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman A. Alshboul
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Z. Allouh
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A. Altarifi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Morphometric Analysis of Greater Palatine Canal via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: The morphology of the greater palatine canal (GPC) should be determined preoperatively to prevent possible complications in surgical procedures required maxillary nerve block anesthesia and reduction of descending palatine artery bleeding. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the GPC morphology.
Material and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, cone-beam computed tomography images obtained for various causes of 200 patients (females, 55%; males, 45%) age ranged between 18 and 86 (mean age±standard deviation=47±13.6) were examined. The mean length, mean angles of the GPC and anatomic routes of the GPC were evaluated.
Results: The mean length of the GPC was found to be 31.07 mm and 32.01 mm in sagittal and coronal sections, respectively. The mean angle of the GPC was measured as 156.16° and 169.23° in sagittal and coronal sections. The mean angle of the GPC with horizontal plane was measured as 113.76° in the sagittal sections and 92.94° in the coronal sections. The mean GPC length was longer in males than in females.
Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the most common pathway of the GPC was “first inferior, and then anterior-inferior direction” in sagittal plane and “first medial-inferior, then inferior direction” in coronal plane.
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Hora M, Sládek V. Population specificity of sex estimation from vertebrae. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:279.e1-279.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Maass P, Friedling LJ. Morphometric Analysis of the Neurocranium in an Adult South African Cadaveric Sample. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:367-374. [PMID: 30129084 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Craniometric studies of South Africans yield high accuracies of sex and ancestry classification, but most assess only inter-group variation of Black and White individuals, excluding the highly heterogeneous Colored group, which constitute a significant proportion of the population. This study applied a geometric morphometric approach to the neurocrania of 774 Black, Colored, and White individuals to assess sex and ancestry estimation accuracy based on the detected morphological variation. Accuracies of 70% and 83% were achieved for sex and ancestry, respectively, with ancestry-related variation contributing the largest proportion of overall observed variation. Even when comparing the closely related Black and Colored groups, relatively high accuracies were obtained. It is thus recommended that a similar approach be used to develop a contemporary three-dimensional database, which can be used to objectively, reliably, and accurately classify unknown remains in the South African forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Maass
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Louise Jacqui Friedling
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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Cvrček J, Velemínský P, Dupej J, Vostrý L, Brůžek J. Kinship and morphological similarity in the skeletal remains of individuals with known genealogical data (Bohemia, 19th to 20th centuries): A new methodological approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:541-556. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cvrček
- Department of Anthropology; National Museum; Czech Republic
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | | | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University; Czech Republic
- Department of Science and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Vostrý
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University; Czech Republic
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Mankapure PK, Barpande SR, Bhavthankar JD. Evaluation of sexual dimorphism in arch depth and palatal depth in 500 young adults of Marathwada region, India. J Forensic Dent Sci 2018; 9:153-156. [PMID: 29657493 PMCID: PMC5887639 DOI: 10.4103/jfo.jfds_13_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: In exhibiting gender dimorphism, the bony pelvis and skull give the most reliable results from morphometric analysis. Palatal dimensions were reported to exhibit racial difference and sexual dimorphism in several studies. Aim: The aim of the present study was to measure the maxillary arch depth and palatal depth in Indian population to assess their use as a tool for sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty males and 250 females in the age group of 17–25 years were enrolled in the study, and impressions of maxillary arch were made. Measurement of palatal depth and maxillary arch depth was carried out at specific reference points using Korkhaus compass and digital caliper, respectively. The comparison of maxillary arch depth and palatal depth values was done using independent t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Diagnostic performance of significantly different variable was quantified by plotting “receiver operating characteristic” (ROC) curve. Results: Arch depth mean values were significantly higher in males than females. However, palatal depth mean values, though higher in males, were not significant. Area under the curve in ROC curve for maxillary arch depth was found to be 0.76, indicating sufficiency of discriminatory power of this variable. Conclusion: The present study showed that maxillary arch depth can be used as a tool for sex determination along with other morphometric methods. Mean value of both maxillary arch depth and palatal depth can be used as the baseline value for given population to be used as a reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Kumar Mankapure
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh R Barpande
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti D Bhavthankar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Small C, Schepartz L, Hemingway J, Brits D. Three-dimensionally derived interlandmark distances for sex estimation in intact and fragmentary crania. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:127-135. [PMID: 29655098 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The skull is the element most frequently presented to forensic anthropologists for analysis yet weathering, corpse maiming, and scavenger activity often result in damage and fragmentation. This fragmentation results in a reduction in the number of traditional calliper derived measurements that can be obtained and subjected to discriminant based analyses for sex estimation. In this investigation, we employed three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods to derive novel interlandmark distance measures across six regions of the cranium including the basicranium, basipalate, zygoma, orbits and the cranium globally to create functions to discriminate sex with high efficacy, even in the event of fragmentation. Forty-five homologous landmarks were digitised across each of 227 (114 males and 113 females) South African crania of European descent (white) sampled from the Raymond A Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, housed in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. A total of 990 interlandmark distances (ILDs) were mathematically derived using Pythagorean geometry. These ILDs were then filtered by region and subjected to both direct and stepwise discriminant function analyses. Discriminant equations where derived for each region and achieved the following average cross-validated sex estimation accuracies: basicranium-74%; basipalate-80.2%; zygomatic-82.4; orbits-71.8%; nasomaxilla-83.7%; global cranium-88.2%. A large number of the ILDs used to derive the discriminant functions are novel, demonstrating the efficacy of geometric morphometric methods and illustrating the need to reassess old methods of data collection using modern methods to determine whether they best capture biological differences. The results of this study provide an invaluable contribution to forensic anthropology in South Africa as it provides an accurate, practical means of assessing sex using fragmentary material that may otherwise have been disregarded. These will undeniable aid in accurate sex estimation and ultimately, victim identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Small
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lynne Schepartz
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Jason Hemingway
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Desiré Brits
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Bertsatos A, Papageorgopoulou C, Valakos E, Chovalopoulou ME. Investigating the sex-related geometric variation of the human cranium. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1505-1514. [PMID: 29380124 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate sexing methods are of great importance in forensic anthropology since sex assessment is among the principal tasks when examining human skeletal remains. The present study explores a novel approach in assessing the most accurate metric traits of the human cranium for sex estimation based on 80 ectocranial landmarks from 176 modern individuals of known age and sex from the Athens Collection. The purpose of the study is to identify those distance and angle measurements that can be most effectively used in sex assessment. Three-dimensional landmark coordinates were digitized with a Microscribe 3DX and analyzed in GNU Octave. An iterative linear discriminant analysis of all possible combinations of landmarks was performed for each unique set of the 3160 distances and 246,480 angles. Cross-validated correct classification as well as multivariate DFA on top performing variables reported 13 craniometric distances with over 85% classification accuracy, 7 angles over 78%, as well as certain multivariate combinations yielding over 95%. Linear regression of these variables with the centroid size was used to assess their relation to the size of the cranium. In contrast to the use of generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which constitute the common analytical work flow for such data, our method, although computational intensive, produced easily applicable discriminant functions of high accuracy, while at the same time explored the maximum of cranial variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bertsatos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 81, Athens, GR, Greece
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 1 P. Tsaldari Street, 69100, Komotini, Greece
| | - Efstratios Valakos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 81, Athens, GR, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 81, Athens, GR, Greece.
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Nikita E, Michopoulou E. A quantitative approach for sex estimation based on cranial morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:507-517. [PMID: 29265191 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper proposes a method for the quantification of the shape of sexually dimorphic cranial traits, namely the glabella, mastoid process and external occipital protuberance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The proposed method was developed using 165 crania from the documented Athens Collection and tested on 20 Cretan crania. It is based on digital photographs of the lateral view of the cranium, drawing of the profile of three sexually dimorphic structures and calculation of variables that express the shape of these structures. RESULTS The combinations of variables that provide optimum discrimination between sexes are identified by means of binary logistic regression and discriminant analysis. The best cross-validated results are obtained when variables from all three structures are combined and range from 75.8 to 85.1% and 81.1 to 94.6% for males and females, respectively. The success rate is 86.3-94.1% for males and 83.9-93.5% for females when half of the sample is used for training and the rest for prediction. Correct classification for the Cretan material based upon the standards developed for the Athens sample was 80-90% for the optimum combinations of discriminant variables. DISCUSSION The proposed method provides an effective way to capture quantitatively the shape of sexually dimorphic cranial structures; it gives more accurate results relative to other existing methods and it does not require specialized equipment. Equations for sex estimation based on combinations of variables are provided, along with instructions on how to use the method and Excel macros for calculation of discriminant variables with automated implementation of the optimum equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Staka G, Asllani-Hoxha F, Bimbashi V. Facial Anthropometric Norms among Kosovo - Albanian Adults. Acta Stomatol Croat 2017; 51:195-206. [PMID: 29225360 PMCID: PMC5708327 DOI: 10.15644/asc51/3/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an anthropometric craniofacial database is a necessary multidisciplinary proposal. Aim The aim of this study was to establish facial anthropometric norms and to investigate into sexual dimorphism in facial variables among Kosovo Albanian adults. Materials and Methods The sample included 204 students of Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina. Using direct anthropometry, a series of 8 standard facial measurements was taken on each subject with digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm (Boss, Hamburg-Germany). The normative data and percentile rankings were calculated. Gender differences in facial variables were analyzed using t- test for independent samples (p<0.05). The index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) and percentage of sexual dimorphism were calculated for each facial measurement. Results: N ormative data for all facial anthropometric measurements in males were higher than in females. Male average norms compared with the female average norms differed significantly from each other (p>0.05).The highest index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) was found for the lower facial height 1.120, for which the highest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 12.01%., was also found. The lowest ISD was found for intercanthal width, 1.022, accompanied with the lowest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 2.23%. Conclusion The obtained results have established the facial anthropometric norms among Kosovo Albanian adults. Sexual dimorphism has been confirmed for each facial measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Staka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
| | - Flurije Asllani-Hoxha
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
| | - Venera Bimbashi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo
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Schlager S, Rüdell A. Sexual Dimorphism and Population Affinity in the Human Zygomatic Structure-Comparing Surface to Outline Data. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:226-237. [PMID: 28000405 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human zygomatic structure, consisting of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, is an essential part of the masticatory apparatus and has been shown to reflect population history and sexual dimorphism to varying degrees. In this study, we analyzed the predictive value of the outlines vs. the complete surface shape of the zygomatic bone in a sample of 98 Chinese (50 ♀, 48 ♂) and 96 Germans (49 ♀, 47 ♂). We first applied a surface registration process based on statistical shape modeling. A dense set of 1,480 pseudo-landmarks was then sampled automatically from the surface of the pooled mean shape and three curves were digitized manually along the outlines of the zygomatic bone. Both sets of pseudo-landmarks were automatically transferred to all specimens. Analysis of sex and population affinity showed both factors to be independently significant, but the interaction between them was not. Population affinity could be predicted quite accurately with correct classification of 97.9% using the surface data and 93.3% with the curve data. Sexual dimorphism was less distinct with 89.2% correct sex determination when using surface information compared with 77.8% when using the curve data. Population-related shape differences were captured primarily in the outlines, while sexual dimorphism is distributed more uniformly throughout the entire surface of the zygomatic structure. Anat Rec, 300:226-237, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schlager
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Medizinische Fakultat, Biological Anthropology, Hebelstr. 29, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, 79104, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rüdell
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Medizinische Fakultat, Biological Anthropology, Hebelstr. 29, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, 79104, Germany
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