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Lei SY, Qu Y, Yang YQ, Liu JC, Zhang YF, Zhou SY, He QY, Jin H, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Cellular senescence: A novel therapeutic target for central nervous system diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117311. [PMID: 39182322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear, limiting the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Remarkably, cellular senescence, a biological phenomenon observed in cultured fibroblasts in vitro, is a crucial intrinsic mechanism that influences homeostasis of the brain microenvironment and contributes to the onset and progression of CNS diseases. Cellular senescence has been observed in disease models established in vitro and in vivo and in bodily fluids or tissue components from patients with CNS diseases. These findings highlight cellular senescence as a promising target for preventing and treating CNS diseases. Consequently, emerging novel therapies targeting senescent cells have exhibited promising therapeutic effects in preclinical and clinical studies on aging-related diseases. These innovative therapies can potentially delay brain cell loss and functional changes, improve the prognosis of CNS diseases, and provide alternative treatments for patients. In this study, we examined the relevant advancements in this field, particularly focusing on the targeting of senescent cells in the brain for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis) and acute neurotraumatic insults (e.g., ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yin Lei
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu-Qian Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Liu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qian-Yan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Migliorini F, Cocconi F, Schäfer L, Simeone F, Jeyaraman M, Maffulli N. Pharmacological management of secondary chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2024; 151:49-68. [PMID: 39222962 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) may bring lifelong consequences for affected patients and a high financial burden to the health care system. SOURCE OF DATA Published peer-reviewed scientific articles identified from EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Surgery and blood pressure management are the main targets in acute SCI to avoid secondary damage. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The management of secondary chronic SCI is challenging, with unpredictable outcomes. GROWING POINTS Given the lack of consensus on pharmacological therapy for acute and secondary chronic SCI, the present study analyses the currently available drugs and treatment options to manage secondary chronic SCI. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Different approaches exist for the pharmacological management of secondary chronic SCI. One of the most investigated drugs, 4-aminopyridine, improves central motor conduction and shows improvement in neurological signs. Positive results in different areas have been observed in patients receiving the anti-spastic drugs tizanidine and baclofen or Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Growth hormone showed only minimal or no significant effects, and the therapy of secondary chronic SCI with riluzole has been poorly researched to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Federico Cocconi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luise Schäfer
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Simeone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Poonamallee High Rd, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Hornbeam Building, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, E1 4DG London, UK
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Akhlaghpasand M, Tavanaei R, Hosseinpoor M, Yazdani KO, Soleimani A, Zoshk MY, Soleimani M, Chamanara M, Ghorbani M, Deylami M, Zali A, Heidari R, Oraee-Yazdani S. Safety and potential effects of intrathecal injection of allogeneic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in complete subacute spinal cord injury: a first-in-human, single-arm, open-label, phase I clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:264. [PMID: 39183334 PMCID: PMC11346059 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurological and functional impairments are commonly observed in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) due to insufficient regeneration of damaged axons. Exosomes play a crucial role in the paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for SCI. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the safety and potential effects of intrathecal administration of allogeneic exosomes derived from human umbilical cord MSCs (HUC-MSCs) in patients with complete subacute SCI. METHODS This study was a single-arm, open-label, phase I clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up period. HUC-MSCs were extracted from human umbilical cord tissue, and exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation. After intrathecal injection, each participant a underwent complete evaluation, including neurological assessment using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale, functional assessment using the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM-III), neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) assessment using the NBD score, modified Ashworth scale (MAS), and lower urinary tract function questionnaire. RESULTS Nine patients with complete subacute SCI were recruited. The intrathecal injection of allogeneic HUC-MSCs-exosomes was safe and well tolerated. No early or late adverse event (AE) attributable to the study intervention was observed. Significant improvements in ASIA pinprick (P-value = 0.039) and light touch (P-value = 0.038) scores, SCIM III total score (P-value = 0.027), and NBD score (P-value = 0.042) were also observed at 12-month after the injection compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that intrathecal administration of allogeneic HUC-MSCs-exosomes is safe in patients with subacute SCI. Moreover, it seems that this therapy might be associated with potential clinical and functional improvements in these patients. In this regard, future larger phase II/III clinical trials with adequate power are highly required. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20200502047277N1. Registered 2 October 2020, https://en.irct.ir/trial/48765 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhosein Akhlaghpasand
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1411718541, Tehran, Iran
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1988873554, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Tavanaei
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1411718541, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maede Hosseinpoor
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1988873554, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Oraii Yazdani
- Department of cardiovascular diseases, Zahedan university of medical science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Afsane Soleimani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1988873554, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yousefi Zoshk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1411718541, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Deylami
- Department of ICU &Critical care, Faculty of Medicine, Loghman-e Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1988873554, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1411718541, Tehran, Iran.
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO box: 1988873554, Tehran, Iran.
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Adıgüzel E, Ülger TG. A marine-derived antioxidant astaxanthin as a potential neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent: A review of its efficacy on neurodegenerative conditions. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176706. [PMID: 38843946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble carotenoid produced by several different freshwater and marine microorganisms, including microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The proven therapeutic effects of astaxanthin against different diseases have made this carotenoid popular in the nutraceutical market and among consumers. Recently, astaxanthin is also receiving attention for its effects in the co-adjuvant treatment or prevention of neurological pathologies. In this systematic review, studies evaluating the efficacy of astaxanthin against different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, and spinal cord injury are analyzed. Based on the current literature, astaxanthin shows potential biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, its preventive and therapeutic activities against the above-mentioned diseases have been emphasized in studies with different experimental designs. In contrast, none of the 59 studies reviewed reported any safety concerns or adverse health effects as a result of astaxanthin supplementation. The preventive or therapeutic role of astaxanthin may vary depending on the dosage and route of administration. Although there is a consensus in the literature regarding its effectiveness against the specified diseases, it is important to determine the safe intake levels of synthetic and natural forms and to determine the most effective forms for oral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Adıgüzel
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Taha Gökmen Ülger
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bolu, Turkey
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Şipal MS, Yıldırım S, Akıncı MG, Dincer S, Akyüz M. Enhancing balance and mobility in incomplete spinal cord injury with an overground gait trainer. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2024; 10:52. [PMID: 39075059 PMCID: PMC11286738 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-024-00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective intervention study. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the effect of Andago on balance, overground walking speed, independence levels, fear of falling, and quality of life in patients with acute motor incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. SETTING The study was conducted in Ankara/Türkiye. METHODS Five participants, classified as AIS D, underwent an eight-week treatment regimen, including three days a week of Andago-assisted walking and balance exercises, supplemented by two days a week of 40-minute sessions of conventional in-bed exercises. RESULTS Berg Balance Scale scores increased significantly by 129% (p = 0.043). Overground walking speed calculated from 10MWT improved by 33% (p = 0.042). WISCI II levels improved significantly compared to baseline scores (p = 0.041). In the mobility subscale of SCIM III, the total SCIM III scores increased significantly (p = 0.042, p = 0.043, respectively). However, there was no significant improvement in WHOQOL-BREF scores (p = 0.080). CONCLUSIONS The use of Andago facilitated functional progress in patients with acute incomplete SCI, emphasizing the importance of challenging balance and walking activities in triggering motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriç Selim Şipal
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Sinem Yıldırım
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Meltem Güneş Akıncı
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sezen Dincer
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Müfit Akyüz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Karabük, Türkiye
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Li R, Feng J, Li L, Luo G, Shi Y, Shen S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yan B, Yang L. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 ameliorates axonal regeneration and functional recovery in acute spinal cord injury through altering microglia/macrophage phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112188. [PMID: 38728880 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the extensive secondary injury processes that aggravate metabolic and cellular dysfunction and tissue loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Thus, an anti-inflammatory strategy is crucial for modulating structural and functional restoration during the stage of acute and chronic SCI. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 (rFGF4) has eliminated its mitogenic activity and demonstrated a metabolic regulator for alleviating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and liver injury in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, it remains to be explored whether or not rFGF4 has a neuroprotective effect for restoring neurological disorders, such as SCI. Here, we identified that rFGF4 could polarize microglia/macrophages into the restorative M2 subtype, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect to promote neurological functional recovery and nerve fiber regeneration after SCI. Importantly, these effects by rFGF4 were related to triggering PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and attenuating TLR4/NF-κB signaling axes. Conversely, gene silencing of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling or pharmacological reactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB axis aggravated inflammatory reaction. Thus, our findings highlight rFGF4 as a potentially therapeutic regulator for repairing SCI, and its outstanding effect is associated with regulating macrophage/microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juerong Feng
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liuxun Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guotian Luo
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichao Shen
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinrong Yuan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The role of small extracellular vesicles and microRNA as their cargo in the spinal cord injury pathophysiology and therapy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1400413. [PMID: 38774785 PMCID: PMC11106386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a complex pathology that affects a significant portion of the population and causes long-term consequences. After primary injury, an inflammatory cascade of secondary injury occurs, followed by neuronal cell death and glial scar formation. Together with the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, these are the main reasons for the poor prognosis after SCI. Despite recent advances, there is still no effective treatment. Promising therapeutic approaches include stem cells transplantation, which has demonstrated neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in SCI. This positive effect is thought to be mediated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs); membrane-bound nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication through transport of functional proteins and RNA molecules. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about sEVs and microRNA as their cargo as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCI. We provide a comprehensive overview of their role in SCI pathophysiology, neuroprotective potential and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Soleimani A, Oraee Yazdani S, Pedram M, Saadinam F, Rasaee MJ, Soleimani M. Intrathecal injection of human placental mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes significantly improves functional recovery in spinal cord injured rats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:193. [PMID: 38270663 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) due to lack of restoration of damaged neuronal cells is associated with sensorimotor impairment. This study was focused on using the human placental mesenchymal stem cells- exosome (HPMSCs- Exosomes) in an animal model of severe SCI under myelogram procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS Intrathecal injection of exosomes was performed in the acute phase of SCI in female rats. The improved functional recovery of the animals was followed for 6 weeks in control (saline, n = 6) and HPMSCs- EXO (HPMSCs-Exosomes, n = 6) groups. Pathological changes and glial scar size were evaluated. The Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of GFAP and NF200 factors as well as the apoptosis assay was investigated in the tissue samples from the injury site. The results demonstrated that HPMSCs-exosomes can improve motor function by attenuating apoptosis of neurons at the injury site, decreasing GFAP expression and increasing NF200 in the HPMSCs-EXO group. Also, HPMSCs-exosomes by preventing the formation of cavities causes preservation of tissue in SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of HPMSC-Exosomes as a therapeutic method to improve functional recovery, reduce pathological changes associated with injury, and prevent chronicity after SCI. The neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic potential of HPMSCs- Exosomes may be a promising therapeutic approach for SCI. Another result was the importance of intrathecal injection of exosomes in the acute phase, which accelerated the healing process. Furthermore, the myelogram can be a feasible and suitable method to confirm the accuracy of intrathecal injection and examine the subarachnoid space in the laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Post Office Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Oraee Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Post Office Box: 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirsepehr Pedram
- Department of Surgery & Radiology- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Post Office Box: 14155-6619, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadinam
- Department of Surgery & Radiology- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Post Office Box: 14155-6619, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Post Office Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Post Office Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen D, Zhou L, Chen G, Lin T, Lin J, Zhao X, Li W, Guo S, Wu R, Wang Z, Liu W. FUNDC1-induced mitophagy protects spinal cord neurons against ischemic injury. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38177127 PMCID: PMC10766648 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Local ischemia and hypoxia are the most important pathological processes in the early phase of secondary spinal cord injury (SCI), in which mitochondria are the main target of ischemic injury. Mitochondrial autophagy, also known as mitophagy, acts as a selective autophagy that specifically identifies and degrades damaged mitochondria, thereby reducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Accumulating evidence shows that the mitophagy receptor, FUN14 domain-containing 1 (FUNDC1), plays an important role in ischemic injury, but the role of FUNDC1 in SCI has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether FUNDC1 can enhance mitophagy and inhibit neuronal apoptosis in the early stage of SCI. In a rat SCI model, we found that FUNDC1 overexpression enhanced neuronal autophagy and decreased neuronal apoptosis in the early stage of injury, thereby reducing spinal cord damage. In vitro studies showed that the neuroprotective effects of FUNDC1 were achieved by inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function. In addition, FUNDC1 enhanced mitophagy. The protective effects of FUNDC1 against apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction were reversed by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. Taken together, our results confirm that FUNDC1 can protect against neuronal loss after SCI by inducing mitophagy, inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, and improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Linquan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Taotao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jiemin Lin
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Shengyu Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Rongcan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenge Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
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11
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Lu Q, Zhang Y, Botchway BOA, Huang M, Liu X. Syntaphilin Inactivation Can Enhance Axonal Mitochondrial Transport to Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6556-6565. [PMID: 37458986 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelle of eukaryotic cells. They consists of a large number of different proteins that provide most of the ATP and supply power for the growth, function, and regeneration of neurons. Therefore, smitochondrial transport ensures that adequate ATP is supplied for metabolic activities. Spinal cord injury (SCI), a detrimental condition, has high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief for long-term disabilities. Studies have implicated mitochondrial transport as a critical factor in axonal regeneration. Hence, enhancing mitochondrial transports could be beneficial for ameliorating SCI. Syntaphilin (Snph) is a mitochondrial docking protein that acts as a "static anchor," and its inhibition enhances mitochondrial transports. Therefore, Snph as a key mediator of mitochondrial transports, may contribute to improving axonal regeneration following SCI. Herein, we examine Snph's biological effects and its relation to mitochondrial pathway. Then, we elaborate on mitochondrial transports after SCI, the possible role of Snph in SCI, and some possible therapeutic approaches by Snph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, UK
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Xu B, Zhou Z, Fang J, Wang J, Tao K, Liu J, Liu S. Exosomes derived from schwann cells alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis after spinal cord injury via AMPK signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:319-333. [PMID: 37640169 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a primary etiology of disability, currently, there are exist limited viable therapies modalities. Acquiring comprehension of the diverse pathways that drive mitochondrial aberration may facilitate the identification of noteworthy targets for ameliorating the deleterious consequences precipitated by SCI. Our objective was to determine the efficiency of exosomes produced from Schwann cells (SCDEs) in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction. This evaluation was conducted using a rat model of compressed SCI and in vitro experiments involving rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The conducted experiments yielded evidence that SCDEs effectively mitigated oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation subsequent to SCI, while concurrently diminishing necroptosis. Subsequent in vitro inquiry assessed the impact of SCDEs on PC12, with a specific emphasis on mitochondrial functionality, necrotic cell prevalence, and mitophagy. The study findings revealed that SCDEs enhanced mitophagy in PC12 cells, leading to a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (CK) provoked by OGD-induced injury. This, in turn, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis. Mechanistically, SCDEs facilitated cellular mitophagy through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data strongly support the notion that SCDEs hold considerable promise as a therapeutic approach for managing SCI. Furthermore, our investigation serves to elucidate the pivotal role of AMPK-mediated mitophagy in reducing cell damage, thereby unveiling novel prospects for enhancing neuro-pathological outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junjian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Richings L, Nelson D, Goosey-Tolfrey V, Donnellan C, Booth V. Effectiveness of the "Evidence-Based Scientific Exercise Guidelines" in Increasing Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiometabolic Health, and Muscle Strength in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2023; 5:100278. [PMID: 37744200 PMCID: PMC10517363 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the effect of exercise and physical activity interventions that meet current guideline recommendations on cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic health, and muscle strength in adults in the acute stage (<1 year post onset) of spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. Data Sources Six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, National Institute Clinical Excellence, World Health Organization) were searched (January 2016-March 2022) to extend a previously published review. Study Selection Included studies implemented exercise interventions in the acute stage of SCI rehabilitation participants which met the exercise guidelines and measured cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic health, and strength outcomes. Data Extraction Titles and abstracts were screened against eligibility criteria and duplicates removed using EndNote X8. Full texts were independently assessed and results presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. Data extraction was completed on included studies by 2 reviewers (L.R. and V.B.) using a modified Cochrane Group form. Data Synthesis Data were synthesized, appraised using the Modified Downs & Black checklist and presented in narrative and tabular format. This review was registered on PROSPERO (Register ID:CRD42021249441). Of the 1255 studies, 4 were included, featuring 108 total participants <1-year post-SCI. Functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry reduced muscle atrophy after 3 months training and increased lean body mass after 6 months. Resistance training increased muscle peak torque, perceived muscle strength and function. Aerobic exercise interventions did not increase cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions Interventions meeting the exercise guidelines did not increase cardiorespiratory fitness but were shown to improve cardiometabolic health and perceived muscle strength and function in adults in the acute stage of SCI rehabilitation. Further empirical research using standardized outcome measures are required to explore the effectiveness of aerobic exercise and strengthening interventions in acute stage of SCI rehabilitation to support the development of exercise guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Nelson
- Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Vicky Booth
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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14
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Fang P, Wang Y, Sun F, Lin H, Zhang X. Effects of albiflorin on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with acute spinal cord injury. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1015. [PMID: 37773716 PMCID: PMC10510471 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are often the predominant detrimental factors associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigates the potential therapeutic effects of albiflorin (AF) on alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress in the rat model with SCI. METHODS Initially, the behavior of SCI-induced rats is examined by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score and the inclined plane examination. Then, the immunohistochemical staining of inflammasome-related protein (for instance, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3, NLRP3) is performed in combination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of corresponding proinflammatory factors to assess the immunomodulatory effects of AF. Further, the markers involved in oxidative stress are examined by ELISA and western blot analysis analyses. RESULTS These findings indicated that AF could alleviate motor dysfunction and the loss of neuron cells in SCI-induced rats. Mechanistically, AF could attenuate the inflammatory responses by reducing oxidative stress and activating nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway in SCI rats. Depleting the antioxidant capacity by inhibiting glutathione biosynthesis could counteract the anti-inflammatory activity of AF in SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggested that AF could serve as a potential therapeutic agent against the aggravation of SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fang
- Department of OrthopedicsHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineBaiyinGansuChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineBaiyinGansuChina
| | - Fengqi Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsGansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Haisheng Lin
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Xindong Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsSecond People's Hospital of Baiyin CityBaiyinGansuChina
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15
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Lu D, Wu JP, Yang QW, Wang HY, Yang JJ, Zhang GG, Wang C, Yang YL, Zhu L, Sun XZ. Recent advances in lipid nanovesicles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261288. [PMID: 37691909 PMCID: PMC10486273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective regeneration and functional restoration of damaged spinal cord tissue have been a long-standing concern in regenerative medicine. Treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging due to the obstruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), the lack of targeting of drugs, and the complex pathophysiology of injury sites. Lipid nanovesicles, including cell-derived nanovesicles and synthetic lipid nanovesicles, are highly biocompatible and can penetrate BSCB, and are therefore effective delivery systems for targeted treatment of SCI. We summarize the progress of lipid nanovesicles for the targeted treatment of SCI, discuss their advantages and challenges, and provide a perspective on the application of lipid nanovesicles for SCI treatment. Although most of the lipid nanovesicle-based therapy of SCI is still in preclinical studies, this low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and highly engineerable nanovesicles will hold great promise for future spinal cord injury treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Maugeri G, Amato A, Sortino M, D Agata V, Musumeci G. The Influence of Exercise on Oxidative Stress after Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1401. [PMID: 37507940 PMCID: PMC10376509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible disease resulting in partial or total loss of sensory and motor function. The pathophysiology of SCI is characterized by an initial primary injury phase followed by a secondary phase in which reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and associated oxidative stress play hallmark roles. Physical exercise is an indispensable means of promoting psychophysical well-being and improving quality of life. It positively influences the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, exercise may provide a mechanism to regulate the variation and equilibrium between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. After a brief overview of spinal cord anatomy and the different types of spinal cord injury, the purpose of this review is to investigate the evidence regarding the effect of exercise on oxidative stress among individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Sortino
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D Agata
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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17
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Gupta S, Dutta S, Hui SP. Regenerative Potential of Injured Spinal Cord in the Light of Epigenetic Regulation and Modulation. Cells 2023; 12:1694. [PMID: 37443728 PMCID: PMC10341208 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury is a form of physical harm imposed on the spinal cord that causes disability and, in many cases, leads to permanent mammalian paralysis, which causes a disastrous global issue. Because of its non-regenerative aspect, restoring the spinal cord's role remains one of the most daunting tasks. By comparison, the remarkable regenerative ability of some regeneration-competent species, such as some Urodeles (Axolotl), Xenopus, and some teleost fishes, enables maximum functional recovery, even after complete spinal cord transection. During the last two decades of intensive research, significant progress has been made in understanding both regenerative cells' origins and the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying the regeneration and reconstruction of damaged spinal cords in regenerating organisms and mammals, respectively. Epigenetic control has gradually moved into the center stage of this research field, which has been helped by comprehensive work demonstrating that DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are important for the regeneration of the spinal cord. In this review, we concentrate primarily on providing a comparison of the epigenetic mechanisms in spinal cord injuries between non-regenerating and regenerating species. In addition, we further discuss the epigenetic mediators that underlie the development of a regeneration-permissive environment following injury in regeneration-competent animals and how such mediators may be implicated in optimizing treatment outcomes for spinal cord injurie in higher-order mammals. Finally, we briefly discuss the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of spinal cord injury and their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Gupta
- S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
| | - Suman Dutta
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
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18
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Huang X, Chen X, Li Q, Ni BH, Wang W. Loganin reduces neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling. Toxicon 2023:107202. [PMID: 37348819 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The highly disabling nature of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and high cost of treatment and rehabilitation impose a burden on families and society. Loganin has potential medicinal value in alleviating neuroinflammation. This study aimed to explore whether loganin can be used to reduce SCI-induced neuroinflammation and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its action. An SCI rat model was developed to assess whether loganin promotes motor recovery after SCI. The anti-inflammatory effects of loganin on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were identified by haematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The inflammatory effects of loganin were characterised using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory model in BV2 cells. For mechanistic exploration, the signalling pathways and target proteins of loganin action were predicted using bioinformatics and computational biology and then validated in cellular inflammation models. Loganin promoted animal motor recovery after SCI at the behavioural level, and it inhibited M1 differentiation of microglia and reduced NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory responses at the tissue level. Loganin inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells, and bioinformatics and computational biology suggested that loganin acts on the p65 protein through the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/NLRP3 signalling pathway. This was validated in a cellular model in which p65 trans-overexpression eliminated the downregulation of inflammatory factors by loganin. In conclusion, loganin reduces neuroinflammatory responses and promotes motor recovery after SCI. Loganin inhibits the NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling pathway by targeting the p65 protein to achieve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Outpatient Department, Air Force Jinan Base, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Bai-He Ni
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China; Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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19
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Sun W, Guo W, Xia B, Shen X, Fu M, Wan T, Yuan M. Neuroprotective Roles of Apelin-13 in Neurological Diseases. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1648-1662. [PMID: 36745269 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is a natural ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, and the apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in vivo. Among the apelin family, apelin-13 is the major apelin isoform in the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, and is involved in the regulation of various physiopathological mechanisms such as apoptosis, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress. Apelin is currently being extensively studied in the nervous system, and apelin-13 has been shown to be associated with the onset and progression of a variety of neurological disorders, including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, spinal cord injury (SCI), and psychiatric diseases. This study summarizes the pathophysiological roles of apelin-13 in the development and progression of neurological related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Beibei Xia
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangru Shen
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyuan Fu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Teng Wan
- Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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20
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury Recovery: Profiling Long Noncoding RNAs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2023; 48:213-222. [PMID: 36607628 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A functional, transcriptome, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression analysis in the spinal cord of mice after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the mechanism by which HBO treats spinal cord injury (SCI) at the level of lncRNAs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Immense amounts of research have established that HBO treatment promotes the recovery of neurological function after SCI. The mechanism of action remains to be clarified. METHODS High-throughput RNA sequencing, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were used to profile lncRNA expression and analyze biological function in the spinal cords of mice from sham-operated, SCI, and HBO-treated groups. The differential expression of lncRNA between the groups was assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Differential expression across 577 lncRNAs was identified among the three groups. GO analysis showed that free ubiquitin chain polymerization, ubiquitin homeostasis, DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer, single-stranded telomeric DNA binding, and alpha-amylase activity were significantly enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis displayed that vitamin B6 metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, DNA replication, lysine degradation, beta-alanine metabolism, fanconi anemia pathway, and Notch signal pathway were the main pathways with enrichment significance. LncRNAs NONMMUT 092674.1, NONMMUT042986.2, and NONMMUT018850.2 showed significantly different expression between the SCI and the other two groups (P<0.05, <0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to determine the expression profiles of lncRNAs in the injured spinal cord after HBO treatment. We identified several important dysregulated lncRNAs in this setting. These results help us better understand the mechanism by which HBO treats SCI and provide new potential therapeutic targets for SCI.
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21
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Peng H, Liu Y, Xiao F, Zhang L, Li W, Wang B, Weng Z, Liu Y, Chen G. Research progress of hydrogels as delivery systems and scaffolds in the treatment of secondary spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1111882. [PMID: 36741755 PMCID: PMC9889880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary spinal cord injury (SSCI) is the second stage of spinal cord injury (SCI) and involves vasculature derangement, immune response, inflammatory response, and glial scar formation. Bioactive additives, such as drugs and cells, have been widely used to inhibit the progression of secondary spinal cord injury. However, the delivery and long-term retention of these additives remain a problem to be solved. In recent years, hydrogels have attracted much attention as a popular delivery system for loading cells and drugs for secondary spinal cord injury therapy. After implantation into the site of spinal cord injury, hydrogels can deliver bioactive additives in situ and induce the unidirectional growth of nerve cells as scaffolds. In addition, physical and chemical methods can endow hydrogels with new functions. In this review, we summarize the current state of various hydrogel delivery systems for secondary spinal cord injury treatment. Moreover, functional modifications of these hydrogels for better therapeutic effects are also discussed to provide a comprehensive insight into the application of hydrogels in the treatment of secondary spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengfeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhijian Weng
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Yu Liu, ; Gang Chen,
| | - Gang Chen
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Yu Liu, ; Gang Chen,
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22
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Liu Y, Zhang F, Sun Q, Liang L. Adalimumab combined with erythropoietin improves recovery from spinal cord injury by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:887-897. [PMID: 36642757 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adalimumab (ADM), a humanized antibody against tumour necrosis factor (TNF), is widely applied in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its usage in spinal cord injury (SCI) is rarely reported. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effect of ADM with or without erythropoietin (EPO) on microglial polarization, neuroinflammation, neural apoptosis, and functional recovery in SCI. METHODS Primary microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with ADM, EPO, or ADM combined with EPO. Then, primary neurons were incubated in the microglial culture medium. SCI rats were established and then treated with ADM, EPO or ADM combined with EPO. RESULTS ADM suppressed LPS-induced microglial M1 polarization, as reflected by downregulated iNOS and CD86 expression, and neuroinflammation, as reflected by decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ADM inhibited microglia-induced neural apoptosis, as reflected by TUNEL assay results and the expression of apoptotic markers (C-Caspase3 and Bcl2), in a dose-dependent manner. EPO monotherapy displayed an effect similar to that of ADM monotherapy. Furthermore, ADM combined with EPO therapy exhibited greater effects than either monotherapy in terms of inhibiting microglial M1 polarization, neuroinflammation, and neural apoptosis. In vivo experiments confirmed the findings of the in vitro experiments and showed that ADM combined with EPO improved SCI functional recovery and neural injury compared with monotherapy. CONCLUSION ADM combined with EPO improves recovery from SCI by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Communist Youth League West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Feiyue Zhang
- Obstetrics Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Scientific Research and International Cooperation, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Lichao Liang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Communist Youth League West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China.
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23
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Cai Z, Han X, Li R, Yu T, Chen L, Wu X, Jin J. Research Progress of Long Non-coding RNAs in Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1-12. [PMID: 35974214 PMCID: PMC9823062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in a partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function below the injured segment, which has a significant impact on patients' quality of life and places a significant social burden on them. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) is a 200-1000 bp non-coding RNA that has been shown to have a key regulatory role in the progression of a variety of neurological illnesses. Many studies have demonstrated that differentially expressed LncRNAs following spinal cord injury can participate in inflammatory damage, apoptosis, and nerve healing by functioning as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA); at the same time, it has a significant regulatory effect on sequelae such neuropathic pain. As a result, we believe that LncRNAs could be useful as a molecular regulatory target in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhe Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianci Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - XueXue Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Wei S, Leng B, Yan G. Targeting autophagy process in center nervous trauma. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1128087. [PMID: 36950126 PMCID: PMC10025323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary regulator of physiological activity, and when CNS is compromised, its physical functions are affected. Spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common trauma in CNS that are difficult to recover from, with a higher global disability and mortality rate. Autophagy is familiar to almost all researchers due to its role in regulating the degradation and recycling of cellular defective or incorrect proteins and toxic components, maintaining body balance and regulating cell health and function. Emerging evidence suggests it has a broad and long-lasting impact on pathophysiological process such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, involving the alteration of autophagy marker expression and function recovery. Changes in autophagy level are considered a potential therapeutic strategy and have shown promising results in preclinical studies for neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury. However, the relationship between upward or downward autophagy and functional recovery following SCI or TBI is debatable. This article reviews the regulation and role of autophagy in repairing CNS trauma and the intervention effects of autophagy-targeted therapeutic agents to find more and better treatment options for SCI and TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- Department of Graduate, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Genquan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Genquan Yan,
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Huang C, Li Z, Qu W, Guo W. Astaxanthin-folic acid combined treatment potentiates neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after brachial plexus avulsion and reimplantation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:923750. [PMID: 36300168 PMCID: PMC9589430 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.923750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA), which commonly occurs in neonatal birth injuries and car accidents, severely disrupts spinal cord segments and nerve roots. Avulsion is usually located in the transitional zone at the junction of spinal nerve roots and starting point of the spinal cord, which places heavy disability burdens on patients due to sensory and motor function loss in the innervated areas. Primary mechanical injuries and secondary pathogenesis, such as inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress, lead to inefficient management and poor prognosis. Astaxanthin (AST) has a strong ability to bleach singlet oxygen and capture free radicals, quench singlet oxygen and trap free radicals, and folic acid (FC) can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of AST and FC on BPA. The 24 h after BPA was considered the acute phase of the injury, and the combination of AST and FC had the best therapeutic effect due to the synergistic effect of AST’s antioxidant and FC’s anti-inflammatory properties. At 6 weeks after BPA, AST-FC promoted the recovery of biceps motor functions, increased myofiber diameter, enlarged the amplitude of musculocutaneous nerve-biceps compound action potential, and improved Terzis grooming test (TGT) scores. Meanwhile, more functional ventral horn motor neurons in the spinal cord were maintained. In conclusion, AST-FC combined therapy has a potential role in the clinical management of BPA since it can effectively alleviate oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in the acute phase of BPA, increase the survival rate of neurons, and promote neuronal regeneration and recovery of motor functions in the late stage of BPA.
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Reduces Neuroinflammation but Does Not Support Long Term Functional Recovery of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071501. [PMID: 35884805 PMCID: PMC9313003 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reduces cell death under oxidative stress and inflammation. Implants of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (bmSC) are currently under investigation in clinical trials of spinal cord injury (SCI). Since cell death of injected bmSC limits the efficacy of this treatment, the cytoprotective effect of TUDCA may enhance its benefit. We therefore studied the therapeutic effect of TUDCA and its use as a combinatorial treatment with human bmSC in a rat model of SCI. A spinal cord contusion injury was induced at thoracic level T9. Treatment consisted of i.p. injections of TUDCA alone or in combination with one injection of human bmSC into the cisterna magna. The recovery of motor functions was assessed during a surveillance period of six weeks. Biochemical and histological analysis of spinal cord tissue confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of TUDCA. Treatment improved the recovery of autonomic bladder control and had a positive effect on motor functions in the subacute phase, however, benefits were only transient, such that no significant differences between vehicle and TUDCA-treated animals were observed 1–6 weeks after the lesion. Combinatorial treatment with TUDCA and bmSC failed to have an additional effect compared to treatment with bmSC only. Our data do not support the use of TUDCA as a treatment of SCI.
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27
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Nrf2 signaling in the oxidative stress response after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2022; 498:311-324. [PMID: 35710066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system trauma that can cause severe neurological impairment. A series of pathological and physiological changes after SCI (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) promotes further deterioration of the microenvironment at the site of injury, leading to aggravation of neurological function. The multifunctional transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has long been considered a key factor in antioxidant stress. Therefore, Nrf2 may be an ideal therapeutic target for SCI. A comprehensive understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of SCI will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for SCI. This review discusses the roles of Nrf2 in SCI, with the aim of aiding in further elucidation of SCI pathophysiology and in efforts to provide Nrf2-targeted strategies for the treatment of SCI.
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28
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Yu C, Gui F, Huang Q, Luo Y, Zeng Z, Li R, Guo L. Protective effects of muscone on traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:685. [PMID: 35845509 PMCID: PMC9279775 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major clinical concern, and it is a life-changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications. Muscone has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicinal formulations for its anti-inflammatory activity. However, its protective effects on traumatic SCI have not been explored. This study investigated whether muscone plays a protective role in SCI and compared its effects with those of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS). Methods Rats were divided into five groups: normal saline (NS; n=24), methylprednisolone (MP; w=24), and muscone 1 (MO1), muscone 2 (MO2), and muscone 3 (MO3) (n=24 in each group, collectively called the MOx groups). The SCI rat model was established by the modified Allen's method. The rats were administered muscone (MO1: 2.5 mg/kg, MO2: 5 mg/kg, and MO3: 10 mg/kg) or MP (30 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of saline. The rats were kept under observation for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), and caspase3 was detected by western blot analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Nissl, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining was performed for pathological observation. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan motor function scores were evaluated for assessment of neural functions after acute SCI. Results Muscone inhibited immune-inflammatory reactions, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis. The lower limb function recovery was better in the MOx groups compared with NS and MP groups according to Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores. The changes were remarkable in the MO2 group compared with the other groups. Conclusions Muscone alleviates secondary injury after SCI by reducing immune-inflammatory reactions, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Gui
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanmeng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zili Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruifu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Wu C, Pan Y, Wang L, Liu M, Wu M, Wang J, Yang G, Guo Y, Ma Y. A new method for primary culture of microglia in rats with spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:63-68. [PMID: 35176626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At present, the primary culture method of microglia is complicated, and the culture of spinal cord microglia is rare, so we will explore to establish a new and efficient primary culture method of microglia in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). The SCI model of SD rats was established by modified A11en's method, and the model of SCI was performed on 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d respectively. Then the injured spinal cord was removed, mechanically separated and filtered. The morphology of microglia was observed the next day and its purity was identified by CD11b and Iba1 immunofluorescence labeling. According to the above results, the morphological changes of microglia after 3 d of SCI were observed at 1 d, 2 d and 4 d. The results showed that the purity of microglia was 98%. The number of microglia after 3 d of SCI was the most. After SCI, the migration ability of microglia was enhanced, the number of microglia in the injured area increased, and the number was the highest at 3 d, then gradually decreased. In addition, the microglia after SCI would gradually change from active state to resting state with the passage of time. Therefore, we can use a simple and efficient mechanical separation method to extract primary microglia, which provides the basis for the study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Wu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Nursing Intervention for Chronic Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lining Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Wu
- Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guanglu Yang
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Lu Q, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. SARM1 can be a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:161. [PMID: 35224705 PMCID: PMC11072485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord is devastating. Studies have implicated Wallerian degeneration as the main cause of axonal destruction in the wake of spinal cord injury. Therefore, the suppression of Wallerian degeneration could be beneficial for spinal cord injury treatment. Sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is a key modulator of Wallerian degeneration, and its impediment can improve spinal cord injury to a significant degree. In this report, we analyze the various signaling domains of SARM1, the recent findings on Wallerian degeneration and its relation to axonal insults, as well as its connection to SARM1, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the survival factor, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2). We then elaborate on the possible role of SARM1 in spinal cord injury and explicate how its obstruction could potentially alleviate the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.
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Visintin R, Ray SK. Specific microRNAs for Modulation of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Sci 2022; 12:247. [PMID: 35204010 PMCID: PMC8870708 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a major challenge, with a severe lack of effective therapies for yielding meaningful improvements in function. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for the development of novel treatment strategies for SCI. The modulation of autophagy, a process by which a cell degrades and recycles unnecessary or harmful components (protein aggregates, organelles, etc.) to maintain cellular homeostasis and respond to a changing microenvironment, is thought to have potential for treating many neurodegenerative conditions, including SCI. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short ribonucleotide transcripts for targeting of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for silencing, shows prevention of the translation of mRNAs to the corresponding proteins affecting various cellular processes, including autophagy. The number of known miRNAs and their targets continues to grow rapidly. This review article aims to explore the relationship between autophagy and SCI, specifically with the intent of identifying specific miRNAs that can be useful to modulate autophagy for neuroprotection and the improvement of functional recovery in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhett Visintin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Motor Function and Alleviate Tissue Damage After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibition of HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway Through Autophagy Activation. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:947-962. [PMID: 35147911 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant public health issue that imposes numerous burdens on patients and society. Uncontrolled excessive inflammation in the second pathological phase of SCI can aggravate the injury. In this paper, we hypothesized that suppressing inflammatory pathways via autophagy could aid functional recovery, and prevent spinal cord tissue degeneration following SCI. To this end, we examined the effects of intrathecal injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) (ATRA-MSCs) on autophagy activity and the HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in an SCI rat model. This study demonstrated that SCI increased the expression of Beclin-1 (an autophagy-related gene) and NLRP3 inflammasome components such as NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, following SCI, the protein levels of key autophagy factors (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) and HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway factors (HMGB1, p-NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNF-α) increased. Our findings indicated that ATRA-MSCs enhanced Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, regulated the HMGB1/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. These factors improved hind limb motor activity and aided in the survival of neurons. Furthermore, ATRA-MSCs demonstrated greater beneficial effects than MSCs in treating spinal cord injury. Overall, ATRA-MSC treatment revealed beneficial effects on the damaged spinal cord by suppressing excessive inflammation and activating autophagy. Further research and investigation of the pathways involved in SCI and the use of amplified stem cells may be beneficial for future clinical use.
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Kiyotake EA, Martin MD, Detamore MS. Regenerative rehabilitation with conductive biomaterials for spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:43-64. [PMID: 33326879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The individual approaches of regenerative medicine efforts alone and rehabilitation efforts alone have not yet fully restored function after severe spinal cord injury (SCI). Regenerative rehabilitation may be leveraged to promote regeneration of the spinal cord tissue, and promote reorganization of the regenerated neural pathways and intact spinal circuits for better functional recovery for SCI. Conductive biomaterials may be a linchpin that empowers the synergy between regenerative medicine and rehabilitation approaches, as electrical stimulation applied to the spinal cord could facilitate neural reorganization. In this review, we discuss current regenerative medicine approaches in clinical trials and the rehabilitation, or neuromodulation, approaches for SCI, along with their respective translational limitations. Furthermore, we review the translational potential, in a surgical context, of conductive biomaterials (e.g., conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metallic nanoparticle-based materials) as they pertain to SCI. While pre-formed scaffolds may be difficult to translate to human contusion SCIs, injectable composites that contain blended conductive components and can form within the injury may be more translational. However, given that there are currently no in vivo SCI studies that evaluated conductive materials combined with rehabilitation approaches, we discuss several limitations of conductive biomaterials, including demonstrating safety and efficacy, that will need to be addressed in the future for conductive biomaterials to become SCI therapeutics. Even so, the use of conductive biomaterials creates a synergistic opportunity to merge the fields of regenerative medicine and rehabilitation and redefine what regenerative rehabilitation means for the spinal cord. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: For spinal cord injury (SCI), the individual approaches of regenerative medicine and rehabilitation are insufficient to fully restore functional recovery; however, the goal of regenerative rehabilitation is to combine these two disparate fields to maximize the functional outcomes. Concepts similar to regenerative rehabilitation for SCI have been discussed in several reviews, but for the first time, this review considers how conductive biomaterials may synergize the two approaches. We cover current regenerative medicine and rehabilitation approaches for SCI, and the translational advantages and disadvantages, in a surgical context, of conductive biomaterials used in biomedical applications that may be additionally applied to SCI. Furthermore, we identify the current limitations and translational challenges for conductive biomaterials before they may become therapeutics for SCI.
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Wang L, Gu S, Gan J, Tian Y, Zhang F, Zhao H, Lei D. Neural Stem Cells Overexpressing Nerve Growth Factor Improve Functional Recovery in Rats Following Spinal Cord Injury via Modulating Microenvironment and Enhancing Endogenous Neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:773375. [PMID: 34924958 PMCID: PMC8675903 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.773375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event characterized by severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. Currently, there is no effective treatment. Previous studies showed neural growth factor (NGF) administration was a potential treatment for SCI. However, its targeted delivery is still challenging. In this study, neural stem cells (NSCs) were genetically modified to overexpress NGF, and we evaluated its therapeutic value following SCI. Four weeks after transplantation, we observed that NGF-NSCs significantly enhanced the motor function of hindlimbs after SCI and alleviated histopathological damage at the lesion epicenter. Notably, the survival NGF-NSCs at lesion core maintained high levels of NGF. Further immunochemical assays demonstrated the graft of NGF-NSCs modulated the microenvironment around lesion core via reduction of oligodendrocyte loss, attenuation of astrocytosis and demyelination, preservation of neurons, and increasing expression of multiple growth factors. More importantly, NGF-NSCs seemed to crosstalk with and activate resident NSCs, and high levels of NGF activated TrkA, upregulated cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and microRNA-132 around the lesion center. Taken together, the transplantation of NGF-NSCs in the subacute stage of traumatic SCI can facilitate functional recovery by modulating the microenvironment and enhancing endogenous neurogenesis in rats. And its neuroprotective effect may be mediated by activating TrkA, up-regulation of CREB, and microRNA-132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sujie Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlu Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangcheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kim GU, Sung SE, Kang KK, Choi JH, Lee S, Sung M, Yang SY, Kim SK, Kim YI, Lim JH, Seo MS, Lee GW. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413672. [PMID: 34948463 PMCID: PMC8703906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-threatening condition that leads to permanent disability with partial or complete loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. SCI is usually caused by initial mechanical insult, followed by a cascade of several neuroinflammation and structural changes. For ameliorating the neuroinflammatory cascades, MSC has been regarded as a therapeutic agent. The animal SCI research has demonstrated that MSC can be a valuable therapeutic agent with several growth factors and cytokines that may induce anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. However, the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in animal SCI models is inconsistent, and the optimal method of MSCs remains debatable. Moreover, there are several limitations to developing these therapeutic agents for humans. Therefore, identifying novel agents for regenerative medicine is necessary. Extracellular vesicles are a novel source for regenerative medicine; they possess nucleic acids, functional proteins, and bioactive lipids and perform various functions, including damaged tissue repair, immune response regulation, and reduction of inflammation. MSC-derived exosomes have advantages over MSCs, including small dimensions, low immunogenicity, and no need for additional procedures for culture expansion or delivery. Certain studies have demonstrated that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, exhibit outstanding chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we reviewed the principles and patho-mechanisms and summarized the research outcomes of MSCs and MSC-derived EVs for SCI, reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Un Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hanil General Hospital, 308 Uicheon-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01450, Korea;
| | - Soo-Eun Sung
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Kyung-Ku Kang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Joo-Hee Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Sijoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Minkyoung Sung
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Seul-Ki Kim
- Efficacy Evaluation Team, Food Science R&D Center, KolmarBNH CO., LTD, 61Heolleungro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06800, Korea;
| | | | - Ju-Hyeon Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Chungbuk 28160, Korea;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea; (S.-E.S.); (K.-K.K.); (J.-H.C.); (S.L.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.-S.S.); (G.W.L.); Tel.: +82-53-7905727 (M.S.S.); +82-53-6203642 (G.W.L.)
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- Cellexobio, Co. Ltd., Daegu 42415, Korea;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-S.S.); (G.W.L.); Tel.: +82-53-7905727 (M.S.S.); +82-53-6203642 (G.W.L.)
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Zhou Q, Jin H, Shi N, Gao S, Wang X, Zhu S, Yan M. Inhibit inflammation and apoptosis of pyrroloquinoline on spinal cord injury in rat. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1360. [PMID: 34733912 PMCID: PMC8506531 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor that can participate in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes, such as anti-inflammatory, cytoprotection, anti-aging, and anti-apoptosis. PQQ plays an important protective role in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the effects of PQQ on astrocytes of the CNS and spinal cord injury (SCI) of rats is still unclear. The present study investigates the role of PQQ in inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy after SCI in rats. And the effect of PQQ on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis and inflammation of astrocytes in vitro, to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of PQQ. Methods Sixty specific pathogen free (SPF) SD male rats (200–250 g) were randomly divided into Normal group, Sham group, SCI group, and SCI + PQQ group, with 15 rats in each group. BBB score, HE staining, Nissl staining, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and other methods were used for detection. Results Our results showed that PQQ could upregulate BBB score in SCI rats. In the second place, PQQ can increase the number and improve the morphology of neurons after SCI. The expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 was significantly decreased after PQQ treatment. And then, the ratio of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) increased significantly, and the positive signal of NeuN increased obviously after PQQ treatment. There are a large number of co-localizations between Bcl-2 and NeuN. Meanwhile, PQQ could down-regulate the expression of Active-Caspase3, and PQQ treatment could reverse the transfer of Active-Caspase3/Caspase3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in neurons and astrocytes after SCI. At the same time, PQQ had no significant effect on the LC3b/a ratio. PQQ could decrease the LAMP2 expression in spinal cord after injury. The expression level of phospho-Akt (p-AKT) increased after SCI and decreased after PQQ treatment. In primary astrocytes, LPS could induce the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and which were inhibited by PQQ treatment at 12 hours. After treatment with LPS, the expression level of Active-Caspase3 increased, which could be reversed by PQQ treatment for 24 h. Conclusions These results suggest that PQQ can ameliorate the motor function of hind limbs and the pathological changes of neurons and injured spinal cord after SCI, down-regulate the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, inhibit apoptosis after SCI, and inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Naiqi Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shumei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shunxing Zhu
- Experimental Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meijuan Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Masoudi A, Jorjani M, Alizadeh M, Mirzamohammadi S, Mohammadi M. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of astaxanthin following spinal cord injury in a rat animal model. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:324-331. [PMID: 34688832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely debilitating problem leading to substantial decrease in the quality of life. After spinal cord injury, inflammation and oxidative stress plays a key role in initiating the secondary injury cascades leading to progressive tissue degradation and extreme functional deficits. Given that the primary mechanical injuries to spinal cord are rarely repaired, the pharmacological interventions may improve the neurological outcomes caused by secondary injury. Astaxanthin (AST) is considered as a xanthophyll carotenoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which has various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we aimed to firstly assess the protective effect of AST, and then to define the AST mechanism of action on a rat model of SCI. Based on the results of von Frey test, AST treatment significantly alleviated the SCI-induced neuropathic pain compared with the control groups (P < 0.05). The expression analysis by western blot shows reduced expression levels of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 following AST treatment (P < 0.05). The activity of antioxidant enzymes was evaluated using ELISA. Therefore, ELISA experiments showed a significant reduction in the level of oxidative stress in SCI rat following AST treatment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, histopathological evaluations revealed that myelinated white matter and motor neuron number were significantly preserved after treatment with AST (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study shows that AST could improve SCI through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects which leads to decreased tissue damage and mechanical pain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mirzamohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mola Mohammadi
- Physiology Departmen, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun T, Duan L, Li J, Guo H, Xiong M. Gypenoside XVII protects against spinal cord injury in mice by regulating the microRNA‑21‑mediated PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:146. [PMID: 34132355 PMCID: PMC8208621 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenoside XVII (GP‑17), one of the dominant active components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has been studied extensively and found to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including neuroprotective properties. However, the neuroprotective effects of GP‑17 against spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GP‑17 on motor recovery and histopathological changes following SCI and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of SCI. Motor recovery was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Spinal cord edema was detected by the wet/dry weight method. H&E staining was performed to examine the effect of GP‑17 on spinal cord damage. Inflammatory response production was assessed by ELISA. Candidate miRNAs were identified following the integrated analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE67515. Western blot analysis was also performed to detect the expression levels of associated proteins. The results revealed that GP‑17 treatment improved functional recovery, and suppressed neuronal apoptosis and the inflammatory response in the mouse model of SCI. Moreover, it was observed that miR‑21 expression was downregulated following SCI, whereas it was upregulated following the administration of GP‑17. The inhibition of miR‑21 eliminated the protective effects of GP‑17 on SCI‑induced neuronal apoptosis and the inflammatory response. In addition, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), a key molecule in the activation of the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, was identified as a target of miR‑21, and PTEN expression was downregulated by GP‑17 through miR‑21. Furthermore, the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway was inactivated by SCI, whereas it was re‑activated by GP‑17 through the regulation of miR‑21 in mice with SCI. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggest that GP‑17 plays a protective role in SCI via regulating the miR‑21/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Sun
- Department of Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Liying Duan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Puyang Medical College, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaju Li
- Department of Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Department of Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Xiong
- Department of Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Otsuka T, Maeda Y, Kurose T, Nakagawa K, Mitsuhara T, Kawahara Y, Yuge L. Comparisons of Neurotrophic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Different Tissues on Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Rats. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:865-875. [PMID: 34148410 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as promising strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI). MSCs have unique characteristics due to differences in the derived tissues. However, relatively few studies have focused on differences in the therapeutic effects of MSCs derived from different tissues. In this study, the therapeutic effects of adipose tissue-derived MSCs, bone marrow-derived MSCs, and cranial bone-derived MSCs (cMSCs) on chronic SCI model rats were compared. MSCs were established from the collected adipose tissue, bone marrow, and cranial bone. Neurotrophic factor expression of each MSC type was analyzed by real-time PCR. SCI rats were established using the weight-drop method and transplanted intravenously with MSCs at 4 weeks after SCI. Hindlimb motor function was evaluated from before injury to 4 weeks after transplantation. Endogenous neurotrophic factor and neural repair factor expression in spinal cord (SC) tissue were examined by real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Although there were no differences in the expression levels of cell surface markers and multipotency, expression of Bdnf, Ngf, and Sort1 (Nt-3) was relatively higher in cMSCs. Transplantation of cMSCs improved motor function of chronic SCI model rats. Although there was no difference in the degree of engraftment of transplanted cells in the injured SC tissue, transplantation of cMSCs enhanced Bdnf, TrkB, and Gap-43 messenger RNA expression and synaptophysin protein expression in injured SC tissue. As compared with MSCs derived other tissues, cMSCs highly express many neurotrophic factors, which improved motor function in chronic SCI model rats by promoting endogenous neurotrophic and neural plasticity factors. These results demonstrate the efficacy of cMSCs in cell-based therapy for chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Otsuka
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuyo Maeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurose
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mitsuhara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Louis Yuge
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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The Conditioned Medium of Lactobacillus rhamnoides GG Regulates Microglia/Macrophage Polarization and Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3376496. [PMID: 34337004 PMCID: PMC8289592 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3376496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnoides, a human intestinal colonizer, can act through various pathways to induce microglia/macrophages to produce cytokines and to polarize microglia/macrophages to different phenotypes to reduce the inflammatory response. In this article, we evaluated the treatment potential of the Lactobacillus rhamnoides GG conditioned medium (LGG-CM) in rat model with SCI (acute spinal cord injury), including functional, neurophysiological, and histological outcomes and the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. In our experiment, LGG-CM (30 mg/kg) was injected directly into the injury site in rats immediately after SCI. Measured by the BBB scale (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale) and inclined plane test, rats in the LGG-CM-treated group showed better locomotor scores. Moreover, compared to the vehicle treatment group, LGG-CM increased the mRNA level of the M2 marker (CD206), and decreased that of the M1 marker (iNOS). Western blot assays showed that LGG-CM-treated SCI rats had a higher grayscale ratio of p65 and a lower ratio of p-IκBα/IκBα. Our study shows that local injection of LGG-CM after acute SCI can inhibit inflammatory responses and improve motor function recovery. These effects may be related with the inhibition to the NF-κB (The nuclear factor-kappa B) signal pathway which leads to M2 microglia/macrophage polarization.
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Zhang Y, Al Mamun A, Yuan Y, Lu Q, Xiong J, Yang S, Wu C, Wu Y, Wang J. Acute spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:417. [PMID: 33846780 PMCID: PMC8025476 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most debilitating of all the traumatic conditions that afflict individuals. For a number of years, extensive studies have been conducted to clarify the molecular mechanisms of SCI. Experimental and clinical studies have indicated that two phases, primary damage and secondary damage, are involved in SCI. The initial mechanical damage is caused by local impairment of the spinal cord. In addition, the fundamental mechanisms are associated with hyperflexion, hyperextension, axial loading and rotation. By contrast, secondary injury mechanisms are led by systemic and cellular factors, which may also be initiated by the primary injury. Although significant advances in supportive care have improved clinical outcomes in recent years, a number of studies continue to explore specific pharmacological therapies to minimize SCI. The present review summarized some important pathophysiologic mechanisms that are involved in SCI and focused on several pharmacological and non‑pharmacological therapies, which have either been previously investigated or have a potential in the management of this debilitating injury in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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Li J, Wei J, Wan Y, Du X, Bai X, Li C, Lin Y, Liu Z, Zhou M, Zhong Z. TAT-modified tetramethylpyrazine-loaded nanoparticles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2021; 335:103-116. [PMID: 34015402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been effectively used for treating spinal cord injury (SCI) due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity. However, its clinical application is limited due to poor water solubility and insufficient spinal cord targeting through the traditional dosage forms. Given that intravascular neutrophils are quickly recruited to the injury site as part of the inflammatory response in SCI, we conjugated the cell-penetrating HIV trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide to human serum albumin nanoparticles (NPs) to make a TMP delivery system (TAT-TMP-NPs) that could be internalized by neutrophils and delivered to SCI lesions. Results found that in SCI rats TAT-TMP-NPs promoted the recovery of locomotor function and the lesion area, while reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related factors. Safety evaluation and in vivo small-animal imaging showed that the cell-penetrating peptide TAT could enhance the uptake of TAT-TMP-NPs by neutrophils without being toxic to the body. TAT-TMP-NPs may overcome the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of TMP, showing promise for the clinical treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yujie Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xingjie Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiaosheng Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhongbing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Chen WC, Liu WF, Bai YY, Zhou YY, Zhang Y, Wang CM, Lin S, He HF. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord injury: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:178. [PMID: 33910588 PMCID: PMC8082850 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease of the central nervous system, with a global prevalence of 236–4187 per million people. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating patients with SCI as well as the optimal source and transplantation method of MSCs. PubMed, OVID, Cochrane, Web of Science, and China Biomedical Database were searched up until April 01, 2021. The study was conducted for five endpoints: American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor and sensory score, ASIA grade improvement, Barthel Index (BI), and adverse reactions. Standard meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were performed using Stata 14.0. Eighteen studies with a total of 949 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. Standard meta-analysis showed that MSCs significantly improved ASIA motor score (P < 0.001), sensory score (P < 0.001), ASIA grade (P < 0.001), and BI (P < 0.001) compared to rehabilitation. In addition, in the network meta-analysis, autologous MSCs significantly improved the ASIA motor [MD = 8.01, 95% CI (4.27, 11.76)], sensory score [MD = 17.98, 95% CI (10.04, 25.91)], and BI [MD = 7.69, 95% CI (2.10, 13.29)] compared to rehabilitation. Similarly, compared to rehabilitation, intrathecal injection (IT) of MSCs significantly improved the ASIA motor [MD = 7.97, 95% CI (4.40, 11.53)] and sensory score [MD = 19.60, 95% CI (9.74, 29.46)]. Compared to rehabilitation, however, only the IL of MSCs was associated with more adverse reactions [OR = 17.82, 95% CI (2.48, 128.22)]. According to the results of SUCRA, both autologous MSCs and IT transplantation approaches most improved the neurological function in SCI patients. Cell transplantation using MSCs is effective in patients with SCI and IT of autologous MSCs may be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Cong-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China. .,Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China. .,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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Fedullo AL, Ciccotti M, Giannotta P, Alviti F, Bernardi M, Raguzzini A, Toti E, Sciarra T, Peluso I. Hormetic Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Foods, Beverages, and Food Dressing: The Potential Role in Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6615752. [PMID: 33747346 PMCID: PMC7943269 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6615752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a damage or trauma to the spinal cord resulting in a total or partial loss of motor and sensory function. SCI is characterized by a disequilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species and the levels of antioxidant defences, causing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review is aimed at highlighting the hormetic effects of some compounds from foods, beverages, and food dressing that are able to reduce oxidative stress in patients with SCI. Although curcumin, ginseng, and green tea have been proposed for SCI management, low levels of antioxidant vitamins have been reported in individuals with SCI. Mediterranean diet includes food rich in vitamins and antioxidants. Moreover, food dressing, including spices, herbs, and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), contains multiple components with hormetic effects. The latter involves the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2, consequently increasing the antioxidant enzymes and decreasing inflammation. Furthermore, EVOO improves the bioavailability of carotenoids and could be a delivery system for bioactive compounds. In conclusion, Mediterranean dressing in addition to plant foods can have an important effect on redox balance in individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Fedullo
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Alviti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Raguzzini
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Toti
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
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Icariin promotes the repair of PC12 cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:69. [PMID: 33607999 PMCID: PMC7896365 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is one of the main mechanisms of spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology and can affect the physiological state of neurons. Icariin (ICA), the main pharmacological component of Epimedium, can relieve the symptoms of patients with SCI and has obvious protective effects on neurons through ERS. Methods PC12 cells were induced to differentiate into neurons by nerve growth factor and identified by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 method, cell viability was detected by SRB assay, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and microstructure of ER was observed by transmission electron microscope. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of CHOP and Grp78, and qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of CHOP and Grp78. Results The results of CCK8, SRB and flow cytometry showed that ICA could relieve ERS and reduce apoptosis of PC12 cells. The results of transmission microscope showed that ICA could reduce apoptosis of PC12 cells caused by ERS. The results of Western blot and q-PCR showed that ICA could inhibit ERS by down-regulating the expression of CHOP and Grp78. Conclusions ICA can inhibit ERS and promote the repair of PC12 cells by down-regulating the expression of CHOP and Grp78. ICA has the potential to promote the recovery of spinal cord injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03233-1.
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Vafaei-Nezhad S, Niknazar S, Norouzian M, Abdollahifar MA, Aliaghaei A, Abbaszadeh HA. Therapeutics effects of [Pyr1] apelin-13 on rat contusion model of spinal cord injury: An experimental study. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 113:101924. [PMID: 33567298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause various symptoms, including pain, complete or incomplete loss of autonomic, sensory, motor and functions inferior to the site of the damage. Despite wondrous advances in medicine, treating spinal cord injuries remains a thorny issue yet. Recently, the control of inflammatory processes after damage to the nervous system has been noticed as a promising therapeutic target. The goal of the present experiment was to identify the effects of apelin-13 on the histological outcome, inflammatory factors, and functional recovery in the animal contusion model of SCI were analyzed. 40 Female Wistar rats were randomly but equally assigned in laminectomy, contusion, PBS (1 mL PBS, i.p), control group which received apelin-13 (control + apelin, 100 μg/kg, i.p), and apelin-13 treatment groups. In the treatment group, apelin-13 (100 μg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min after injury. The weight-dropping contusion model was used for inducing SCI. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale (BBB), narrow beam test (NBT), rotarod test, and the open-field test was applied to evaluate locomotor and behavioral activity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA technique was accomplished eight weeks after inducing SCI to measure the level of fibroblast growth factor FGF-1, FGFR1 and the inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10. Furthermore, histological change was estimated by H&E staining. Our results showed that apelin-13 treatment after SCI led to a significant increase in functional recovery and behavioral tests. Stereological estimation illustrated that apelin-13 could reduce significantly central cavity volume and number of glial cells, and also increase significantly spinal cord volume and number of neural cells. PCR and ELISA evaluation shows a significant increase in IL-10 level and decrease in levels of FGF-1, FGF-R1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC). This study suggested that apelin-13 has neuroprotective effects by regulating the inflammatory process after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Norouzian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Department of Biology and Anatomical sciencese, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen J, Chen YQ, Shi YJ, Ding SQ, Shen L, Wang R, Wang QY, Zha C, Ding H, Hu JG, Lü HZ. VX-765 reduces neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1836-1847. [PMID: 33510091 PMCID: PMC8328782 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major cause of neuronal injury after spinal cord injury. We hypothesized that inhibiting caspase-1 activation may reduce neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury, thus producing a protective effect in the injured spinal cord. A mouse model of T9 contusive spinal cord injury was established using an Infinite Horizon Impactor, and VX-765, a selective inhibitor of caspase-1, was administered for 7 successive days after spinal cord injury. The results showed that: (1) VX-765 inhibited spinal cord injury-induced caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion. (2) After spinal cord injury, an increase in M1 cells mainly came from local microglia rather than infiltrating macrophages. (3) Pro-inflammatory Th1Th17 cells were predominant in the Th subsets. VX-765 suppressed total macrophage infiltration, M1 macrophages/microglia, Th1 and Th1Th17 subset differentiation, and cytotoxic T cells activation; increased M2 microglia; and promoted Th2 and Treg differentiation. (4) VX-765 reduced the fibrotic area, promoted white matter myelination, alleviated motor neuron injury, and improved functional recovery. These findings suggest that VX-765 can reduce neuroinflammation and improve nerve function recovery after spinal cord injury by inhibiting caspase-1/interleukin-1β/interleukin-18. This may be a potential strategy for treating spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Animal Care Ethics Committee of Bengbu Medical College (approval No. 2017-037) on February 23, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi-Yi Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cheng Zha
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hai Ding
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
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Jisuikang Promotes the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Regulating NgR/RhoA/ROCK Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9542359. [PMID: 33354226 PMCID: PMC7735860 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9542359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Jisuikang (JSK) is an herbal formula composed of many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to be effective in promoting the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) after more than ten years of clinical application. However, the mechanisms of JSK promoting nerve regeneration are yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of JSK protecting neurons, specifically the regulation of NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway. The motor function of rats was evaluated by the BBB score and inclined plate test, Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the microstructure of nerve tissue, and fluorescence double-labeling method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we found that JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI, protect the microstructure (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and dendritic spine) of neurons, and reduce the apoptosis rate of neurons in rats with SCI. In addition, JSK could inhibit the expression of Nogo receptor (NgR) in neurons and the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway in rats with SCI. These results indicated JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI by inhibiting the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway, which suggests the potential applicability of JSK as a nerve regeneration agent.
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Farzaneh M, Anbiyaiee A, Khoshnam SE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:135-143. [PMID: 31656156 DOI: 10.2174/1574362414666191018121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) as a serious public health issue and neurological insult is one of the most severe cause of long-term disability. To date, a variety of techniques have been widely developed to treat central nervous system injury. Currently, clinical treatments are limited to surgical decompression and pharmacotherapy. Because of their negative effects and inefficiency, novel therapeutic approaches are required in the management of SCI. Improvement and innovation of stem cell-based therapies have a huge potential for biological and future clinical applications. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are defined by their abilities to divide asymmetrically, self-renew and ultimately differentiate into various cell lineages. There are considerable research efforts to use various types of stem cells, such as ESCs, neural stem cells (NSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of patients with SCI. Moreover, the use of patient-specific iPSCs holds great potential as an unlimited cell source for generating in vivo models of SCI. In this review, we focused on the potential of hPSCs in treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Anbiyaiee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ding SQ, Chen YQ, Chen J, Wang SN, Duan FX, Shi YJ, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats. Genomics 2020; 112:5086-5100. [PMID: 32919018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a series of pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although, locally expressed miRNAs have advantages in studying the pathological mechanism, they cannot be used as biomarkers. The "free circulation" miRNAs can be used as biomarkers, but they have low concentration and poor stability in body fluids. Exosomal miRNAs in body fluids have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that the specific miRNAs in the central nervous system might be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes after injury. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and subactue SCI rats were analyzed. The results showed that SCI can lead to changes of serum exosomal miRNAs. These changed miRNAs and their associated signaling pathways may explain the pathological mechanism of suacute SCI. More importantly, we found some valuable serum exosomal miRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Duan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China.
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