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Wang L, Chaudhari K, Winters A, Sun Y, Berry R, Tang C, Yang SH, Liu R. Recurrent Transient Ischemic Attack Induces Neural Cytoskeleton Modification and Gliosis in an Experimental Model. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:740-751. [PMID: 35867329 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) presents a high risk for subsequent stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and related dementia (ADRD). However, the neuropathophysiology of TIA has been rarely studied. By evaluating recurrent TIA-induced neuropathological changes, our study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the contribution of TIA to ADRD. In the current study, we established a recurrent TIA model by three times 10-min middle cerebral artery occlusion within a week in rat. Neither permanent neurological deficit nor apoptosis was observed following recurrent TIA. No increase of AD-related biomarkers was indicated after TIA, including increase of tau hyperphosphorylation and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Neuronal cytoskeleton modification and neuroinflammation was found at 1, 3, and 7 days after recurrent TIA, evidenced by the reduction of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), elevation of neurofilament-light chain (NFL), and increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive microglia at the TIA-affected cerebral cortex and basal ganglion. Similar NFL, GFAP and Iba1 alteration was found in the white matter of corpus callosum. In summary, the current study demonstrated that recurrent TIA may trigger neuronal cytoskeleton change, astrogliosis, and microgliosis without induction of cell death at the acute and subacute stage. Our study indicates that TIA-induced neuronal cytoskeleton modification and neuroinflammation may be involved in the vascular contribution to cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshu Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Kiran Chaudhari
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Ali Winters
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Yuanhong Sun
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Raymond Berry
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Christina Tang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
| | - Ran Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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Höfling C, Roßner S, Flachmeyer B, Krueger M, Härtig W, Michalski D. Tricellulin, α-Catenin and Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 5 Exhibit Concomitantly Altered Immunosignals along with Vascular, Extracellular and Cytoskeletal Elements after Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11893. [PMID: 37569268 PMCID: PMC10418498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with initiatives to understand the pathophysiology of stroke in detail and to identify neuroprotective targets, cell-stabilizing elements have gained increasing attention. Although cell culture experiments have indicated that tricellulin, α-catenin and microfibrillar-associated protein 5 (MFAP5) contribute to cellular integrity, these elements have not yet been investigated in the ischemic brain. Applying immunofluorescence labeling, this study explored tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin in non-ischemic and ischemic brain areas of mice (24, 4 h of ischemia) and rats (4 h of ischemia), along with collagen IV and fibronectin as vascular and extracellular matrix constituents and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) as cytoskeletal elements. Immunosignals of tricellulin and notably MFAP5 partially appeared in a fiber-like pattern, and α-catenin appeared more in a dotted pattern. Regional associations with vascular and extracellular constituents were found for tricellulin and α-catenin, particularly in ischemic areas. Due to ischemia, signals of tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin decreased concomitantly with MAP2 and NF-L, whereby MFAP5 provided the most sensitive reaction. For the first time, this study demonstrated ischemia-related alterations in tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin along with the vasculature, extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. Confirmatory studies are needed, also exploring their role in cellular integrity and the potential for neuroprotective approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Bianca Flachmeyer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Prehn A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D, Krueger M, Flachmeyer B. Increasing reproducibility in preclinical stroke research: the correlation of immunofluorescence intensity measurements and Western blot analyses strongly depends on antibody clonality and tissue pre-treatment in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1183232. [PMID: 37342767 PMCID: PMC10277931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1183232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of stroke, ischemia not only impairs neuronal function, but also detrimentally affects the different components of the neurovascular unit, which are shown to be involved in the transition from reversible to long-lasting tissue damage. In this context, the glial proteins myelin basic protein (MBP) and the 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) as well as the vasculature-associated basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV have been identified as ischemia-sensitive elements. However, available data from immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses are often found to be contradictory, which renders interpretation of the respective data rather difficult. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of tissue pre-treatment and antibody clonality on immunofluorescence measurements of the mentioned proteins in a highly reproducible model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Here, immunofluorescence labeling using polyclonal antibodies revealed an increased immunofluorescence intensity of MBP, CNP, laminin and collagen IV in ischemic areas, although Western blot analyses did not reveal increased protein levels. Importantly, contrary to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal ones did not provide increased fluorescence intensities in ischemic areas. Further, we were able to demonstrate that different ways of tissue pre-treatment including paraformaldehyde fixation and antigen retrieval may not only impact on fluorescence intensity measurements in general, but rather one-sidedly affect either ischemic or unaffected tissue. Therefore, immunofluorescence intensity measurements do not necessarily correlate with the actual protein levels, especially in ischemia-affected tissue and should always be complemented by different techniques to enhance reproducibility and to hopefully overcome the translational roadblock from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prehn
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Bryniarska-Kubiak N, Kubiak A, Trojan E, Wesołowska J, Lekka M, Basta-Kaim A. Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Organotypic Hippocampal Cultures Leads to Cytoskeleton Rearrangement and Immune Activation: Link to the Potential Pathomechanism of Ischaemic Stroke. Cells 2023; 12:1465. [PMID: 37296586 PMCID: PMC10252361 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is characterized by a sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. As a result of this process, neurons in the ischaemic core are deprived of oxygen and trophic substances and are consequently destroyed. Tissue damage in brain ischaemia results from a complex pathophysiological cascade comprising various distinct pathological events. Ischaemia leads to brain damage by stimulating many processes, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, acidotoxicity, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to biophysical factors, including the organization of the cytoskeleton and the mechanical properties of cells. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to evaluate whether the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) procedure, which is a commonly accepted experimental model of ischaemia, could affect cytoskeleton organization and the paracrine immune response. The abovementioned aspects were examined ex vivo in organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHCs) subjected to the OGD procedure. We measured cell death/viability, nitric oxide (NO) release, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) levels. Next, the impact of the OGD procedure on cytoskeletal organization was evaluated using combined confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Concurrently, to find whether there is a correlation between biophysical properties and the immune response, we examined the impact of OGD on the levels of crucial ischaemia cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10) in OHCs and calculated Pearsons' and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The results of the current study demonstrated that the OGD procedure intensified cell death and nitric oxide release and led to the potentiation of HIF-1α release in OHCs. Moreover, we presented significant disturbances in the organization of the cytoskeleton (actin fibers, microtubular network) and cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), which is a neuronal marker. Simultaneously, our study provided new evidence that the OGD procedure leads to the stiffening of OHCs and a malfunction in immune homeostasis. A negative linear correlation between tissue stiffness and branched IBA1 positive cells after the OGD procedure suggests the pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia. Moreover, the negative correlation of pro- and positive anti-inflammatory factors with actin fibers density indicates an opposing effect of the immune mediators on the rearrangement of cytoskeleton induced by OGD procedure in OHCs. Our study constitutes a basis for further research and provides a rationale for integrating biomechanical and biochemical methods in studying the pathomechanism of stroke-related brain damage. Furthermore, presented data pointed out the interesting direction of proof-of-concept studies, in which follow-up may establish new targets for brain ischemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bryniarska-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kubiak
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 152 Radzikowskiego St., 31-342 Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julita Wesołowska
- Laboratory for In Vivo and In Vitro Imaging, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 152 Radzikowskiego St., 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Frigerio I, Laansma MA, Lin CP, Hermans EJM, Bouwman MMA, Bol JGJM, Galis-de Graaf Y, Hepp DH, Rozemuller AJM, Barkhof F, van de Berg WDJ, Jonkman LE. Neurofilament light chain is increased in the parahippocampal cortex and associates with pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease dementia. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 36658627 PMCID: PMC9854202 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased neurofilament levels in biofluids are commonly used as a proxy for neurodegeneration in several neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the distribution of neurofilaments in the cerebral cortex of Parkinson's disease (PD), PD with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) donors, and its association with pathology load and MRI measures of atrophy and diffusivity. METHODS Using a within-subject post-mortem MRI-pathology approach, we included 9 PD, 12 PDD/DLB and 18 age-matched control donors. Cortical thickness and mean diffusivity (MD) metrics were extracted respectively from 3DT1 and DTI at 3T in-situ MRI. After autopsy, pathological hallmarks (pSer129-αSyn, p-tau and amyloid-β load) together with neurofilament light-chain (NfL) and phosphorylated-neurofilament medium- and heavy-chain (p-NfM/H) immunoreactivity were quantified in seven cortical regions, and studied in detail with confocal-laser scanning microscopy. The correlations between MRI and pathological measures were studied using linear mixed models. RESULTS Compared to controls, p-NfM/H immunoreactivity was increased in all cortical regions in PD and PDD/DLB, whereas NfL immunoreactivity was increased in the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortex in PDD/DLB. NfL-positive neurons showed degenerative morphological features and axonal fragmentation. The increased p-NfM/H correlated with p-tau load, and NfL correlated with pSer129-αSyn but more strongly with p-tau load in PDD/DLB. Lastly, neurofilament immunoreactivity correlated with cortical thinning in PD and with increased cortical MD in PDD/DLB. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, increased neurofilament immunoreactivity suggests underlying axonal injury and neurofilament accumulation in morphologically altered neurons with increased pathological burden. Importantly, we demonstrate that such neurofilament markers at least partly explain MRI measures that are associated with the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Frigerio
- Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Max A. Laansma
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen-Pei Lin
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma J. M. Hermans
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maud M. A. Bouwman
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvon Galis-de Graaf
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar H. Hepp
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J. M. Rozemuller
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wilma D. J. van de Berg
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E. Jonkman
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shi X, Jiang X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sun X. The interconnections between the microtubules and mitochondrial networks in cardiocerebrovascular diseases: Implications for therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106452. [PMID: 36116706 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules, a highly dynamic cytoskeleton, participate in many cellular activities including mechanical support, organelles interactions, and intracellular trafficking. Microtubule organization can be regulated by modification of tubulin subunits, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) or agents modulating microtubule assembly. Increasing studies demonstrate that microtubule disorganization correlates with various cardiocerebrovascular diseases including heart failure and ischemic stroke. Microtubules also mediate intracellular transport as well as intercellular transfer of mitochondria, a power house in cells which produce ATP for various physiological activities such as cardiac mechanical function. It is known to all that both microtubules and mitochondria participate in the progression of cancer and Parkinson's disease. However, the interconnections between the microtubules and mitochondrial networks in cardiocerebrovascular diseases remain unclear. In this paper, we will focus on the roles of microtubules in cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and discuss the interplay of mitochondria and microtubules in disease development and treatment. Elucidation of these issues might provide significant diagnostic value as well as potential targets for cardiocerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xuan Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congwei Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Härtig W, Meinicke A, Michalski D, Schob S, Jäger C. Update on Perineuronal Net Staining With Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin (WFA). Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:851988. [PMID: 35431825 PMCID: PMC9011100 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.851988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As chemically specialized forms of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system, polyanionic perineuronal nets (PNs) contain diverse constituents, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), hyaluronic acid, and tenascins. They are detectable by various histological approaches such as colloidal iron binding and immunohistochemical staining to reveal, for instance, the CSPGs aggrecan, neurocan, phosphacan, and versican. Moreover, biotin, peroxidase, or fluorescein conjugates of the lectins Vicia villosa agglutinin and soybean agglutinin enable the visualization of PNs. At present, the N-acetylgalactosamine-binding Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) is the most widely applied marker for PNs. Therefore, this article is largely focused on methodological aspects of WFA staining. Notably, fluorescent WFA labeling allows, after its conversion into electron-dense adducts, electron microscopic analyses. Furthermore, the usefulness of WFA conjugates for the oftentimes neglected in vivo and in vitro labeling of PNs is emphasized. Subsequently, we discuss impaired WFA-staining sites after long-lasting experiments in vitro, especially in autoptic brain samples with long postmortem delay and partial enzymatic degradation, while immunolabeling of aggrecan and CSPG link proteins under such conditions has proven more robust. In some hippocampal regions from perfusion-fixed mice, more PNs are aggrecan immunoreactive than WFA positive, whereas the retrosplenial cortex displays many WFA-binding PNs devoid of visible aggrecan immunoreactivity. Additional multiple fluorescence labeling exemplarily revealed in ischemic tissue diminished staining of WFA-binding sites and aquaporin 4 and concomitantly upregulated immunolabeling of neurofilament, light chains, and collagen IV. Finally, we briefly discuss possible future staining approaches based on nanobodies to facilitate novel technologies revealing details of net morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Härtig,
| | - Anton Meinicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Mages B, Fuhs T, Aleithe S, Blietz A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Schob S, Krueger M, Michalski D. The Cytoskeletal Elements MAP2 and NF-L Show Substantial Alterations in Different Stroke Models While Elevated Serum Levels Highlight Especially MAP2 as a Sensitive Biomarker in Stroke Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4051-4069. [PMID: 33931805 PMCID: PMC8280005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the setting of ischemic stroke, the neurofilament subunit NF-L and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 have proven to be exceptionally ischemia-sensitive elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Since alterations of the cytoskeleton have been linked to the transition from reversible to irreversible tissue damage, the present study investigates underlying time- and region-specific alterations of NF-L and MAP2 in different animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Although NF-L is increasingly established as a clinical stroke biomarker, MAP2 serum measurements after stroke are still lacking. Therefore, the present study further compares serum levels of MAP2 with NF-L in stroke patients. In the applied animal models, MAP2-related immunofluorescence intensities were decreased in ischemic areas, whereas the abundance of NF-L degradation products accounted for an increase of NF-L-related immunofluorescence intensity. Accordingly, Western blot analyses of ischemic areas revealed decreased protein levels of both MAP2 and NF-L. The cytoskeletal alterations are further reflected at an ultrastructural level as indicated by a significant reduction of detectable neurofilaments in cortical axons of ischemia-affected areas. Moreover, atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed altered mechanical properties as indicated by a decreased elastic strength in ischemia-affected tissue. In addition to the results from the animal models, stroke patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of MAP2, which increased with infarct size, whereas serum levels of NF-L did not differ significantly. Thus, MAP2 appears to be a more sensitive stroke biomarker than NF-L, especially for early neuronal damage. This perspective is strengthened by the results from the animal models, showing MAP2-related alterations at earlier time points compared to NF-L. The profound ischemia-induced alterations further qualify both cytoskeletal elements as promising targets for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Section of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Geosciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Leyh J, Paeschke S, Mages B, Michalski D, Nowicki M, Bechmann I, Winter K. Classification of Microglial Morphological Phenotypes Using Machine Learning. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:701673. [PMID: 34267628 PMCID: PMC8276040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.701673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's immunocompetent macrophages with a unique feature that allows surveillance of the surrounding microenvironment and subsequent reactions to tissue damage, infection, or homeostatic perturbations. Thereby, microglia's striking morphological plasticity is one of their prominent characteristics and the categorization of microglial cell function based on morphology is well established. Frequently, automated classification of microglial morphological phenotypes is performed by using quantitative parameters. As this process is typically limited to a few and especially manually chosen criteria, a relevant selection bias may compromise the resulting classifications. In our study, we describe a novel microglial classification method by morphological evaluation using a convolutional neuronal network on the basis of manually selected cells in addition to classical morphological parameters. We focused on four microglial morphologies, ramified, rod-like, activated and amoeboid microglia within the murine hippocampus and cortex. The developed method for the classification was confirmed in a mouse model of ischemic stroke which is already known to result in microglial activation within affected brain regions. In conclusion, our classification of microglial morphological phenotypes using machine learning can serve as a time-saving and objective method for post-mortem characterization of microglial changes in healthy and disease mouse models, and might also represent a useful tool for human brain autopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Leyh
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Onatsu J, Vanninen R, JÄkÄlÄ P, Mustonen P, Pulkki K, Korhonen M, Hedman M, HÖglund K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Herukka SK, Taina M. Tau, S100B and NSE as Blood Biomarkers in Acute Cerebrovascular Events. In Vivo 2021; 34:2577-2586. [PMID: 32871787 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We aimed to analyze the diagnostic value of total tau (T-tau), S-100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as blood-based biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and their correlation with symptom severity, infarct size, etiology and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 102 patients with stroke and 35 with TIA were analyzed. Subacute (63.8±50.1 h) plasma T-tau was measured with the single-molecule array (Simoa) method and NSE and S100B were evaluated for comparison. We evaluated biomarkers associations with: (i) diagnosis of AIS or TIA, (ii) cerebral infarction volume in the brain computed tomography, (iii) stroke etiology, (iv) clinical stroke severity and (iv) functional outcome after three months. RESULTS T-tau was higher in patients with stroke [1.0 pg/ml (IQR=0.3-2.2)] than with TIA [0.5 pg/ml (IQR=0.2-1.0), p=0.02]. The levels of S100B were also increased in stroke [0.082 μg/l (IQR=0.049-0.157)] patients compared to TIA patients [0.045 μg/l (IQR=0.03-0.073), p<0.001]. However, when the results were adjusted for confounders, significance was lost. Serum levels of NSE among patients with AIS [11.85 μg/l (IQR=9.30-16.14)] compared to those with TIA [10.96 μg/l (IQR=7.98-15.33), p=0.30] were equal. T-tau and S100B concentrations significantly correlated with cerebral infarction volume (r=0.412, p<0.001) and (r=0.597, p<0.001), also after corrections (p<0.001). mRS scores at three-month follow-up correlated with T-tau (r=0.248, p=0.016) and S100B concentrations (r=0.205, p=0.045). CONCLUSION For the diagnosis of TIA vs. AIS, blood T-tau and S100B concentrations discriminated only modestly. Additionally, groups were not separable after measuring of T-tau and S100B levels in the blood. T-tau and S100B concentrations correlated with the infarct size, but were not alone predictive for functional outcome at 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Onatsu
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland .,Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka JÄkÄlÄ
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirjo Mustonen
- Department of Cardiology, Keski-Suomi Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Pulkki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Korhonen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hedman
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kina HÖglund
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, U.K.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, U.K
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Taina
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Prediction of Outcome After Endovascular Embolectomy in Anterior Circulation Stroke Using Biomarkers. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:65-76. [PMID: 33723754 PMCID: PMC8766380 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major public health problem that can cause a long-term disability or death due to brain damage. Serious stroke is frequently caused by a large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation, which should be treated by endovascular embolectomy if possible. In this study, we investigated the use of the brain damage biomarkers tau, NFL, NSE, GFAp, and S100B to understand the progression of nervous tissue damage and their relationship to outcome in such stroke after endovascular treatment. Blood samples were taken from 90 patients pre-treatment and 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 3 months after endovascular treatment. Stroke-related neurological deficit was estimated using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission and at 24 h. Neurological outcome was evaluated at 3 months. After stroke, tau, NFL, GFAp and S100B increased in a time dependent manner, while NSE remained constant over time. At 3 months, tau and GFAp levels were back to normal whereas NFL was still high. Tau, NFL and GFAp correlated well to outcome, as well as to infarct volume and NIHSS at 24 h. The best time for prediction of poor outcome was different for each biomarker. However, the combination of NIHSS at 24 h with either tau, NFL or GFAp at 48 h gave the best prediction. The use of biomarkers in the early setting after endovascular treatment of stroke will lead to a simplified and standardized way to estimate the nervous tissue damage and possibly complement the clinical judgement in foreseeing the need of rehabilitation measures.
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12
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Resveratrol Prevents GLUT3 Up-Regulation Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090651. [PMID: 32962200 PMCID: PMC7563146 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter (GLUT)3 up-regulation is an adaptive response activated to prevent cellular damage when brain metabolic energy is reduced. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory features that protects neurons against damage induced in cerebral ischemia. Since transcription factors sensitive to oxidative stress and inflammation modulate GLUT3 expression, the purpose of this work was to assess the effect of resveratrol on GLUT3 expression levels after ischemia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by different times of reperfusion. Resveratrol (1.9 mg/kg; i. p.) was administered at the onset of the restoration of the blood flow. Quantitative-PCR and Western blot showed that MCAO provoked a substantial increase in GLUT3 expression in the ipsilateral side to the lesion of the cerebral cortex. Immunofluorescence assays indicated that GLUT3 levels were upregulated in astrocytes. Additionally, an important increase in GLUT3 occurred in other cellular types (e.g., damaged neurons, microglia, or infiltrated macrophages). Immunodetection of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) showed that MCAO induced severe damage to the neuronal population. However, the administration of resveratrol at the time of reperfusion resulted in injury reduction. Resveratrol also prevented the MCAO-induced increase of GLUT3 expression. In conclusion, resveratrol protects neurons from damage induced by ischemia and prevents GLUT3 upregulation in the damaged brain that might depend on AMPK activation.
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13
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Cofilin Inhibition by Limk1 Reduces Rod Formation and Cell Apoptosis after Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2020; 444:64-75. [PMID: 32697981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin, a cytoskeletal actin severing protein, is essential for the initiation phase of apoptosis. The formation of cofilin rods (containing 1:1 cofilin:actin) has been studied in cultured mammalian neurons under conditions of excessive glutamate, ATP depletion (ATP-D) or oxidative stress. These conditions simulate the pathologies occurring during ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of cofilin during ischemic-stroke induced apoptosis. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was performed to establish an experimental model of ischemic stroke. We used 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) and immunostaining of the neuronal marker neuronal nuclei (NeuN) to evaluate the evolving phases of infarction in rats subjected tMCAO. Immunostaining and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis staining were collaboratively used to examine cofilin rod formation and cell apoptosis in response to ischemia at different time points (2 h, 8 h, 24 h and 7 d). Our results showed that infarct volume increased initially, between the first 2 h to 24 h and became stabilized 24 h to 7 d after tMCAO. The formation of cofilin rods significantly increased in the cortical core (from 2 h) and penumbra (from 8 h), peaking at 24 h and gradually diminishing 7 d after tMCAO. Progressive accumulation of cofilin rods subsequently induced microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) degradation and ischemic cell apoptosis in the infarct cortex after stroke. To further corroborate the role of activated cofilin in ischemic stroke, inhibition of cofilin by LIM kinase (Limk1) over-expression was performed. Lmik1 reduced cofilin rod formation and MAP2 degradation, and consequently, attenuated cofilin mediated-apoptosis 24 h after tMCAO. From this evidence we conclude that cofilin plays a role in the onset of ischemic-induced apoptosis and may be efficacious in future studies as a drug target for ischemic stroke.
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14
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Elevated serum neurofilament light chain in children autism spectrum disorder: A case control study. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:87-92. [PMID: 32592719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to investigate whether they are related to the severity of disease. METHODS The cohorts consisted of 166 children aged 3-8 (83 children diagnosed with ASD and 83 children with typically-developing). sNfL were analyzed using Single Molecule Array (Simoa) technology. ASD symptom severity was assessed according to the Chinese version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score. RESULTS The mean age of those included ASD was 5.1 years (standard deviations [S.D.]: 1.7) and 78.3 % were boys. The mean (SD) sNfL concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in ASD than in TP children (10.2[5.0] pg/mL and 7.1[3.2]pg/mL). For each 1 pg/mL increase of sNfL, the risk of ASD would increase by 19 % (with the OR unadjusted of 1.19 [95 % CI 1.10-1.29], P < 0.001) and 11 % (with the OR adjusted of 1.11 [1.03-1.23], P < 0.001), respectively. sNfL concentrations in children with severe ASD were higher than in those children with mild-to-moderate ASD (12.4[5.1] pg/mL vs. 8.3[4.2]pg/mL; P < 0.001). Among ASD cases, each 1 pg/mL increase of sNfL is associated with 20 % higher unadjusted or 11 % higher adjusted odds, respectively, of severe (vs. mild-to-moderate) ASD. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that sNfL was elevated in ASD and related to symptom severity, suggesting that sNfL may play a role in ASD progression.
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15
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Nielsen HH, Soares CB, Høgedal SS, Madsen JS, Hansen RB, Christensen AA, Madsen C, Clausen BH, Frich LH, Degn M, Sibbersen C, Lambertsen KL. Acute Neurofilament Light Chain Plasma Levels Correlate With Stroke Severity and Clinical Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2020; 11:448. [PMID: 32595585 PMCID: PMC7300211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic stroke causes increased blood–brain barrier permeability and release of markers of axonal damage and inflammation. To investigate diagnostic and prognostic roles of neurofilament light chain (NF-L), we assessed levels of NF-L, S100B, interleukin-6 (IL-6), E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and healthy controls. Methods: We studied neurofilament (NF) expression in 2 cases of human postmortem ischemic stroke, representing infarcts aged 3- to >7-days. In a prospective study, we measured plasma NF-L and inflammatory markers <8 h of symptom onset and at 72 h in acute ischemic stroke (n = 31), TIA (n = 9), and healthy controls (n = 29). We assessed whether NF-L, S100B, and IL-6 were associated with clinical severity on admission (Scandinavian Stroke Scale, SSS), diagnosis of ischemic stroke vs. TIA, and functional outcome at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale, mRS). Results: NF expression increased in ischemic neurons and in the infarcted brain parenchyma after stroke. Plasma NF-L levels were higher in stroke patients than in TIA patients and healthy controls, but IL-6 levels were similar. Higher acute NF-L levels were associated with lower SSS scores at admission and higher mRS scores at 3 months. No correlation was observed between NF-L and S100B, NF-L and IL-6, nor between S100B or IL-6 and SSS or mRS. Compared to controls, stroke patients had significantly higher VEGF-A and VCAM-1 at <8 h that remained elevated at 72 h, with significantly higher VEGF-A at <8 h; ICAM-1 was significantly increased at <8 h, while S100B and E-selectin were unchanged. Conclusions: Plasma NF-L levels, but not IL-6 and S100B, were significant predictors of clinical severity on admission and functional outcome at 3 months. Plasma NF-L is a promising biomarker of functional outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle H Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Catarina B Soares
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie S Høgedal
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna S Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rikke B Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Madsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Henrik Frich
- The Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Sibbersen
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark.,Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Pérez-Corredor PA, Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Ciro-Ramírez L, Balcazar N, Cardona-Gómez GP. High fructose diet-induced obesity worsens post-ischemic brain injury in the hippocampus of female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:122-136. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1724453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Pérez-Corredor
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - J. A. Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - L. Ciro-Ramírez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Norman Balcazar
- Molecular Genetics Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - G. P. Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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17
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Wang P, Fan J, Yuan L, Nan Y, Nan S. Serum Neurofilament Light Predicts Severity and Prognosis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:987-995. [PMID: 31898161 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum neurofilaments are markers of axonal injury. We investigated whether serum neurofilament light (sNfL) is a potential prognostic marker of functional outcome in Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). From May 2015 to December 2018, consecutive patients with AIS from the Department of Neurology of the Second Hospital of Jilin University were included. sNfL concentration was tested at baseline, and stroke severity was analyzed at admission using the NIHSS score. Functional outcome was assessed at discharge by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). The sNfL concentration was tested in 343 patients with a median value of 17.8 (IQR, 13.4-25.2) pg/ml. sNfL concentration paralleled lesion size (P = 0.035). At admission, 174 patients were defined as moderate-to-high stroke (NIHSS ≥ 5); the sNfL concentration in those patients were higher than that observed in patients with minor clinical severity [21.2 (IQR, 15.1-31.7) vs. 14.9 (11.8-19.4) pg/ml, P < 0.001]. For each 1 quartile increase of sNfL concentration, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of moderate-to-high stroke increased by 202% (with the OR of 3.04 (95% CI 2.15-4.32), P < 0.001) and 102% [2.02 (1.10-3.16), P = 0.001), respectively. At discharge, 85 patients (24.8%) had poor functional outcome (mRS, 3-6); the sNfL concentration in those patients were higher than that observed in patients with good outcome [24.1 (IQR, 18.8-33.9) vs. 15.7 (11.9-21.8) pg/ml, P < 0.001]. For each 1 quartile increase of sNfL concentration, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of poor outcome increased by 236% [with the OR of 3.36 (95% CI 2.23-5.06), P < 0.001] and 102% [2.29 (1.37-3.82), P < 0.001], respectively. The results show sNfL is meaningful blood biomarker to monitor stroke severity and functional outcome in ischemic stroke, suggesting that sNfL may play a role in stroke progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Pharmacy College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Nan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanji Nan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Nakano F, Liu L, Kawakita F, Kanamaru H, Nakatsuka Y, Nishikawa H, Okada T, Shiba M, Suzuki H. Morphological Characteristics of Neuronal Death After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice Using Double Immunoenzymatic Technique. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:919-930. [PMID: 31526082 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419878181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease. Neuronal death is an important pathophysiology in the acute phase of SAH, but the histopathological features of dying neurons have been poorly studied. Using several staining methods including terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) double immunolabeling, we investigated the morphological changes of nucleus and cytoskeleton in neurons and sought susceptible areas to neuronal death in filament perforation SAH mice under light microscope. TUNEL and MAP-2 double immunolabeling clearly showed morphological features of shrunken cytoplasm and sometimes curl-like fibers in dying neurons, besides nuclear abnormalities. More dying neurons were detected in the moderate SAH group than in the mild SAH group, and the temporal base cortex was the most susceptible area to neuronal death with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage among the cerebral cortices and hippocampus at 24 hr after SAH (p<0.01, ANOVA). Lesser hippocampal neuronal death was observed at 24 hr, but neuronal death was significantly increased in the CA1 region at 7 days after SAH (p<0.05, unpaired t-test). Using TUNEL and MAP-2 double immunolabeling, morphological features of not only the nucleus but also the cytoplasm in post-SAH neuronal death with DNA damage can be observed in detail under light microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawakita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanamaru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Nakatsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masato Shiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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19
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Xiong TQ, Guo CY, Tan BH, Gui Y, Li YC. The temporal and spatial changes of microtubule cytoskeleton in the CA1 stratum radiatum following global transient ischemia. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 101:101682. [PMID: 31494221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The down-regulation of microtubule proteins has been widely documented in the ischemic brain, but the temporal or spatial alteration of microtubules has not been systematically investigated in the vulnerable areas after ischemia. By examining the stability and distribution of microtubules following transient global ischemia, we found that the biomarkers of stable microtubules, MAP2 and acetylated α-tubulin, became significantly down-regulated in the CA1 stratum radiatum of rat hippocampus and that the neuron-specific microtubule protein, class III β-tubulin, was progressively decreased in the same region. Surprisingly, pan-β-tubulin, which is expressed at a low level in glial cells under physiological conditions, was significantly increased in reactive astrocytes after ischemia. The finding was supported by protein quantification and confocal microscopy analysis, and consistent with the different vulnerabilities of neuronal and glial cells to the ischemic insult. To our knowledge, the different responses of microtubules between neuronal and glial cells have not been described in the ischemic brain before. The deconstruction of microtubules in the neurons is expected to contribute to the selective and delayed neuronal death in the vulnerable brain regions, while the increased microtubules in the reactive astrocytes may play an important role in the shape conversion of astrocytes induced by ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yue Gui
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China; Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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20
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Mages B, Aleithe S, Blietz A, Krueger M, Härtig W, Michalski D. Simultaneous alterations of oligodendrocyte-specific CNP, astrocyte-specific AQP4 and neuronal NF-L demarcate ischemic tissue after experimental stroke in mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134405. [PMID: 31374325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke not only affects neurons, but also glial and vascular elements. The development of novel neuroprotective strategies thus requires an improved pathophysiological understanding of ischemia-affected cell types that comprise the 'neurovascular unit' (NVU). To explore spatiotemporal alterations of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons after experimental ischemic stroke, we applied a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice for 4 and 24 h. Using fluorescence microscopy, the oligodendrocyte marker 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP), the neuronal neurofilament light chain (NF-L) and the astroglial aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were analyzed in regional relation to one another. Immunofluorescence intensities of CNP and NF-L were simultaneously increased in the ischemic neocortex and striatum. AQP4 immunoreactivity was decreased in the ischemic striatum, which represents the initial and potentially strongest affected site of infarction. The more distant ischemic neocortex and infarct border zones exhibited areas with alternately increased or decreased AQP4 immunoreactivity, leading to an increase of fluorescence intensity in total. Further, deformed CNP-immunopositive processes were found around axonal spheroids, indicating a combined affection of oligodendrocytes and neurons due to ischemia. Importantly, altered AQP4 immunosignals were not limited to the ischemic core, but were also detectable in penumbral areas. This applies for CNP and NF-L also, since altered immunosignals of all three markers coincided regionally at both time points. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for a simultaneous affection of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Consequently, CNP, AQP4 and NF-L immunofluorescence alterations can be utilized to identify ischemia-affected tissue. The simultaneity of the described alterations further strengthens the concept of interdependent NVU components and distinguishes NF-L, CNP and AQP4 as highly ischemia-sensitive elements. Consequently, future therapeutic approaches might influence stroke evolution via strategies simultaneously addressing both neuronal and glial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Aleithe S, Blietz A, Mages B, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D. Transcriptional Response and Morphological Features of the Neurovascular Unit and Associated Extracellular Matrix After Experimental Stroke in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7631-7650. [PMID: 31089963 PMCID: PMC6815284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental stroke studies yielded insights into single reactions of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the extent of simultaneous processes caused by ischemia and their underlying transcriptional changes are still poorly understood. Strictly following the NVU and ECM concept, this study explored transcriptional responses of cellular and non-cellular components as well as their morphological characteristics following ischemia. Mice were subjected to 4 or 24 h of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the neocortex and the striatum, cytoskeletal and glial elements as well as blood-brain barrier and ECM components were analyzed using real-time PCR. Western blot analyses allowed characterization of protein levels and multiple immunofluorescence labeling enabled morphological assessment. Out of 37 genes analyzed, the majority exhibited decreased mRNA levels in ischemic areas, while changes occurred as early as 4 h after ischemia. Down-regulated mRNA levels were predominantly localized in the neocortex, such as the structural elements α-catenin 2, N-cadherin, β-catenin 1, and βIII-tubulin, consistently decreasing 4 and 24 h after ischemia. However, a few genes, e.g., claudin-5 and Pcam1, exhibited increased mRNA levels after ischemia. For several components such as βIII-tubulin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin 1, matching transcriptional and immunofluorescence signals were obtained, whereas a few markers including neurofilaments exhibited opposite directions. In conclusion, the variety in gene regulation emphasizes the complexity of interactions within the ischemia-affected NVU and ECM. These data might help to focus future research on a set of highly sensitive elements, which might prospectively facilitate neuroprotective strategies beyond the traditional single target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Hobusch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Schöniger S, Schütze E, Michalski D, Puchta J, Kaiser M, Härtig W. Neuropathological findings suggestive for a stroke in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:1. [PMID: 30602394 PMCID: PMC6317207 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This case report describes a focal brain lesion in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Although this is a restricted study based on a single animal, neuropathological features are reported that are most likely attributed to a vascular event with either ischemic or hemorrhagic pathology. Concerning translational issues, these findings extend neurovascular unit concept to the alpacas' brain and qualify a larger panel of stroke tissue markers for further exploration of ischemic or hemorrhagic consequences beyond the usually used small animal models in stroke research. CASE PRESENTATION A brain lesion indicative of a stroke was diagnosed in a 3-year-old female alpaca as an incidental finding during a post mortem examination. The rostral portion of the right frontal lobe contained a 1.0 × 1.5 × 1.7 cm lesion that extended immediately to the overlying leptomeninges. Microscopically, it was composed of liquefactive necrosis with cholesterol crystal deposition and associated granulomatous inflammation as well as vascularized fibrous connective tissue rimmed by proliferated astrocytes. Multiple fluorescence labeling of the affected brain regions revealed strong microgliosis as shown by immunostaining of the ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 and astrogliosis as demonstrated by enhanced immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In parallel, a drastic neuronal loss was detected by considerably diminished immunolabeling of neuronal nuclei. Concomitantly, up-regulated immunoreactivities for collagen IV and neurofilament light chains were found in the affected tissues, indicating vascular and cytoskeletal reactions. CONCLUSIONS Driven by these neuropathological features, the incidental brain lesion found in this alpaca strongly suggests an ischemic or hemorrhagic etiology. However, since typical hallmarks became verifiable as previously described for other species affected by focal cerebral ischemia, the lesion is more likely related to an ischemic event. Nevertheless, as such cellular alterations might be difficult to distinguish from other brain lesions as for instance caused by inflammatory processes, adjuvant observations and species-related features need to be considered for etiological interpretations. Indeed, the lack of neurological deficits is likely attributed to the location of the lesion within the rostral aspect of the right frontal lobe of the alpacas' brain. Further, fibroblast migration from the meninges likely caused the intralesional scar formation.
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Mages B, Aleithe S, Altmann S, Blietz A, Nitzsche B, Barthel H, Horn AKE, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Krueger M, Michalski D. Impaired Neurofilament Integrity and Neuronal Morphology in Different Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Human Stroke Tissue. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:161. [PMID: 29967576 PMCID: PMC6015914 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the neuronal cytoskeleton, neurofilaments are involved in maintaining cellular integrity. In the setting of ischemic stroke, the affection of the neurofilament network is considered to mediate the transition towards long-lasting tissue damage. Although peripheral levels of distinct neurofilament subunits are shown to correlate with the clinically observed severity of cerebral ischemia, neurofilaments have so far not been considered for neuroprotective approaches. Therefore, the present study systematically addresses ischemia-induced alterations of the neurofilament light (NF-L), medium (NF-M), and heavy (NF-H) subunits as well as of α-internexin (INA). For this purpose, we applied a multi-parametric approach including immunofluorescence labeling, western blotting, qRT-PCR and electron microscopy. Analyses comprised ischemia-affected tissue from three stroke models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), including approaches of filament-based MCAO in mice, thromboembolic MCAO in rats, and electrosurgical MCAO in sheep, as well as human autoptic stroke tissue. As indicated by altered immunosignals, impairment of neurofilament subunits was consistently observed throughout the applied stroke models and in human tissue. Thereby, altered NF-L immunoreactivity was also found to reach penumbral areas, while protein analysis revealed consistent reductions for NF-L and INA in the ischemia-affected neocortex in mice. At the mRNA level, the ischemic neocortex and striatum exhibited reduced expressions of NF-L- and NF-H-associated genes, whereas an upregulation for Ina appeared in the striatum. Further, multiple fluorescence labeling of neurofilament proteins revealed spheroid and bead-like structural alterations in human and rodent tissue, correlating with a cellular edema and lost cytoskeletal order at the ultrastructural level. Thus, the consistent ischemia-induced affection of neurofilament subunits in animals and human tissue, as well as the involvement of potentially salvageable tissue qualify neurofilaments as promising targets for neuroprotective strategies. During ischemia formation, such approaches may focus on the maintenance of neurofilament integrity, and appear applicable as co-treatment to modern recanalizing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Altmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja K E Horn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Jin XF, Wang S, Shen M, Wen X, Han XR, Wu JC, Tang GZ, Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL. RETRACTED: Effects of rehabilitation training on apoptosis of nerve cells and the recovery of neural and motor functions in rats with ischemic stroke through the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:236-245. [PMID: 28843352 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and Academic Committee of Jiangsu Normal University (ACJSNU). ACJSNU informed the journal that they were aware of PubPeer comments of data fabrication and manipulation in Fig 4A, Fig 5A, Fig 7A + C as detailed here [https://pubpeer.com/publications/D732FA0F313382B58DD725C25A8AB9#3]. ACJSNU launched an investigation and invited two independent referees to review the issues raised on PubPeer and they agreed the paper displays signs of scientific fraud. An investigation made by Tangshan People's Hospital, concluded there are no researchers called Jun-Chang Wu and Gao-Zhou Tang in the hospital. ACJSNU requested that the corresponding authors of the paper provide the original experimental records and data for verification. However, the authors have been unable to address the above concerns, and have stated that the data were obtained from a third party which was not disclosed in the article. The National Natural Science Foundation of China has also investigated this paper and others by the corresponding authors [https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab442/info85495.htm]. The Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the data presented and the conclusions of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Jin
- Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xin-Rui Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Jun-Chang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Gao-Zhuo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China.
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Nerlich J, Rübsamen R, Milenkovic I. Developmental Shift of Inhibitory Transmitter Content at a Central Auditory Synapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:211. [PMID: 28769768 PMCID: PMC5516124 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition in the CNS is mostly mediated by GABA or glycine. Generally, the use of the two transmitters is spatially segregated, but there are central synapses employing both, which allows for spatial and temporal variability of inhibitory mechanisms. Spherical bushy cells (SBCs) in the mammalian cochlear nucleus receive primary excitatory inputs through auditory nerve fibers arising from the organ of Corti and non-primary inhibition mediated by a dual glycine-GABA transmission. Slow kinetics IPSCs enable activity dependent tonic-like conductance build up, functioning as a gain control by filtering out small or temporally imprecise EPSPs. However, it remained elusive whether GABA and glycine are released as content of the same vesicle or from distinct presynaptic terminals. The developmental profile of quantal release was investigated with whole cell recordings of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) from P1–P25 SBCs of Mongolian gerbils. GABA is the initial transmitter eliciting slow-rising and -decaying events of relatively small amplitudes, occurring only during early postnatal life. Around and after hearing onset, the inhibitory quanta are predominantly containing glycine that—with maturity—triggers progressively larger and longer mIPSC. In addition, GABA corelease with glycine evokes mIPSCs of particularly large amplitudes consistently occurring across all ages, but with low probability. Together, these results suggest that GABA, as the primary transmitter released from immature inhibitory terminals, initially plays a developmental role. In maturity, GABA is contained in synaptic vesicles only in addition to glycine to increase the inhibitory potency, thereby fulfilling solely a modulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Nerlich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rübsamen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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Chen B, Wang G, Li W, Liu W, Lin R, Tao J, Jiang M, Chen L, Wang Y. Memantine attenuates cell apoptosis by suppressing the calpain-caspase-3 pathway in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. Exp Cell Res 2017; 351:163-172. [PMID: 28069373 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the second leading cause of death worldwide, leads to excessive glutamate release, over-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and massive influx of calcium (Ca2+), which may activate calpain and caspase-3, resulting in cellular damage and death. Memantine is an uncompetitive NMDAR antagonist with low-affinity/fast off-rate. We investigated the potential mechanisms through which memantine protects against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo. Middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO) was performed to establish an experimental model of ischemic stroke. The neuroprotective effects of memantine on ischemic rats were evaluated by neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes. The activities of calpain and caspase-3, and expression levels of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95) were determined by Western blotting. Additionally, Nissl staining and immunostaining were performed to examine brain damage, cell apoptosis, and neuronal loss induced by ischemia. Our results show that memantine could significantly prevent ischemic stroke-induced neurological deficits and brain infarct, and reduce ATP depletion-induced neuronal death. Moreover, memantine markedly suppressed the activation of the calpain-caspase-3 pathway and cell apoptosis, and consequently, attenuated brain damage and neuronal loss in MCAO rats. These results provide a molecular basis for the role of memantine in reducing neuronal apoptosis and preventing neuronal damage, suggesting that memantine may be a promising therapy for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center (2011 Project), Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center (2011 Project), Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center (2011 Project), Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center (2011 Project), Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center (2011 Project), Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Academy of Integrative Medicine Biomedical Research Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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