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Schürfeld R, Sandner B, Hoffmann A, Klöting N, Baratashvili E, Nowicki M, Paeschke S, Kosacka J, Kralisch S, Bachmann A, Frille A, Dietel A, Stolzenburg JU, Blüher M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Isermann B, Stumvoll M, Tönjes A, Ebert T. Renal function is a major predictor of circulating acyl-CoA-binding protein/diazepam-binding inhibitor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1152444. [PMID: 37288304 PMCID: PMC10242139 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1152444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam-binding inhibitor has lately been described as an endocrine factor affecting food intake and lipid metabolism. ACBP is dysregulated in catabolic/malnutrition states like sepsis or systemic inflammation. However, regulation of ACBP has not been investigated in conditions with impaired kidney function, so far. Design/methods Serum ACBP concentrations were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay i) in a cohort of 60 individuals with kidney failure (KF) on chronic haemodialysis and compared to 60 individuals with a preserved kidney function; and ii) in a human model of acute kidney dysfunction (AKD). In addition, mACBP mRNA expression was assessed in two CKD mouse models and in two distinct groups of non-CKD mice. Further, mRNA expression of mACBP was measured in vitro in isolated, differentiated mouse adipocytes - brown and white - after exposure to the uremic agent indoxyl sulfate. Results Median [interquartile range] serum ACBP was almost 20-fold increased in KF (514.0 [339.3] µg/l) compared to subjects without KF (26.1 [39.1] µg/l) (p<0.001). eGFR was the most important, inverse predictor of circulating ACBP in multivariate analysis (standardized β=-0.839; p<0.001). Furthermore, AKD increased ACBP concentrations almost 3-fold (p<0.001). Increased ACBP levels were not caused by augmented mACBP mRNA expression in different tissues of CKD mice in vivo or in indoxyl sulfate-treated adipocytes in vitro. Conclusions Circulating ACBP inversely associates with renal function, most likely through renal retention of the cytokine. Future studies need to investigate ACBP physiology in malnutrition-related disease states, such as CKD, and to adjust for markers of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schürfeld
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sandner
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ekaterine Baratashvili
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive-Care Medicine, Klinikum St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Bachmann
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Dietel
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Paeschke S, Winter K, Bechmann I, Klöting N, Blüher M, Baum P, Kosacka J, Nowicki M. Leptin Receptor-Deficient db/db Mice Show Significant Heterogeneity in Response to High Non-heme Iron Diet. Front Nutr 2021; 8:741249. [PMID: 34646852 PMCID: PMC8503537 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.741249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an association between iron homeostasis, obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigated the differences in the metabolic status and inflammation in liver, pancreas and visceral adipose tissue of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice dependent on high iron concentration diet. 3-month-old male BKS-Leprdb/db/JOrlRj (db/db) mice were divided into two groups, which were fed with different diets containing high iron (29 g/kg, n = 57) or standard iron (0.178 g/kg; n = 42) concentrations for 4 months. As anticipated, standard iron-fed db/db mice developed obesity and diabetes. However, high iron-fed mice exhibited a wide heterogeneity. By dividing into two subgroups at the diabetes level, non-diabetic subgroup 1 (<13.5 mmol/l, n = 30) significantly differed from diabetic subgroup two (>13.5 mmol/l, n = 27). Blood glucose concentration, HbA1c value, inflammation markers interleukin six and tumor necrosis factor α and heme oxygenase one in visceral adipose tissue were reduced in subgroup one compared to subgroup two. In contrast, body weight, C-peptide, serum insulin and serum iron concentrations, pancreatic islet and signal ratio as well as cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were enhanced in subgroup one. While these significant differences require further studies and explanation, our results might also explain the often-contradictory results of the metabolic studies with db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Applied Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Leyh J, Paeschke S, Mages B, Michalski D, Nowicki M, Bechmann I, Winter K. Classification of Microglial Morphological Phenotypes Using Machine Learning. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:701673. [PMID: 34267628 PMCID: PMC8276040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.701673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's immunocompetent macrophages with a unique feature that allows surveillance of the surrounding microenvironment and subsequent reactions to tissue damage, infection, or homeostatic perturbations. Thereby, microglia's striking morphological plasticity is one of their prominent characteristics and the categorization of microglial cell function based on morphology is well established. Frequently, automated classification of microglial morphological phenotypes is performed by using quantitative parameters. As this process is typically limited to a few and especially manually chosen criteria, a relevant selection bias may compromise the resulting classifications. In our study, we describe a novel microglial classification method by morphological evaluation using a convolutional neuronal network on the basis of manually selected cells in addition to classical morphological parameters. We focused on four microglial morphologies, ramified, rod-like, activated and amoeboid microglia within the murine hippocampus and cortex. The developed method for the classification was confirmed in a mouse model of ischemic stroke which is already known to result in microglial activation within affected brain regions. In conclusion, our classification of microglial morphological phenotypes using machine learning can serve as a time-saving and objective method for post-mortem characterization of microglial changes in healthy and disease mouse models, and might also represent a useful tool for human brain autopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Leyh
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Baum P, Koj S, Klöting N, Blüher M, Classen J, Paeschke S, Gericke M, Toyka KV, Nowicki M, Kosacka J. Treatment-Induced Neuropathy in Diabetes (TIND)-Developing a Disease Model in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041571. [PMID: 33557206 PMCID: PMC7913916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes (TIND) is defined by the occurrence of an acute neuropathy within 8 weeks of an abrupt decrease in glycated hemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c). The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still incompletely understood with only one mouse model being explored to date. The aim of this study was to further explore the hypothesis that an abrupt insulin-induced fall in HbA1c may be the prime causal factor of developing TIND. BB/OKL (bio breeding/OKL, Ottawa Karlsburg Leipzig) diabetic rats were randomized in three groups, receiving insulin treatment by implanted subcutaneous osmotic insulin pumps for 3 months, as follows: Group one received 2 units per day; group two 1 unit per day: and group three 1 unit per day in the first month, followed by 2 units per day in the last two months. We serially examined blood glucose and HbA1c levels, motor- and sensory/mixed afferent conduction velocities (mNCV and csNCV) and peripheral nerve morphology, including intraepidermal nerve fiber density and numbers of Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) positive macrophages in the sciatic nerve. Only in BB/OKL rats of group three, with a rapid decrease in HbA1c of more than 2%, did we find a significant decrease in mNCV in sciatic nerves (81% of initial values) after three months of treatment as compared to those group three rats with a less marked decrease in HbA1c <2% (mNCV 106% of initial values, p ≤ 0.01). A similar trend was observed for sensory/mixed afferent nerve conduction velocities: csNCV were reduced in BB/OKL rats with a rapid decrease in HbA1c >2% (csNCV 90% of initial values), compared to those rats with a mild decrease <2% (csNCV 112% of initial values, p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, BB/OKL rats of group three with a decrease in HbA1c >2% showed significantly greater infiltration of macrophages by about 50% (p ≤ 0.01) and a decreased amount of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) positive nerve fibers as compared to the animals with a milder decrease in HbA1c. We conclude that a mild acute neuropathy with inflammatory components was induced in BB/OKL rats as a consequence of an abrupt decrease in HbA1c caused by high-dose insulin treatment. This experimentally induced neuropathy shares some features with TIND in humans and may be further explored in studies into the pathogenesis and treatment of TIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.B.); (S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Severin Koj
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.B.); (S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.K.); (M.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.K.); (M.B.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.B.); (S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Große Steinstraße 52, D-06108 Halle, Germany;
| | - Klaus V. Toyka
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.K.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Große Steinstraße 52, D-06108 Halle, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9713405
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5
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Tönjes A, Hoffmann A, Kralisch S, Qureshi AR, Klöting N, Scholz M, Schleinitz D, Bachmann A, Kratzsch J, Nowicki M, Paeschke S, Wirkner K, Enzenbach C, Baber R, Beige J, Anders M, Bast I, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Löffler M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Stenvinkel P, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M, Ebert T. Pro-neurotensin depends on renal function and is related to all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:233-244. [PMID: 32508317 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high risk of premature cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and show increased mortality. Pro-neurotensin (Pro-NT) was associated with metabolic diseases and predicted incident CVD and mortality. However, Pro-NT regulation in CKD and its potential role linking CKD and mortality have not been investigated, so far. METHODS In a central lab, circulating Pro-NT was quantified in three independent cohorts comprising 4715 participants (cohort 1: patients with CKD; cohort 2: general population study; and cohort 3: non-diabetic population study). Urinary Pro-NT was assessed in part of the patients from cohort 1. In a 4th independent cohort, serum Pro-NT was further related to mortality in patients with advanced CKD. Tissue-specific Nts expression was further investigated in two mouse models of diabetic CKD and compared to non-diabetic control mice. RESULTS Pro-NT significantly increased with deteriorating renal function (P < 0.001). In meta-analysis of cohorts 1-3, Pro-NT was significantly and independently associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P ≤ 0.002). Patients in the middle/high Pro-NT tertiles at baseline had a higher all-cause mortality compared to the low Pro-NT tertile (Hazard ratio: 2.11, P = 0.046). Mice with severe diabetic CKD did not show increased Nts mRNA expression in different tissues compared to control animals. CONCLUSIONS Circulating Pro-NT is associated with impaired renal function in independent cohorts comprising 4715 subjects and is related to all-cause mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Our human and rodent data are in accordance with the hypotheses that Pro-NT is eliminated by the kidneys and could potentially contribute to increased mortality observed in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abdul Rashid Qureshi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Klöting
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Bachmann
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- nstitute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- nstitute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Enzenbach
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Beige
- Division of Nephrology and KfH Renal Unit, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Ingolf Bast
- Outpatient Nephrology Care Unit, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C3121 MCN, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C3121 MCN, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Baum P, Paeschke S, Klöting N, Blüher M, Kern M, Serke H, Nowicki M, Kosacka J. COMP-Ang-1 Improves Glucose Uptake in db/db Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:685-688. [PMID: 32252105 DOI: 10.1055/a-1126-4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)-Angiopoietin-1 is a potent angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) variant that possesses therapeutic potential in angiogenesis and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Noteworthy, we have shown that COMP-Ang-1 improves hyperglycemia and neuroregeneration in ob/ob mice. However, the mechanism of the antidiabetic effect of COMP-Ang-1 is completely unknown. Therefore, we elucidated the diabetes protective molecular mechanisms of COMP-Ang-1 in diabetic db/db mouse model. COMP-Ang-1 (0.5 ng/g body weight) or aqueous NaCl solution was injected intraperitoneally per day in 21 consecutive days into 3-month old, male db/db mice (n=10 per group). Blood glucose and HbA1c levels were determined at baseline and 21 days after COMP-Ang-1 or NaCl treatment. The effect of COMP-Ang-1 on glucose uptake was investigated by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies and key genes of glucose metabolism were studied by Western blot analysis. Our findings indicate that COMP-Ang-1 improves glucose metabolism in a tissue specific manner by regulating HIF-1α transcriptional genes of GLUT-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Serke
- CBTM, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Kralisch S, Hoffmann A, Klöting N, Frille A, Kuhn H, Nowicki M, Paeschke S, Bachmann A, Blüher M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M, Ebert T. The brown fat-secreted adipokine neuregulin 4 is decreased in human and murine chronic kidney disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 181:151-159. [PMID: 31153139 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuregulin 4 (NRG4) has recently been introduced as a novel brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secreted adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects in mice. However, regulation of Nrg4 in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been elucidated, so far. DESIGN/METHODS Serum NRG4 levels were quantified by ELISA in 60 subjects with ESKD on chronic hemodialysis as compared to 60 subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >50 mL/min/1.73 m2 in a cross-sectional cohort. Within both groups, about half of the patients had a T2DM. Furthermore, mRNA expression of Nrg4 was determined in two mouse models of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) as compared to two different groups of non-diabetic control mice. Moreover, mRNA expression of Nrg4 was investigated in cultured, differentiated mouse brown and white adipocytes, as well as hepatocytes, after treatment with the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate. RESULTS Median serum NRG4 was significantly lower in patients with ESKD compared to controls and the adipokine was independently associated with a beneficial renal, glucose and lipid profile. In mice with DKD, Nrg4 mRNA expression was decreased in all adipose tissue depots compared to control mice. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate did not significantly alter Nrg4 mRNA expression in adipocytes and hepatocytes, in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Circulating NRG4 is independently associated with a preserved renal function and mRNA expression of -Nrg4 is reduced in adipose tissue depots of mice with DKD. The BAT-secreted adipokine is further associated with a beneficial glucose and lipid profile supporting NRG4 as potential treatment target in metabolic and renal disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kralisch
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
| | - Nora Klöting
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases
| | - Armin Frille
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Bachmann
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases
- Justus-Liebig-University, Institute of Nutritional Science, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Paeschke S, Baum P, Toyka KV, Blüher M, Koj S, Klöting N, Bechmann I, Thiery J, Kosacka J, Nowicki M. The Role of Iron and Nerve Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Neuroscience 2019; 406:496-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kosacka J, Woidt K, Toyka KV, Paeschke S, Klöting N, Bechmann I, Blüher M, Thiery J, Ossmann S, Baum P, Nowicki M. The role of dietary non-heme iron load and peripheral nerve inflammation in the development of peripheral neuropathy (PN) in obese non-diabetic leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Neurol Res 2019; 41:341-353. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1564191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Woidt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus V. Toyka
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (ILM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, German
| | | | - Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Kosacka J, Nowicki M, Paeschke S, Baum P, Blüher M, Klöting N. Up-regulated autophagy: as a protective factor in adipose tissue of WOKW rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:13. [PMID: 29507613 PMCID: PMC5834836 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W (RT1u) rats (WOKW) are a model of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adipose tissue (AT) and peripheral nerves of WOKW rats exhibit up-regulated autophagy and inflammation corresponding with decreased apoptosis rate. The aim of this study was to characterize AT in WOKW rats in relation to autophagic activity. METHODS mRNA and protein expression of adiponectin, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers including MCP1, TNFα, cleaved caspase-3 and RNF157, a new candidate gene regulated through autophagy, were analyzed in adipocytes isolated from visceral and subcutaneous AT of 5-month old WOKW rats with MetS and LEW.1W controls in response to pharmacological inhibition of autophagy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect adiponectin and RNF157 protein in cultured adipocytes. RESULTS Inhibition of autophagy by LY294002 was associated with a fourfold up-regulation of adiponectin expression and a decrease of RNF157 protein and pro-inflammatory markers-MCP-1 and TNFα predominantly in visceral adipocytes of obese WOKW rats compared to LEW.1W rats. Moreover, inhibition of autophagic activity correlates with an activation of cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulated autophagy in obese WOKW rats contributes to the regulation of visceral AT function and involves an altered balance between pro-inflammatory and protective adipokine expression. Our data suggest that activation of AT autophagy protects against adipocyte apoptosis at least under conditions of obesity related MetS in WOKW rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kosacka
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M. Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Oststraße 25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Oststraße 25, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - P. Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M. Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - N. Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Liebigstraße 19-21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kosacka J, Klöting N, Nowicki M, Baum P, Stumvoll M, Paeschke S, Toyka KV, Bechmann I, Blüher M. Role of autophagy in adipose tissue and in peripheral nervous system in diabetes type 2, obesity and metabolic syndrome. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baum P, Kosacka J, Estrela-Lopis I, Woidt K, Serke H, Paeschke S, Stockinger M, Klöting N, Blüher M, Dorn M, Classen J, Thiery J, Bechmann I, Toyka KV, Nowicki M. The role of nerve inflammation and exogenous iron load in experimental peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Metabolism 2016; 65:391-405. [PMID: 26975531 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential but potentially toxic metal in mammals. Here we investigated a pathogenic role of exogenous iron in peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in an animal model for type 1 diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in 4-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. STZ-diabetic rats and non-diabetic rats were fed with high, standard, or low iron diet. After three months of feeding, animals were tested. RESULTS STZ-rats on standard iron diet showed overt diabetes, slowed motor nerve conduction, marked degeneration of distal intraepidermal nerve fibers, mild intraneural infiltration with macrophages and T-cells in the sciatic nerve, and increased iron levels in serum and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. While motor fibers were afflicted in all STZ-groups, only a low iron-diet led also to reduced sensory conduction velocities in the sciatic nerve. In addition, only STZ-rats on a low iron diet showed damaged mitochondria in numerous DRG neurons, a more profound intraepidermal nerve fiber degeneration indicating small fiber neuropathy, and even more inflammatory cells in sciatic nerves than seen in any other experimental group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that dietary iron-deficiency rather than iron overload, and mild inflammation may both promote neuropathy in STZ-induced experimental PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Woidt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Serke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stockinger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Disease, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Dorn
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (ILM), University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus V Toyka
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Kosacka J, Kern M, Klöting N, Paeschke S, Rudich A, Haim Y, Gericke M, Serke H, Stumvoll M, Bechmann I, Nowicki M, Blüher M. Autophagy in adipose tissue of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 409:21-32. [PMID: 25818883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of obesity is closely associated with enhanced autophagy in adipose tissue (AT). Autophagic process can promote survival or activate cell death. Therefore, we examine the occurrence of autophagy in AT of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in comparison to obese and lean individuals without diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Numerous autophagosomes accumulated within adipocytes were visualized by electron transmission microscopy and by immunofluorescence staining for autophagy marker LC3 in obese and T2D patients. Increased autophagy was demonstrated by higher LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, up-regulated expression of LC3 and Atg5 mRNA, along with decreased p62 and mTOR protein levels. Increased autophagy occurred together with AT inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest fat depot-related differences in autophagy regulation. In subcutaneous AT, increased autophagy is accompanied by increased markers of apoptosis in patients with obesity independently of T2D. In contrast, in visceral AT only in T2D patients increased autophagy was related to higher markers of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosacka
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Paeschke
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - Y Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel
| | - M Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Serke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - I Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Paeschke S, Glos M, Zimmermann S, Diecker B, Pilz C, Blau A, Penzel T, Fietze I. Eine Multi-Center-Studie zur Ermittlung der Versorgungsqualität bei einer nächtlichen Überdrucktherapie. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Paeschke S, Glos M, Zimmermann S, Diecker B, Blau A, Penzel T, Fietze I. Einfluss des Versorgungsmodells mit nächtlicher Überdruckbeatmung auf die Compliance. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Paeschke S, Horn N, Fotopoulou C, Zambon-Bertoja A, Sollwedel A, Zenclussen ML, Casalis P, Dudenhausen J, Volk HD, Chen F, Zenclussen A. ASRI2005-88
Comparable levels of CD4+CD25+ CTLA4+ Treg cells in peripheral blood of pre-eclampsia and normal pregnant patients. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00295_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Bertoja AZ, Zenclussen ML, Wollenberg I, Paeschke S, Sollwedel A, Gerlof K, Woiciechowsky C, Volk HD, Zenclussen AC. Upregulation of Bcl-2 at the foetal-maternal interface from mice undergoing abortion. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:492-502. [PMID: 15963043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.001625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several burning questions remain unanswered in pregnancy-related research. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines orchestrate an intriguing interaction leading either to the development of a normal individual or to its rejection. Augmented Th1 cytokines' production is involved in immunological rejection of the foetus. Excessive production of Th1 cytokines, particularly of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, also triggers apoptosis. Thus, in the present work we investigated the incidence of apoptosis in a well-known experimental model of Th1-induced abortion, characterized by increased local TNF-alpha levels. Apoptosis of lymphocytes as well as their Th1 and Th2 cytokine production were analysed by flow cytometry. TNF-alpha mRNA levels were additionally analysed by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in placental and decidual samples. Total placental apoptosis activity was investigated by measuring caspase-3 activity and by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end label staining. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real time RT-PCR were used to localize and quantify several anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules at the foetal-maternal interface. Despite elevated Th1 levels at the foetal-maternal interface, mice undergoing abortion presented comparable apoptotic rates. Interestingly, we found a significant upregulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein at the foetal-maternal interface from abortion-prone mice, while no changes could be observed for pro-apoptotic molecules. In the light of our results, we conclude that there is no evidence of increased apoptosis in mice undergoing immunological abortion in spite of elevated TNF-alpha levels. This is probably due to a selective upregulation of anti-apoptotic pathways (i.e. Bcl-2) at the foetal-maternal interface as a compensatory and/or protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zambon Bertoja
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charite, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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