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Ltaief Z, Yerly P, Liaudet L. Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Diseases: Pathophysiology, Hemodynamic Assessment and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9971. [PMID: 37373119 PMCID: PMC10298585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with left heart diseases (PH-LHD), also termed group 2 PH, represents the most common form of PH. It develops through the passive backward transmission of elevated left heart pressures in the setting of heart failure, either with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction, which increases the pulsatile afterload of the right ventricle (RV) by reducing pulmonary artery (PA) compliance. In a subset of patients, progressive remodeling of the pulmonary circulation resulted in a pre-capillary phenotype of PH, with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) further increasing the RV afterload, eventually leading to RV-PA uncoupling and RV failure. The primary therapeutic objective in PH-LHD is to reduce left-sided pressures through the appropriate use of diuretics and guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure. When pulmonary vascular remodeling is established, targeted therapies aiming to reduce PVR are theoretically appealing. So far, such targeted therapies have mostly failed to show significant positive effects in patients with PH-LHD, in contrast to their proven efficacy in other forms of pre-capillary PH. Whether such therapies may benefit some specific subgroups of patients (HFrEF, HFpEF) with specific hemodynamic phenotypes (post- or pre-capillary PH) and various degrees of RV dysfunction still needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Ltaief
- Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Patrick Yerly
- Service of Cardiology, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Gard EK, Beale AL, Telles F, Silvestry FE, Hanff T, Hummel SL, Litwin SE, Petrie MC, Shah SJ, Borlaug BA, Burkhoff D, Komtebedde J, Kaye DM, Nanayakkara S. Left atrial enlargement is associated with pulmonary vascular disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:806-814. [PMID: 36847073 PMCID: PMC10625803 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Elevated left atrial (LA) pressure is a pathophysiologic hallmark of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Chronically elevated LA pressure leads to LA enlargement, which may impair LA function and increase pulmonary pressures. We sought to evaluate the relationship between LA volume and pulmonary arterial haemodynamics in patients with HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from 85 patients (aged 69 ± 8 years) who underwent exercise right heart catheterization and echocardiography were retrospectively analysed. All had symptoms of heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% and haemodynamic features of HFpEF. Patients were divided into LA volume index-based tertiles (≤34 ml/m2 , >34 to ≤45 ml/m2 , >45 ml/m2 ). A subgroup analysis was performed in patients with recorded LA global reservoir strain (n = 60), with reduced strain defined as ≤24%. Age, sex, body surface area and left ventricular ejection fraction were similar between volume groups. LA volume was associated with blunted increases in cardiac output with exercise (padjusted <0.001), higher resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (padjusted = 0.003), with similar wedge pressure (padjusted = 1). Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased with increasing LA volume (padjusted <0.001). Larger LA volumes featured reduced LA strain (padjusted <0.001), with reduced strain associated with reduced PVR-compliance time (0.34 [0.28-0.40] vs. 0.38 [0.33-0.43], p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Increasing LA volume may be associated with more advanced pulmonary vascular disease in HFpEF, featuring higher PVR and pulmonary pressures. Reduced LA function, worse at increasing LA volumes, is associated with a disrupted PVR-compliance relationship, further augmenting impaired pulmonary haemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Telles
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Hanff
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott L. Hummel
- University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjiv J. Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dan Burkhoff
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David M. Kaye
- Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane Nanayakkara
- Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kovacs G, Olschewski H. The definition of pulmonary hypertension: history, practical implications and current controversies. Breathe (Sheff) 2022; 17:210076. [PMID: 35035548 PMCID: PMC8753640 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0076-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is based on a growing body of evidence and represents the result of ongoing discussions within the PH community over the past 50 years. In 2018, the most recent World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension introduced significant changes in the definition of PH by lowering the mean pulmonary arterial pressure threshold to >20 mmHg and (re)introducing the pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 WU cut-off for all forms of pre-capillary PH. These changes and their potential clinical impact have been the subject of lively discussions in the community and some important questions and controversies have been identified. In this review we aim to present the development of the definition of PH over the past decades and discuss the main arguments that led to relevant modifications. In addition, we address the practical implications of the most recent changes and controversies that still exist. The definitions of PH and PAH reflect the upper limit of normal haemodynamic values, their prognostic relevance and practical considerations. With appropriate clinical context they represent the cornerstone of PH diagnosis and clinical decision making.https://bit.ly/3gRSyWz
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Kovacs
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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Samhouri B, Venkatasaburamini M, Paz Y Mar H, Li M, Mehra R, Chaisson NF. Pulmonary artery hemodynamics are associated with duration of nocturnal desaturation but not apnea-hypopnea index. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 16:1231-1239. [PMID: 32267224 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal hypoxia are prevalent among patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PAH). The rationale for these associations remains unclear and these relationships have not been well studied in other forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that severity of sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal hypoxia are associated with worsening pulmonary hemodynamics, regardless of hemodynamic profile. METHODS Four hundred ninety-three patients were divided into 4 groups: 1) no PH, 2) postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, 3) PAH, and 4) mixed PAH/postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. The relationship between right heart catheterization measurements and apnea-hypopnea index or the percentage of sleep time spent with oxygen saturation < 90% (T90) was calculated using multiple linear regression. Analysis of variance was used for between-group comparisons. Statistical models were adjusted for known confounders. RESULTS Apnea-hypopnea index did not differ between hemodynamic subgroups (P = .27) and was not associated with right atrial pressure (.11 ± .19, P = .55), cardiac index (.25 ± 1.64, P = .88), mean pulmonary artery pressure (-.004 ± .09, P = .97), or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (.16 ± .14, P = .26). While patients with PH had a higher T90 than those without (mean 24.2% vs 11.7%, P < .001), there was no difference in T90 between individual PH subgroups (P = .70). T90 was associated with mean pulmonary artery pressure (.55 ± .10, P < .0001), PVR (1.61 ± .49, P = .001), and right atrial pressure (.50 ± .20, P = .01), but not cardiac index (-.76 ± 1.73, P = .66), or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (.23 ± .15, P = .13). CONCLUSIONS Increased PH severity was associated with longer duration of nocturnal hypoxia regardless of hemodynamic subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Paz Y Mar
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Manshi Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Reena Mehra
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurologic Institute, Respiratory Institute, Heart and Vascular Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Witkowski A, Szumowski Ł, Urbanek P, Jastrzębski J, Skowroński J, Sobieszczańska-Małek M, Hoffman P, Kowalik E, Wiśniewska J, Banasiak A, Parulski A, Zieliński T. Transcatheter pulmonary denervation in patients with left heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and combined precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension: A prospective single center experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 98:588-594. [PMID: 33559279 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was a prospective, single-center, single-arm study to investigate the efficacy of transcatheter pulmonary artery denervation (TPADN) in patients with combined postcapillary and precapillary PH (Cpc-PH) associated with left heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF). BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction has a negative impact on outcome. METHODS The combination of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAPs) ≥60 mmHg, transpulmonary pressure gradient (TPG) ≥12 mmHg, nonreversible mean PAP, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) ≥3.5 Wood Units was considered as too high risk for heart transplantation (HTx). The clinical efficacy endpoint was an improvement in 6-min walking test and the hemodynamic endpoints were changes in PAPs, PVR, and TPG between baseline and 6 months. Circumferential radiofrequency applications were delivered around distal main, left and right pulmonary arteries. At each ablation point temperature was 45°C and energy 10 W. RESULTS TPADN was performed in 10 patients. At 6-month in 5 patients we observed reduction in PAP, PVR, TPG, and DPG and then 1 had successful HTx, 2 are on HTx waiting list, 2 received LVADs, 2 patients did not improve, and 3 patients died. CONCLUSIONS TPADN may be beneficial in selected patients with HF-rEF and Cpc-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szumowski
- Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Urbanek
- Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Jastrzębski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Skowroński
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Hoffman
- Department of Congenital Heart Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kowalik
- Department of Congenital Heart Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Banasiak
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Parulski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zieliński
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Levine AR, Simon MA, Gladwin MT. Pulmonary vascular disease in the setting of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:207-217. [PMID: 30177249 PMCID: PMC6378124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as clinical features of heart failure, ideally with biomarker evidence such as elevated plasma natriuretic peptide levels, in the setting of an ejection fraction (EF) greater than 50% and imaging evidence of diastolic left ventricular dysfunction [1,2]. In the absence of cardiac imaging or invasive hemodynamics, this is a clinical syndrome that is often indistinguishable from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). HFpEF and HFrEF present with a cadre of comparable signs and symptoms including jugular venous distention, pulmonary rales on auscultation, breathlessness, orthopnea, exercise intolerance, exertional dyspnea, fatigue and peripheral edema. HFpEF accounts for at least half of all diagnoses of heart failure [1,2]. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of HFpEF that is linked to worse disease morbidity and mortality. In fact, mortality has been linked to increases in the intrinsic pulmonary vascular resistance in the setting of increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, characterized hemodynamically by rises in the transpulmonary pressure gradient, pulmonary vascular resistance or diastolic pressure gradient. Despite being the most common form of PH, there are no approved therapies for the treatment of PH secondary to HFpEF. This review will summarize the hemodynamic classifications of PH in the setting of HFpEF, mechanisms of disease, the potential contribution of pulmonary vascular disease to poor outcomes in patients with HFpEF, and new approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Levine
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Marc A Simon
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart and Vascular Institute Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; University of Pittsburgh Department of Bioengineering Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Aronson D, Hardak E, Burger AJ. Hemodynamics of the diastolic pressure gradients in acute heart failure: implications for the diagnosis of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease. Pulm Circ 2018; 9:2045894018815438. [PMID: 30419797 PMCID: PMC6299913 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018815438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) has been proposed as the metric of choice for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular changes in left heart disease. We tested the hypothesis that this metric is less sensitive to changes in left atrial pressure and stroke volume (SV) than the transpulmonary gradient (TPG). We studied the effect of dynamic changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), SV, and pulmonary artery capacitance (PAC) on DPG and TPG in 242 patients with acute heart failure undergoing decongestive therapy with continuous hemodynamic monitoring. There was a close impact of PCWP reduction on TPG and DPG, with a 0.13 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07–0.19, P < 0.0001) and 0.21 mmHg (95% CI 0.16–0.25, P < 0.0001) increase for every 1 mmHg decrease in PCWP, respectively. Changes in SV had a negligible effect on TPG and DPG (0.19 and 0.13 mmHg increase, respectively, for every 10-mL increase in SV). Heart rate was positively associated with DPG (0.41-mmHg increase per 10 BPM [95% CI 0.22–0.60, P < 0.0001]). The resistance-compliance product was positively associated with both TPG and DPG (2.65 mmHg [95% CI 2.47–2.83] and 1.94 mmHg [95% CI 1.80–2.08] for each 0.1-s increase, respectively). In conclusion, DPG is not less sensitive to changes in left atrial pressure and SV compared with TPG. Although DPG was not affected by changes in PAC, the concomitant increase in the resistance-compliance product increases DPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Aronson
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,2 Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emilia Hardak
- 2 Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,3 Pulmonary Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew J Burger
- 4 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Rieth AJ, Richter MJ, Berkowitsch A, Frerix M, Tarner IH, Mitrovic V, Hamm CW. Intravenous sildenafil acutely improves hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with connective tissue disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203947. [PMID: 30235235 PMCID: PMC6147445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemodynamic assessment during exercise may unmask an impaired functional reserve of the right ventricle and the pulmonary vasculature in patients with connective tissue disease. We assessed the effect of intravenous sildenafil on the hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with connective tissue disease. Methods In this proof-of-concept study, patients with connective tissue disease and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) >20 mm Hg were subjected to a supine exercise hemodynamic evaluation before and after administration of intravenous sildenafil 10 mg. Results Ten patients (four with moderately elevated mPAP 21–24 mm Hg; six with mPAP >25 mm Hg) underwent hemodynamic assessment. All of them showed markedly abnormal exercise hemodynamics. Intravenous sildenafil was well tolerated and had significant hemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise, although without pulmonary selectivity. Sildenafil reduced median total pulmonary resistance during exercise from 6.22 (IQR 4.61–8.54) to 5.24 (3.95–6.96) mm Hg·min·L-1 (p = 0.005) and increased median pulmonary arterial capacitance during exercise from 1.59 (0.93–2.28) to 1.74 (1.12–2.69) mL/mm Hg (p = 0.005). Conclusions In patients with connective tissue disease who have an abnormal hemodynamic response to exercise, intravenous sildenafil improved adaption of the right ventricular-pulmonary vascular unit to exercise independent of resting mPAP. The impact of acute pharmacological interventions on exercise hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary vascular disease warrants further investigation. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01889966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Rieth
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel J. Richter
- Department of Pneumology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Marc Frerix
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ingo H. Tarner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Veselin Mitrovic
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian W. Hamm
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Klinik GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
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Del Rio JM, Grecu L, Nicoara A. Right Ventricular Function in Left Heart Disease. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 23:88-107. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253218799345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) function is an independent prognostic factor for short- and long-term outcomes in cardiac surgical patients. Patients with mitral valve (MV) disease are at increased risk of RV dysfunction before and after MV operations. Yet RV function is not part of criteria for decision making or risk stratification in this setting. The role of MV disease in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) and the ultimate impact of PHTN on RV function have been well described. Nonetheless, there are other mechanisms by which MV disease and MV surgery affect RV performance. Research suggests that PHTN may not be the most important determinant of RV dysfunction. Both RV dysfunction and PHTN have independent prognostic significance. This review explores the unique anatomic and functional features of the RV and the pathophysiologic and prognostic implications of RV dysfunction in patients with MV disease in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mauricio Del Rio
- Divisions of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine / Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Loreta Grecu
- Divisions of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine / Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alina Nicoara
- Divisions of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine / Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease: Updated Recommendations of the Cologne Consensus Conference 2018. Int J Cardiol 2018; 272S:53-62. [PMID: 30527996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the summer of 2016, delegates from the German Society of Cardiology (DGK), the German Respiratory Society (DGP), and the German Society of Pediatric Cardiology (DGPK) met in Cologne, Germany, to define consensus-based practice recommendations for the management of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). These recommendations were built on the 2015 European Pulmonary Hypertension guidelines, aiming at their practical implementation, considering country-specific issues, and including new evidence, where available. To this end, a number of working groups was initiated, one of which was specifically dedicated to PH associated with left heart disease. In this context, the European Guidelines point out that the drugs currently approved to treat patients with PAH (prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, sGC stimulators) have not sufficiently been investigated in other forms of PH. However, despite the lack of respective efficacy data, an uncritical use of targeted PAH drugs in patients with PH associated with left heart disease is currently observed at an increasing rate. This development is a matter of concern. On the other hand, PH is a frequent problem that is highly relevant for morbidity and mortality in patients with left heart disease. In that sense, the distinction between isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (IpcPH) and combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (CpcPH) and their proper definition may be of particular relevance. The detailed results and recommendations of the working group on PH associated with left heart disease, which were last updated in the spring of 2018, are summarized in this article.
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Caravita S, Faini A, Carolino D’Araujo S, Dewachter C, Chomette L, Bondue A, Naeije R, Parati G, Vachiéry JL. Clinical phenotypes and outcomes of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: Role of the pre-capillary component. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199164. [PMID: 29920539 PMCID: PMC6007912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In pulmonary hypertension (PH), both wedge pressure elevation (PAWP) and a precapillary component may affect right ventricular (RV) afterload. These changes may contribute to RV failure and prognosis. We aimed at describing the different haemodynamic phenotypes of patients with PH due to left heart disease (LHD) and at characterizing the impact of pulmonary haemodynamics on RV function and outcome PH-LHD. Methods Patients with PH-LHD were compared with treatment-naïve idiopathic/heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, n = 35). PH-LHD patients were subdivided in Isolated post-capillary PH (IpcPH: diastolic pressure gradient, DPG<7 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance, PVR≤3 WU, n = 37), Combined post- and pre-capillary PH (CpcPH: DPG≥7 mmHg and PVR>3 WU, n = 27), and “intermediate” PH-LHD (either DPG <7 mmHg or PVR ≤3 WU, n = 29). Results Despite similar PAWP and cardiac index, haemodynamic severity and prevalence of RV dysfunction increased from IpcPH, to “intermediate” and CpcPH. PVR and DPG (but not compliance, Ca) were linearly correlated with RV dysfunction. CpcPH had worse prognosis (p<0.05) than IpcPH and PAH, but similar to “intermediate” patients. Only NTproBNP and Ca independently predicted survival in PH-LHD. Conclusions In PH-LHD, haemodynamic characterization according to DPG and PVR provides important information on disease severity, predisposition to RV failure and prognosis. Patients presenting the CpcPH phenotype appear to have haemodynamic profile closer to PAH but with worse prognosis. In PH-LHD, Ca and NTproBNP were independent predictors of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caravita
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Faini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandy Carolino D’Araujo
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Céline Dewachter
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laura Chomette
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Vachiéry
- Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Handoko ML, De Man FS, Oosterveer FPT, Bogaard HJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Westerhof N. A critical appraisal of transpulmonary and diastolic pressure gradients. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12910. [PMID: 27587711 PMCID: PMC5027345 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) resulting from left heart failure is an increasingly recognized clinical entity. To distinguish isolated postcapillary PH from combined post‐ and precapillary PH, the use of a diastolic pressure gradient (DPG = diastolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure − Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure, dPAP − PAWP) has been advocated over the transpulmonary pressure gradient (TPG = mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure − PAWP, mPAP − PAWP) since DPG was suggested to be independent of cardiac output (CO) and only slightly related to PAWP, while TPG depends on both. We quantitatively derived and compared the DPG and TPG. Using right heart catheterization data (n = 1054), we determined systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), dPAP and mPAP, PAWP, and CO. From this data, we derived TPG and DPG and tested their dependence on PAWP and CO. We found that dPAP and sPAP are proportional with mPAP over a wide range of PAWP (1–31 mmHg), with dPAP = 0.62mPAP and sPAP = 1.61mPAP. As a consequence, TPG and DPG are equally dependent on PAWP: TPG = mPAP − PAWP, and DPG = 0.62mPAP − PAWP. Furthermore, we showed that both TPG and DPG depend on CO. The absolute increase in DPG with CO is 62% of the TPG increase with CO, but the relative dependence is the same. Both TPG and DPG depend on PAWP and CO. Thus, in principle, there are no major advantages for using DPG to distinguish postcapillary pulmonary hypertension from combined post‐ and precapillary pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Louis Handoko
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S De Man
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P T Oosterveer
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Westerhof
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chaix MA, Dore A, Mercier LA, Mongeon FP, Marcotte F, Ibrahim R, Asgar AW, Shohoudi A, Labombarda F, Mondésert B, Poirier N, Khairy P. Late Onset Postcapillary Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Transposition of the Great Arteries and Mustard or Senning Baffles. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006481. [PMID: 29025749 PMCID: PMC5721856 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of data regarding late‐onset pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with transposition of the great arteries and atrial switch surgery. Methods and Results A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 140 adults with transposition of the great arteries and atrial switch surgery, age 37.3±7.8, 37.1% female, in order to assess the prevalence and characteristics of late‐onset PH and explore associated factors. Patients were followed for a median of 32.3 years after atrial switch surgery and 10.0 years after their first referral visit. PH was detected in 18 of 33 (54.5%) patients who had invasive hemodynamic studies. Average age at diagnosis of PH was 33.9±8.1 years. PH was postcapillary in all, with a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 36±12 mm Hg and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 28±8 mm Hg. PH was diagnosed in 13 of 17 (76.5%) patients who had cardiac catheterization for heart failure or decreased exercise tolerance. In multivariable analyses, systemic hypertension (odds ratio 9.4, 95% confidence interval 2.2‐39.4, P=0.002) and heart failure or New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms (odds ratio 49.8, 95% confidence interval 8.6‐289.0, P<0.001) were independently associated with PH. Patients with PH were more likely to develop cardiovascular comorbidities including atrial (P=0.001) and ventricular (P=0.008) arrhythmias, require hospitalizations for heart failure (P<0.001), and undergo tricuspid valve surgery (P<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with PH (hazard ratio 9.4, 95% confidence interval 2.1‐43.0], P<0.001). Conclusions Late‐onset postcapillary PH is highly prevalent in adults with transposition of the great arteries and atrial switch surgery and is associated with an adverse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-A Chaix
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Dore
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lise-Andrée Mercier
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François-Pierre Mongeon
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Marcotte
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réda Ibrahim
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anita W Asgar
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Azadeh Shohoudi
- Montreal Health Innovation Coordinating Centre (MHICC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabien Labombarda
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Blandine Mondésert
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Poirier
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada .,Montreal Health Innovation Coordinating Centre (MHICC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Naeije R, Gerges M, Vachiery JL, Caravita S, Gerges C, Lang IM. Hemodynamic Phenotyping of Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004082. [PMID: 28912263 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased pulmonary venous pressure secondary to left heart disease is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The diagnosis of PH due to left heart disease relies on a clinical probability assessment followed by the invasive measurements of a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) ≥25 mm Hg and mean wedged PAP (PAWP) >15 mm Hg. A combination of mean PAP and mean PAWP defines postcapillary PH. Postcapillary PH is generally associated with a diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient (diastolic PAP minus mean PAWP) <7 mm Hg, a transpulmonary pressure gradient (mean PAP minus mean PAWP) <12 mm Hg, and pulmonary vascular resistance ≤3 Wood units (WU). This combination of criteria defines isolated postcapillary PH. Postcapillary PH with elevated vascular gradients and pulmonary vascular resistance defines combined post- and precapillary PH (Cpc-PH). Postcapillary PH is associated with a decreased survival in proportion to increased pulmonary vascular gradients, decreased pulmonary arterial compliance, and reduced right ventricular function. The Cpc-PH subcategory occurs in 12% to 13% of patients with PH due to left heart disease. Patients with Cpc-PH have severe PH, with higher diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient, transpulmonary pressure gradient, and pulmonary vascular resistance and more pronounced ventilatory responses to exercise, lower pulmonary arterial compliance, depressed right ventricular ejection fraction, and shorter life expectancy than isolated postcapillary PH. Cpc-PH bears similarities to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whether Cpc-PH is amenable to therapies targeting the pulmonary circulation remains to be tested by properly designed randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Naeije
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Mario Gerges
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Jean-Luc Vachiery
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Sergio Caravita
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Christian Gerges
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Irene M Lang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Académique Erasme, Brussels, Belgium (R.N., J.-L.V., S.C.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH-Wien), Medical University of Vienna, Austria (M.G., C.G., I.M.L.); and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Ospedale S. Luca IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy (S.C.).
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15
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Wright SP, Moayedi Y, Foroutan F, Agarwal S, Paradero G, Alba AC, Baumwol J, Mak S. Diastolic Pressure Difference to Classify Pulmonary Hypertension in the Assessment of Heart Transplant Candidates. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004077. [PMID: 28912262 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diastolic pressure difference (DPD) is recommended to differentiate between isolated postcapillary and combined pre-/postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (Cpc-PH) in left heart disease (PH-LHD). However, in usual practice, negative DPD values are commonly calculated, potentially related to the use of mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). We used the ECG to gate late-diastolic PAWP measurements. We examined the method's impact on calculated DPD, PH-LHD subclassification, hemodynamic profiles, and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied patients with advanced heart failure undergoing right heart catheterization to assess cardiac transplantation candidacy (N=141). Pressure tracings were analyzed offline over 8 to 10 beat intervals. Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure and mean PAWP were measured to calculate the DPD as per usual practice (diastolic pulmonary artery pressure-mean PAWP). Within the same intervals, PAWP was measured gated to the ECG QRS complex to calculate the QRS-gated DPD (diastolic pulmonary artery pressure-QRS-gated PAWP). Outcomes occurring within 1 year were collected retrospectively from chart review. Overall, 72 of 141 cases demonstrated PH-LHD. Within PH-LHD, the QRS-gated DPD yielded higher calculated DPD values (3 [-1 to 6] versus 0 [-4 to 3] mm Hg; P<0.01) and a greater proportion of Cpc-PH (24% versus 8%; P<0.01) versus the usual practice DPD. Cases reclassified as Cpc-PH based on QRS-gated DPD demonstrated higher pulmonary arterial pressures versus isolated postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (P<0.05). One-year mortality was similar between PH-LHD groups. CONCLUSIONS The DPD calculated in usual practice is underestimated in PH-LHD, which may classify Cpc-PH patients as isolated postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. The QRS-gated DPD reclassifies a subset of PH-LHD patients from isolated postcapillary pulmonary hypertension to Cpc-PH, which is characterized by an adverse hemodynamic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wright
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Yasbanoo Moayedi
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Farid Foroutan
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Suhail Agarwal
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Geraldine Paradero
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Ana C Alba
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Jay Baumwol
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.)
| | - Susanna Mak
- From the Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., S.M.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.P.W., Y.M., F.F., S.A., G.P., A.C.A., S.M.); and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Division of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.B.).
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16
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Gómez-López EA. Hipertensión pulmonar asociada a enfermedad cardiaca izquierda. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Rieth A, Richter MJ, Gall H, Seeger W, Ghofrani HA, Mitrovic V, Hamm CW. Hemodynamic phenotyping based on exercise catheterization predicts outcome in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 36:880-889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Lundgren J, Söderlund C, Rådegran G. Impact of postoperative pulmonary hypertension on outcome after heart transplantation. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2017; 51:172-181. [PMID: 28326855 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2017.1304569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We wanted to investigate the effects of postoperative pulmonary hypertension (PHpostop: mean pulmonary artery pressure [MPAP] ≥ 25 mmHg), diastolic pressure gradient (DPG), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and repeated hemodynamic measurements on long-term survival after heart transplantation (HT). DESIGN Eighty-nine patients who underwent HT at Skåne University Hospital in Lund in the period 1988-2010 and who were evaluated with right-heart-catheterization at rest, prior to HT and repeatedly during the first postoperative year, were grouped based on their MPAP, DPG, and PVR. RESULTS One year after HT, survival was lower in patients with PHpostop than in those without, in patients with DPG ≥7 mmHg than in those with DPG <7 mmHg, and in patients with PVR >3 WU than in those with PVR ≤3 WU. Moreover, compared to patients with no PHpostop or with PHpostop at one evaluation during the first year after HT, PHpostop at repeated evaluations was associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.0). There was no significant difference in acute cellular rejection between patients with and without PHpostop, but postoperative kidney function was worse in patients with repeated PHpostop. CONCLUSIONS When defined according to present guidelines, PH one year after HT may emerge as a prognostic marker for long-term outcome after HT. Moreover, PHpostop at repeated evaluations during the first year after HT had stronger prognostic value than PHpostop at a single examination, illustrating a means of identifying a high-risk population. However, confirmation in larger multi-center studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lundgren
- a Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b The Hemodynamics Laboratory, Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine , Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
| | - Carl Söderlund
- a Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b The Hemodynamics Laboratory, Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine , Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
| | - Göran Rådegran
- a Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden.,b The Hemodynamics Laboratory, Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine , Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
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Liu LC, Hummel YM, van der Meer P, Berger RM, Damman K, van Veldhuisen DJ, Voors AA, Hoendermis ES. Effects of sildenafil on cardiac structure and function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and health‐related quality of life measures in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 19:116-125. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Licette C.Y. Liu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Yoran M. Hummel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Rolf M.F. Berger
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Damman
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Elke S. Hoendermis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen the Netherlands
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Nagy AI, Venkateshvaran A, Merkely B, Lund LH, Manouras A. Determinants and prognostic implications of the negative diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 19:88-97. [PMID: 27748008 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient (DPG) has recently been introduced as a specific marker of combined pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (Cpc-PH) in left heart disease (LHD). However, its diagnostic and prognostic superiority compared with traditional haemodynamic indices has been challenged lately. Current recommendations explicitly denote that in the normal heart, DPG values are greater than zero, with DPG ≥7 mmHg indicating Cpc-PH. However, clinicians are perplexed by the frequent observation of DPG <0 mmHg (DPGNEG ), as its physiological explanation and clinical impact are unclear to date. We hypothesized that large V-waves in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) curve yielding asymmetric pressure transmission might account for DPGNEG and undertook this study to clarify the physiological and prognostic implications of DPGNEG . METHODS AND RESULTS Right heart catheterization and echocardiography were performed in 316 patients with LHD due to primary myocardial dysfunction or valvular disease. A total of 256 patients had PH-LHD, of whom 48% demonstrated DPGNEG . The V-wave amplitude inversely correlated with DPG (r = -0.45, P < 0.001) in patients with low pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), but not in those with elevated PVR (P > 0.05). Patients with large V-waves had negative and lower DPG than those without augmented V-waves (P < 0.001) despite similar PVR (P >0.05). Positive, but normal DPG (0-6 mmHg) carried a worse 2-year prognosis for death and/or heart transplantation than DPGNEG (hazard ratio 2.97; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results advocate against DPGNEG constituting a measurement error. We propose that DPGNEG can partially be ascribed to large V-waves and carries a better prognosis than DPG within the normal positive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Ilona Nagy
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ashwin Venkateshvaran
- School for Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lars H Lund
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aristomenis Manouras
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Diastolic pulmonary gradient predicts outcomes in group 1 pulmonary hypertension (analysis of the NIH primary pulmonary hypertension registry). Respir Med 2016; 119:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Rosenkranz S, Preston IR. Right heart catheterisation: best practice and pitfalls in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:642-52. [PMID: 26621978 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0062-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Right heart catheterisation (RHC) plays a central role in identifying pulmonary hypertension (PH) disorders, and is required to definitively diagnose pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Despite widespread acceptance, there is a lack of guidance regarding the best practice for performing RHC in clinical practice. In order to ensure the correct evaluation of haemodynamic parameters directly measured or calculated from RHC, attention should be drawn to standardising procedures such as the position of the pressure transducer and catheter balloon inflation volume. Measurement of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, in particular, is vulnerable to over- or under-wedging, which can give rise to false readings. In turn, errors in RHC measurement and data interpretation can complicate the differentiation of PAH from other PH disorders and lead to misdiagnosis. In addition to diagnosis, the role of RHC in conjunction with noninvasive tests is widening rapidly to encompass monitoring of treatment response and establishing prognosis of patients diagnosed with PAH. However, further standardisation of RHC is warranted to ensure optimal use in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rosenkranz
- Dept III of Internal Medicine and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Cologne University Heart Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ioana R Preston
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Naeije R, Hemnes AR. The difficult diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease in heart failure. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:308-10. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00789-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Naeije R, D'Alto M. The Diagnostic Challenge of Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 59:22-9. [PMID: 27195751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to left heart diseases associated with an increased pulmonary venous pressure is the second of a total of five groups recognized in the classification of PH. Group 2 PH is the commonest form of PH, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of group 2 PH relies on a clinical probability assessment in which echocardiography plays a major role, eventually followed by the invasive measurements of a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25mmHg and a wedged PAP (PAWP) >15mmHg. This combination of mPAP and PAWP defines "post-capillary PH" (pcPH). Post-capillary PH is most often associated with a diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) or gradient between diastolic PAP and PAWP <7mmHg and/or a pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) ≤3Wood units (WU), and is called isolated pcPH (IpcPH). Postcapillary PH with a DPG ≥7mmHg and/or a PVR >3WU is then combined pre- and postcapillary PH (CpcPH). Post-capillary PH is associated with a decreased survival in proportion to increased PAP and decreased right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction. CpcPH occurs in 12-13% of patients with pcPH. CpcPH is associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling and altered RV-arterial coupling. The prognosis of CpcPH is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Naeije
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michele D'Alto
- Department of Cardiology, Second University of Naples - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:903-75. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01032-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1929] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence on a particular issue at the time of the writing process, with the aim of assisting health professionals in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk–benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines and recommendations should help health professionals to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate.
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Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:67-119. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3916] [Impact Index Per Article: 435.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Hoendermis ES, Liu LCY, Hummel YM, van der Meer P, de Boer RA, Berger RMF, van Veldhuisen DJ, Voors AA. Effects of sildenafil on invasive haemodynamics and exercise capacity in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2565-73. [PMID: 26188003 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), with associated pulmonary hypertension is an increasingly large medical problem. Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibition may be of value in this population, but data are scarce and inconclusive. METHODS AND RESULTS In this single centre, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we included 52 patients with pulmonary hypertension [mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) >25 mmHg; pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) >15 mmHg] due to HFpEF [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥45%]. Patients were randomized to the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil, titrated to 60 mg three times a day, or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in mean PAP after 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints were change in mean PAWP, cardiac output, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). Mean age was 74 ± 10 years, 71% was female, LVEF was 58%, median NT-proBNP level was 1087 (535-1945) ng/L. After 12 weeks, change in mean PAP was -2.4 (95% CI -4.5 to -0.3) mmHg in patients who received sildenafil, vs. -4.7 (95% CI -7.1 to -2.3) mmHg in placebo patients (P = 0.14). Sildenafil did not have a favourable effect on PAWP, cardiac output, and peak VO2. Adverse events were overall comparable between groups. CONCLUSION Treatment with sildenafil did not reduce pulmonary artery pressures and did not improve other invasive haemodynamic or clinical parameters in our study population, characterized by HFpEF patients with predominantly isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension. (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01726049).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Hoendermis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Licette C Y Liu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoran M Hummel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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