1
|
Bradshaw SN, Allison WT. Hagfish to Illuminate the Developmental and Evolutionary Origins of the Vertebrate Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822358. [PMID: 35155434 PMCID: PMC8826474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate eye is a vital sensory organ that has long fascinated scientists, but the details of how this organ evolved are still unclear. The vertebrate eye is distinct from the simple photoreceptive organs of other non-vertebrate chordates and there are no clear transitional forms of the eye in the fossil record. To investigate the evolution of the eye we can examine the eyes of the most ancient extant vertebrates, the hagfish and lamprey. These jawless vertebrates are in an ideal phylogenetic position to study the origin of the vertebrate eye but data on eye/retina development in these organisms is limited. New genomic and gene expression data from hagfish and lamprey suggest they have many of the same genes for eye development and retinal neurogenesis as jawed vertebrates, but functional work to determine if these genes operate in retinogenesis similarly to other vertebrates is missing. In addition, hagfish express a marker of proliferative retinal cells (Pax6) near the margin of the retina, and adult retinal growth is apparent in some species. This finding of eye growth late into hagfish ontogeny is unexpected given the degenerate eye phenotype. Further studies dissecting retinal neurogenesis in jawless vertebrates would allow for comparison of the mechanisms of retinal development between cyclostome and gnathostome eyes and provide insight into the evolutionary origins of the vertebrate eye.
Collapse
|
2
|
Suzuki DG. Consciousness in Jawless Fishes. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:751876. [PMID: 34630051 PMCID: PMC8497754 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.751876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to evolve. It is thus important to investigate them to determine whether consciousness was acquired in the common ancestor of all vertebrates. Most jawless fish lineages are extinct, and cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfish) are the sole survivors. Here, I review the empirical knowledge on the neurobiology of cyclostomes with special reference to recently proposed "markers" of primary, minimal consciousness. The adult lamprey appears to meet the neuroanatomical criteria but there is a practical limitation to behavioral examination of its learning ability. In addition, the consciousness-related neuroarchitecture of larvae and its reconstruction during metamorphosis remain largely uninvestigated. Even less is known of hagfish neurobiology. The hagfish forebrain forms the central prosencephalic complex, and the homology of its components to the brain regions of other vertebrates needs to be confirmed using modern techniques. Nevertheless, as behavioral responses to olfactory stimuli in aquariums have been reported, it is easier to investigate the learning ability of the hagfish than that of the lamprey. Based on these facts, I finally discuss the potential future directions of empirical studies for examining the existence of consciousness in jawless fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lozano D, González A, López JM. Neuroanatomical Distribution of the Serotonergic System in the Brain and Retina of Holostean Fishes, The Sister Group to Teleosts. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2020; 95:25-44. [PMID: 32079020 DOI: 10.1159/000505473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among actinopterygian fishes, holosteans are the phylogenetically closest group to teleosts but they have been much less studied, particularly regarding the neurochemical features of their central nervous system. The serotonergic system is one of the most important and conserved systems of neurotransmission in all vertebrates. By means of immunohistochemistry against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), we have conducted a comprehensive and complete description of this system in the brain and retina of representative species of the 3 genera of holostean fishes, belonging to the only 2 extant orders, Amiiformes and Lepisosteiformes. Serotonin-immunoreactive cell groups were detected in the preoptic area, the hypothalamic paraventricular organ, the epiphysis, the pretectal region, the long and continuous column of the raphe, the spinal cord, and the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Specifically, the serotonergic cell groups in the preoptic area, the epiphysis, the pretectum, and the retina had never been identified in previous studies in this group of fishes. Widespread serotonergic innervation was observed in all main brain regions, but more abundantly in the subpallium, the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the so-called cerebellar nucleus, and the area postrema. The comparative analysis of these results with those in other groups of vertebrates reveals some extremely conserved features, such as the presence of serotonergic cells in the retina, the pineal organ, and the raphe column, while other characteristics, like the serotonergic populations in the preoptic area, the paraventricular organ, the pretectum, and the spinal cord are generally present in all fish groups, but have been lost in most amniotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: precursor identification and neuroanatomical relationships with other neuronal signalling systems. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:249-284. [PMID: 31807925 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that modulates processes such as digestion, satiety, and anxiety. CCK-type peptides have been characterized in jawed vertebrates and invertebrates, but little is known about CCK-type signalling in the most ancient group of vertebrates, the agnathans. Here, we have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) CCK-type precursor (PmCCK), which contains a CCK-type octapeptide sequence (PmCCK-8) that is highly similar to gnathostome CCKs. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, the distribution of PmCCK-expressing neurons was mapped in the CNS of P. marinus. This revealed PmCCK-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, prethalamus, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, midbrain tegmentum, isthmus, rhombencephalic reticular formation, and the putative nucleus of the solitary tract. Some PmCCK-expressing neuronal populations were only observed in adults, revealing important differences with larvae. We generated an antiserum to PmCCK-8 to enable immunohistochemical analysis of CCK expression, which revealed that GABA or glutamate, but not serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase or neuropeptide Y, is co-expressed in some PmCCK-8-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. Importantly, this is the first demonstration of co-localization of GABA and CCK in neurons of a non-mammalian vertebrate. We also characterized extensive cholecystokinergic fibre systems of the CNS, including innervation of habenular subnuclei. A conspicuous PmCCK-8-ir tract ascending in the lateral rhombencephalon selectively innervates a glutamatergic population in the dorsal isthmic grey. Interestingly, this tract is reminiscent of the secondary gustatory/visceral tract of teleosts. In conclusion, this study provides important new information on the evolution of the cholecystokinergic system in vertebrates.
Collapse
|
5
|
Suzuki DG, Grillner S. The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1461-1477. [PMID: 29488315 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys, which represent the oldest group of living vertebrates (cyclostomes), show unique eye development. The lamprey larva has only eyespot-like immature eyes beneath a non-transparent skin, whereas after metamorphosis, the adult has well-developed image-forming camera eyes. To establish a functional visual system, well-organised visual centres as well as motor components (e.g. trunk muscles for locomotion) and interactions between them are needed. Here we review the available knowledge concerning the structure, function and development of the different parts of the lamprey visual system. The lamprey exhibits stepwise development of the visual system during its life cycle. In prolarvae and early larvae, the 'primary' retina does not have horizontal and amacrine cells, but does have photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells. At this stage, the optic nerve projects mostly to the pretectum, where the dendrites of neurons in the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) appear to receive direct visual information and send motor outputs to the neck and trunk muscles. This simple neural circuit may generate negative phototaxis. Through the larval period, the lateral region of the retina grows again to form the 'secondary' retina and the topographic retinotectal projection of the optic nerve is formed, and at the same time, the extra-ocular muscles progressively develop. During metamorphosis, horizontal and amacrine cells differentiate for the first time, and the optic tectum expands and becomes laminated. The adult lamprey then has a sophisticated visual system for image-forming and visual decision-making. In the adult lamprey, the thalamic pathway (retina-thalamus-cortex/pallium) also transmits visual stimuli. Because the primary, simple light-detecting circuit in larval lamprey shares functional and developmental similarities with that of protochordates (amphioxus and tunicates), the visual development of the lamprey provides information regarding the evolutionary transition of the vertebrate visual system from the protochordate-type to the vertebrate-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barreiro-Iglesias A, Fernández-López B, Sobrido-Cameán D, Anadón R. Organization of alpha-transducin immunoreactive system in the brain and retina of larval and young adult Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and their relationship with other neural systems. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3683-3704. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Blanca Fernández-López
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Daniel Sobrido-Cameán
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rancic A, Filipovic N, Marin Lovric J, Mardesic S, Saraga-Babic M, Vukojevic K. Neuronal differentiation in the early human retinogenesis. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:264-272. [PMID: 28216069 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our study investigates the differentiation of retinal stem cells towards different neuronal subtypes during the critical period of human eye development. METHODS Expression of the neuronal marker neurofilament 200 (NF200), tyrosine hydroxilase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was seen by immunofluorescence in the 5th-12th - week stage of development in the human eye. Data was analysed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests. RESULTS NF200, TH and ChAT cells appeared in the 5th/6th week and gradually increased during further development. The proportion of TH positive areas were distributed similarly to NF200, with a higher proportion in the outer neuroblastic layer. The proportion of a ChAT positive surface was highest in the 5th/6th - week whilst from the 7th week onwards, its proportion became higher in the optic nerve and inner neuroblastic layers than in the outer layer, where a decrease of ChAT positive areas were seen. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a high differentiation potential of early retinal cells, which decreased with the advancement of development. The observed great variety of retinal phenotypic expressions results from a large scale of influences, taking place at different developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rancic
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipovic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Josipa Marin Lovric
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Snjezana Mardesic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernández-López B, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Senra-Martínez P, Anadón R, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Doublecortin Expression in the Retina of the Sea Lamprey. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:5. [PMID: 26858609 PMCID: PMC4731500 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of doublecortin (DCX) for the development of the nervous system, its expression in the retina of most vertebrates is still unknown. The key phylogenetic position of lampreys, together with their complex life cycle, with a long blind larval stage and an active predator adult stage, makes them an interesting model to study retinal development. Here, we studied the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of DCX in the retina of the sea lamprey. In order to characterize the DCX expressing structures, the expression of acetylated α-tubulin (a neuronal marker) and cytokeratins (glial marker) was also analyzed. Tract-tracing methods were used to label ganglion cells. DCX immunoreactivity appeared initially in photoreceptors, ganglion cells and in fibers of the prolarval retina. In larvae smaller than 100 mm, DCX expression was observed in photoreceptors, in cells located in the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers (IPLs) and in fibers coursing in the nuclear and IPLs, and in the optic nerve (ON). In retinas of premetamorphic and metamorphic larvae, DCX immunoreactivity was also observed in radially oriented cells and fibers and in a layer of cells located in the outer part of the inner neuroblastic layer (INbL) of the lateral retina. Photoreceptors and fibers ending in the outer limitans membrane (OLM) showed DCX expression in adults. Some retinal pigment epithelium cells were also DCX immunoreactive. Immunofluorescence for α-tubulin in premetamorphic larvae showed coexpression in most of the DCX immunoreactive structures. No cells/fibers were found showing DCX and cytokeratins colocalization. The perikaryon of mature ganglion cells is DCX negative. The expression of DCX in sea lamprey retinas suggests that it could play roles in the migration of cells that differentiate in the metamorphosis, in the establishment of connections of ganglion cells and in the development of photoreceptors. Our results also suggest that the radial glia and retinal pigment epithelium cells of lampreys are neurogenic. Comparison of our observations with those reported in gnathostomes reveals similarities and interesting differences probably due to the peculiar development of the sea lamprey retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Fernández-López
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Senra-Martínez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Celina Rodicio
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cornide-Petronio ME, Anadón R, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Rodicio MC. Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin receptor 1A expression in the retina of the sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Suzuki DG, Murakami Y, Escriva H, Wada H. A comparative examination of neural circuit and brain patterning between the lamprey and amphioxus reveals the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate visual center. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:251-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G. Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science; Ehime University; Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hector Escriva
- CNRS, UMR 7232; BIOM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06; Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer France
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fletcher LN, Coimbra JP, Rodger J, Potter IC, Gill HS, Dunlop SA, Collin SP. Classification of retinal ganglion cells in the southern hemisphere lampreyGeotria australis(Cyclostomata). J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:750-71. [PMID: 23897624 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Norman Fletcher
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Ian C. Potter
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Howard S. Gill
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Fernández-López B, Mazan S, Rodicio MC, Anadón R. Glutamatergic neuronal populations in the brainstem of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus: an in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:522-57. [PMID: 22791297 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrates, and glutamatergic cells probably represent a majority of neurons in the brain. Physiological studies have demonstrated a wide presence of excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons in lampreys. The present in situ hybridization study with probes for the lamprey vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) provides an anatomical basis for the general distribution and precise localization of glutamatergic neurons in the sea lamprey brainstem. Most glutamatergic neurons were found within the periventricular gray layer throughout the brainstem, with the following regions being of particular interest: the optic tectum, torus semicircularis, isthmus, dorsal and medial nuclei of the octavolateral area, dorsal column nucleus, solitary tract nucleus, motoneurons, and reticular formation. The reticular population revealed a high degree of cellular heterogeneity including small, medium-sized, large, and giant glutamatergic neurons. We also combined glutamate immunohistochemistry with neuronal tract-tracing methods or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemistry to better characterize the glutamatergic populations. Injection of Neurobiotin into the spinal cord revealed that retrogradely labeled small and medium-sized cells of some reticulospinal-projecting groups were often glutamate-immunoreactive, mostly in the hindbrain. In contrast, the large and giant glutamatergic reticulospinal perikarya mostly lacked glutamate immunoreactivity. These results indicate that glutamate immunoreactivity did not reveal the entire set of glutamatergic populations. Some spinal-projecting octaval populations lacked both VGLUT and glutamate. As regards GABA and glutamate, their distribution was largely complementary, but colocalization of glutamate and GABA was observed in some small neurons, suggesting that glutamate immunohistochemistry might also detect non-glutamatergic cells or neurons that co-release both GABA and glutamate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verona Villar-Cerviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Razy-Krajka F, Brown ER, Horie T, Callebert J, Sasakura Y, Joly JS, Kusakabe TG, Vernier P. Monoaminergic modulation of photoreception in ascidian: evidence for a proto-hypothalamo-retinal territory. BMC Biol 2012; 10:45. [PMID: 22642675 PMCID: PMC3414799 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina of craniates/vertebrates has been proposed to derive from a photoreceptor prosencephalic territory in ancestral chordates, but the evolutionary origin of the different cell types making the retina is disputed. Except for photoreceptors, the existence of homologs of retinal cells remains uncertain outside vertebrates. Methods The expression of genes expressed in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis including those encoding components of the monoaminergic neurotransmission systems, was analyzed by in situ hybridization or in vivo transfection of the corresponding regulatory elements driving fluorescent reporters. Modulation of photic responses by monoamines was studied by electrophysiology combined with pharmacological treatments. Results We show that many molecular characteristics of dopamine-synthesizing cells located in the vicinity of photoreceptors in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis are similar to those of amacrine dopamine cells of the vertebrate retina. The ascidian dopamine cells share with vertebrate amacrine cells the expression of the key-transcription factor Ptf1a, as well as that of dopamine-synthesizing enzymes. Surprisingly, the ascidian dopamine cells accumulate serotonin via a functional serotonin transporter, as some amacrine cells also do. Moreover, dopamine cells located in the vicinity of the photoreceptors modulate the light-off induced swimming behavior of ascidian larvae by acting on alpha2-like receptors, instead of dopamine receptors, supporting a role in the modulation of the photic response. These cells are located in a territory of the ascidian sensory vesicle expressing genes found both in the retina and the hypothalamus of vertebrates (six3/6, Rx, meis, pax6, visual cycle proteins). Conclusion We propose that the dopamine cells of the ascidian larva derive from an ancestral multifunctional cell population located in the periventricular, photoreceptive field of the anterior neural tube of chordates, which also gives rise to both anterior hypothalamus and the retina in craniates/vertebrates. It also shows that the existence of multiple cell types associated with photic responses predates the formation of the vertebrate retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Neurobiology and Development, UPR, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The sea lamprey tryptophan hydroxylase: new insight into the evolution of the serotonergic system of vertebrates. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:587-93. [PMID: 22527120 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that at least two tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) genes are present in gnathostome vertebrates, but it is not known when the duplication of the ancestral Tph gene took place during evolution. By their position as an out-group of gnathostomes, lampreys (agnathans) are key models to understand molecular evolution in vertebrates. Here, we report the cloning of a Tph cDNA of the sea lamprey and the pattern of Tph mRNA expression in larval and postmetamorphic (young adult) sea lampreys using in situ hybridization. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the lamprey Tph is an orthologue of Tphs of other vertebrates and suggested that the duplication of the ancestral Tph gene occurred before the separation of agnathans and gnathostomes, although alternative hypothesis are also discussed in the present study. In the sea lamprey brain, the Tph transcript was expressed in perikarya of the pineal organ, the retina, the diencephalic and rhombencephalic nuclei reported previously with serotonin immunohistochemistry and in small cells of the spinal cord, with a pattern similar to that observed with anti-serotonin antibodies. This suggests that expression of this Tph gene is shared by all lamprey serotonergic brain populations, unlike that reported in zebrafish and mammals for their different Tph genes. However, no Tph expression was observed in peripheral serotonergic cells, which, unlike in other vertebrates, are widely distributed in lampreys. Our results suggest that the selection of Tph2 to be expressed in raphe neurons may have occurred along the line leading to gnathostomes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lillesaar C. The serotonergic system in fish. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 41:294-308. [PMID: 21635948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurons using serotonin (5-HT) as neurotransmitter and/or modulator have been identified in the central nervous system in representatives from all vertebrate clades, including jawless, cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the anatomical organization of the central serotonergic system in fishes. Furthermore, selected key functions of 5-HT will be described. The main focus will be the adult brain of teleosts, in particular zebrafish, which is increasingly used as a model organism. It is used to answer not only genetic and developmental biology questions, but also issues concerning physiology, behavior and the underlying neuronal networks. The many evolutionary conserved features of zebrafish combined with the ever increasing number of genetic tools and its practical advantages promise great possibilities to increase our understanding of the serotonergic system. Further, comparative studies including several vertebrate species will provide us with interesting insights into the evolution of this important neurotransmitter system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lillesaar
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Group, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development (NED), Institute of Neurobiology Albert Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Retinotopy of visual projections to the optic tectum and pretectum in larval sea lamprey. Exp Eye Res 2011; 92:274-81. [PMID: 21295569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sea lamprey has a complex life cycle with very different larval and adult stages. The eyes of larvae are subcutaneous, lack a differentiated lens and probably work only as an ocellus-like photoreceptor organ, while the well-developed adult eyes are capable of forming images. The larval retina differs greatly from the adult retina and presents a central region with differentiated photoreceptors and a lateral, largely undifferentiated part that grows in the second half of larval life. In the present study, we examined the retinotopy of projections from larval ganglion cells to the optic tectum and pretectum in sea lamprey by using retrograde tract-tracing techniques. In most regions of the tectum, application of the tracer neurobiotin (NB) resulted in labelled ganglion cells in the lateral retina, mostly in the contralateral eye. Ganglion cells of the lateral retina showed a very simple dendritic tree, possibly because of the lack of differentiation of most retinal layers in this region. The retinotectal projection is already retinotopically organized in larvae and follows a pattern similar to that observed in adult lampreys and other vertebrates. Application of NB to the central region of the tectum also led to labelling of a few ganglion cells in the central retina, which were clearly more complex than those in the lateral region, as they had dendrites that branched both in the outer and inner plexiform layers. Application of NB to the medial pretectum led to labelling of ganglion cells in the contralateral central retina. Occasional cells were also labelled in the lateral retina. The differential organization of larval retinal projections to the pretectum and tectum suggests a different role for these projections, which is consistent with the different involvement of these centres in visual behaviour, as determined in adult lampreys. The observations in larvae also reveal very different developmental timetables for these putative functions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chalphin AV, Saha MS. The specification of glycinergic neurons and the role of glycinergic transmission in development. Front Mol Neurosci 2010; 3:11. [PMID: 20461146 PMCID: PMC2866564 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2010.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine's role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult vertebrate nervous system has been well characterized in a number of different model organisms. However, a full understanding of glycinergic transmission requires a knowledge of how glycinergic synapses emerge and the role of glycinergic signaling during development. Recent literature has provided a detailed picture of the developmental expression of many of the molecular components that comprise the glycinergic phenotype, namely the glycine transporters and the glycine receptor subunits; the transcriptional networks leading to the expression of this important neurotransmitter phenotype are also being elucidated. An equally important focus of research has revealed the critical role of glycinergic signaling in sculpting many different aspects of neural development. This review examines the current literature detailing the expression patterns of the components of the glycinergic phenotype in various vertebrate model organisms over the course of development and the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of the glycinergic phenotype. The review then surveys the recent work on the role of glycinergic signaling in the developing nervous system and concludes with an overview of areas for further research.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cell differentiation in the retina of an epibenthonic teleost, the Tench (Tinca tinca, Linneo 1758). Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:398-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
Villar-Cerviño V, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Anadón R, Rodicio MC. Development of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea lamprey: Comparison with γ-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol 2009; 512:747-67. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Late proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation in the transforming lamprey retina. Brain Res 2008; 1201:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|