1
|
Čarapić M, Marković B, Pavlovic M, Agbaba D, Nikolic K. Comparative study of performances of UHPLC-MS/MS and HPLC/UV methods for analysis of ziprasidone and its main impurities. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ziprasidone is the second generation antipsychotic drug with unique multipotent G-protein-coupled (GPCR) receptor binding profile. Since ziprasidone is a highly lipophilic and unstable compound, development of efficient method for a concurrent assay of ziprasidone and its main impurities was a very challenging task.
The UHPLC-MS/MS method that we developed for simultaneous determination of ziprasidone and its main impurities (BITP, Chloroethyl-chloroindolinone, Zip-oxide, Zip-dimer, and Zip-BIT) was compared with some other related HPLC-UV methods of our own and other authorship. An increase of the mobile phase pH value from 2.5 to 4.7 units in the examined analytical methods influenced elution order of the investigated compounds. It was found out that the UHPLC-MS/MS method is more selective and sensitive than the earlier developed HPLC-UV method. Similar to our earlier HPLC-UV method, the UHPLC-MS/MS method is linear with a correlation coefficient (r) above 0.99 for all the analysed compounds, but with a negligibly lower precision and accuracy. Finally, with shorter analysis time, smaller column size and reduction of solvent consumption, UHPLC-MS/MS is assumed as a greener method than HPLC-UV for the ziprasidone purity assay.
After transfer of the UHPLC-MS/MS method to the UHPLC-DAD system, suitability of the UHPLC-DAD method for routine control of ziprasidone and its main impurities is examined and confirmed based on the retained good selectivity, resolution and short analysis time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Čarapić
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, PO Box 146,11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Pavlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, PO Box 146,11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, PO Box 146,11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, PO Box 146,11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Čarapić M, Nikolic K, Marković B, Petković M, Pavlovic M, Agbaba D. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid, simultaneous analysis of ziprasidone and its impurities. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4384. [PMID: 30215855 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The separation and characterization of the unknown degradation product of second-generation antipsychotic drug ziprasidone are essential for defining the genotoxic potential of the compound. The aim of this study was to develop a simple UHPLC method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for chemical characterization of an unknown degradant, and the separation and quantification of ziprasidone and its five main impurities (I-V) in the raw material and pharmaceuticals. Chromatographic conditions were optimized by experimental design. The MS/MS fragmentation conditions were optimized individually for each compound in order to obtain both specific fragments and high signal intensity. A rapid and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. All seven analytes were eluted within the 7 min run time. The best separation was obtained on the Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 × 2.1 mm × 1.7 μm) column in gradient mode with ammonium-formate buffer (10 mm; pH 4.7) and acetonitrile as mobile phase, with the flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1 and at the column temperature of 30°C. The new UHPLC-MS/MS method was fully validated and all validation parameters were confirmed. The fragmentation pathways and chemical characterization of an unknown degradant were proposed and it was confirmed that there are no structural alerts concerning genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Čarapić
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Petković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Pavlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mauri MC, Paletta S, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Cirnigliaro G, Valli I, Altamura AC. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1493-1528. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Quantitative analysis of drugs in biological matrices by HPLC hyphenated to fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:743-62. [PMID: 25871590 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the art in HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection is presented. Over the last 20 years, the increasing number of methodological papers on this topic (4082 between 1994 and 2004 and 7725 between 2004 and 2014) is testament to its utility in bioanalytical applications. Compared with conventional UV absorbance detection used in HPLC, fluorescence detection can greatly enhance the sensitivity leading to limits of detection similar to those obtained with mass spectrometry, offering researchers a sensitive, robust and relatively inexpensive instrumental method. This work will focus on the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in different biological matrices, either naturally fluorescent or derivatized with a fluorescent agent, and some of them chiral. Therapeutic applications, sample preparation and derivatization, sensitivity for each example are described.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sistik P, Urinovska R, Brozmanova H, Kacirova I, Silhan P, Lemr K. Fast simultaneous LC/MS/MS determination of 10 active compounds in human serum for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatric medication. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:217-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sistik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics; University Hospital Ostrava; Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Romana Urinovska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics; University Hospital Ostrava; Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brozmanova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics; University Hospital Ostrava; Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Ostrava
| | - Ivana Kacirova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics; University Hospital Ostrava; Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Ostrava
| | - Petr Silhan
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital Ostrava; 708 52 Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lemr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacky University; 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dried blood spot testing: a novel approach for the therapeutic drug monitoring of ziprasidone-treated patients. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1487-95. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A novel analytical approach, based on dried blood spot (DBS) testing, has been developed, validated and applied for the first time to the analysis of ziprasidone (ZPR) for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of schizophrenic patients. DBS represent a more feasible but reliable matrix, alternative to blood and plasma. Methods: The assays were carried out using an HPLC method with native fluorescence. Blood drops were applied to DBS cards and dried by microwaves, an internal standard solution was added to the DBS and 5-mm punches were cut out for analysis. ZPR was extracted from DBS with methanol, giving good extraction yields, precision and selectivity results. Results: The method was applied with satisfactory results to DBS samples from psychiatric patients to determine ZPR levels for therapy optimization. Conclusion: This innovative methodology provides reliable and significant TDM information, with important advantages over classical blood sampling in terms of collection, storage and processing.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mercolini L, Protti M, Fulgenzi G, Mandrioli R, Ghedini N, Conca A, Raggi MA. A fast and feasible microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) procedure for HPLC analysis of the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:467-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
Skibiński R. PHOTOSTABILITY STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF PHOTODEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF ZIPRASIDONE BY UHPLC-DAD/ESI-Q-TOF. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.627623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Skibiński
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marghade S, Musmade PB, Moorkoth S. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Ziprasidone in Plasma Samples: Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:902-8. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
10
|
García MS, Ortuño JA, Cuartero M, Abuherba MS. Use of a new ziprasidone-selective electrode in mixed solvents and its application in the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. SENSORS 2011; 11:8813-25. [PMID: 22164107 PMCID: PMC3231489 DOI: 10.3390/s110908813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction and characterization of a new ion-selective electrode for the determination of the antipsychotic ziprasidone in mixed solvents is presented. The electrode contains a plasticized polymeric membrane based on a ziprasidone-tetraphenylborate ion-exchanger. The influence of membrane composition on the electrode response towards ziprasidone in hydroalcoholic solutions was studied. The electrode displayed a stable response in a 2:3 (v/v) methanol/water medium from a ziprasidone concentration of 3 × 10−6 M with a fast response time of less than 20 s. The electrode also showed good selectivity towards ziprasidone over common inorganic and organic compounds and several species with pharmacological activity. The electrode was successfully applied to the determination of ziprasidone in pharmaceuticals and human urine and serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Walash MI, Belal F, El-Enany N, Eid M, El-Shaheny RN. Stability-Indicating Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Assay of Ziprasidone in Capsules. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Lei YQ, Zhang WY, Li HD, Yan M, Zhu RH. Determination of Ziprasidone by UPLC-MS-MS and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Chinese Schizophrenics. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:428-37. [PMID: 20095068 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181c58715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the feasibility of a placebo-controlled trial of antipsychotics for delirium in the intensive care unit and to test the hypothesis that antipsychotics would improve days alive without delirium or coma. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Six tertiary care medical centers in the US. PATIENTS One hundred one mechanically ventilated medical and surgical intensive care unit patients. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to receive haloperidol or ziprasidone or placebo every 6 hrs for up to 14 days. Twice each day, frequency of study drug administration was adjusted according to delirium status, level of sedation, and side effects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN OUTCOMES The primary end point was the number of days patients were alive without delirium or coma. During the 21-day study period, patients in the haloperidol group spent a similar number days alive without delirium or coma (median [interquartile range], 14.0 [6.0-18.0] days) as did patients in the ziprasidone (15.0 [9.1-18.0] days) and placebo groups (12.5 [1.2-17.2] days; p = 0.66). No differences were found in secondary clinical outcomes, including ventilator-free days (p = .25), hospital length of stay (p = .68), and mortality (p = .81). Ten (29%) patients in the haloperidol group reported symptoms consistent with akathisia, compared with six (20%) patients in the ziprasidone group and seven (19%) patients in the placebo group (p = .60), and a global measure of extrapyramidal symptoms was similar between treatment groups (p = .46). CONCLUSIONS A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of antipsychotics for delirium in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients is feasible. Treatment with antipsychotics in this limited pilot trial did not improve the number of days alive without delirium or coma, nor did it increase adverse outcomes. Thus, a large trial is needed to determine whether use of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium is appropriate.
Collapse
|
14
|
Skibiński R, Komsta Ł. Validation of NP-HPTLC and RP-HPTLC methods with videodensitometric detection for analysis of ziprasidone in pharmaceutical formulations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Determination of the lipophilic antipsychotic drug ziprasidone in rat plasma and brain tissue using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:770-8. [PMID: 18318016 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and robust liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS) method with low matrix effects was developed and validated for the quantification of the lipophilic antipsychotic ziprasidone from rat plasma and brain tissue. Ziprasidone was extracted from rat plasma and brain homogenate using a single-step liquid-liquid extraction. Ziprasidone was separated on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C8 column (150 x 2.1 mm i.d., 5 microm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.02% ammonia in water (pH 7.20 adjusted with formic acid) using gradient elution. Ziprasidone was detected in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects and stability were determined. The LLOQ was 0.2 ng/mL for plasma and 0.833 ng/g for brain tissue. The method was linear over the concentration range from 0.2 to 200.0 ng/mL for plasma and 0.833-833.3 ng/g for brain tissue. The correlation coefficient (R2) values were more than 0.996 for both plasma and brain homogenate. The precision and accuracy intra-day and inter-day were better than 8.13%. The relative and absolute recovery was above 81.0% and matrix effects were lower than 5.2%. This validated method has been successfully used to quantify the rat plasma and brain tissue concentration of ziprasidone after chronic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang G, Jr AVT, Bartlett MG. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of antipsychotic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Farina C, Kremser L, Raggi MA, Kenndler E. Determination of Ziprasidone in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of olanzapine, risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, haloperidol and ziprasidone in rat brain tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 858:276-81. [PMID: 17766202 PMCID: PMC2697569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One prerequisite for therapeutic effects of psychiatric drugs is the ability to pass the blood brain barrier. Hence, it is important to know the concentration of antipsychotic drugs in brain tissue. In general, determinations of lipophilic compounds from lipophilic matricies such as the brain are a challenge. Here we have adapted a plasma assay for antipsychotics for the target organ the brain. Using modified sample preparation and chromatographic strategies, the analytes were extracted from rat brain homogenate and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The method used a Waters Atlantis dC-18 (30 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3 microm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.1 adjusted with formic acid) and gradient elution. All analytes were detected in positive ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring. The method was validated and the linearity, lower limit of quantitation, precision, accuracy, recoveries, specificity and stability were determined. This method was then successfully used to quantify the rat brain tissue concentration of the analytes after chronic treatment with these antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous determination of five antipsychotic drugs in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:20-8. [PMID: 17588832 PMCID: PMC2745293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A significant percentage of psychiatric patients who are treated with antipsychotics are treated with more than one antipsychotic drug in the clinic. Thus, it is advantageous to use a rapid and reliable assay that is suitable for determination of multiple antipsychotic drugs in plasma in a single run. A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of olanzapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, ziprasidone, risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rat plasma using imipramine as an internal standard (I.S.). The analytes were extracted from rat plasma using a single step liquid-liquid acid solution back extraction technique with wash procedure, which provided the very clear baseline for blank plasma extraction. The compounds were separated on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/30 mM ammonium acetate including 0.05% triethylamine (pH 5.86 adjusted with acetic acid) with gradient elution. All of the analytes were monitored using UV detection. The method was validated and the linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recoveries, selectivity and stability were determined. The LLOQ was 2.0 ng/ml and correlation coefficient (R(2)) values for the linear range of 2.0-500.0 ng/ml were 0.998 or greater for all the analytes. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day were better than 7.44%. The recovery was above 74.8% for all of the analytes. This validated method has been successfully used to quantify the plasma concentration of the analytes for pharmacological and toxicological studies following chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aravagiri M, Marder SR, Pollock B. Determination of ziprasidone in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and its application to plasma level determination in schizophrenia patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 847:237-44. [PMID: 17098485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An accurate, rapid and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) assay method was developed for the determination of ziprasidone (ZIP) in the plasma of schizophrenia patients. A simple one step liquid-liquid extraction with 20% methylene dichloride in pentane was used to isolate ZIP and the internal standard from the plasma matrix. The compounds were separated on a C-18 column by an isocratic elution and the eluted compounds were analyzed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a TurboIon spray interface using the positive ion atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization method and detected using multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ZIP standard calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.25-500ng/ml when 0.5ml of plasma was used for the analysis (r(2)>0.998). The intra-assay (within-day) and inter-assay (between-day) variations were less than 12% for the spiked standard curve and quality control samples. The absolute extraction efficiency was 82% for ZIP and 68% for INS-RSP. The analysis time for each sample was less than 3min and useful for high turnaround plasma level determinations. This LC-MS-MS assay method for ZIP is highly specific, sensitive, accurate and rapid and is currently being used for the plasma level determination of ZIP in schizophrenia patients treated with various daily oral doses of ZIP. The data showed large inter-individual variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Aravagiri
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, Fiorentini A, De Gaspari IF, Bareggi SR. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46:359-88. [PMID: 17465637 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200746050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the past, the information about the dose-clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotics was not complete and this led to the risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects. This, together with the intention of improving patients' quality of life and therapeutic compliance, resulted in the development of atypical or second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). This review will concentrate on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, amisulpride, ziprasidone, aripiprazole and sertindole, and will discuss the main aspects of their pharmacodynamics. In psychopharmacology, therapeutic drug monitoring studies have generally concentrated on controlling compliance and avoiding adverse effects by keeping long-term exposure to the minimal effective blood concentration. The rationale for using therapeutic drug monitoring in relation to SGAs is still a matter of debate, but there is growing evidence that it can improve efficacy, especially when patients do not respond to therapeutic doses or when they develop adverse effects. Here, we review the literature concerning the relationships between plasma concentrations of SGAs and clinical responses by dividing the studies on the basis of the length of their observation periods. Studies with clozapine evidenced a positive relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response, with a threshold of 350-420 ng/mL associated with good clinical response. The usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring is well established because high plasma concentrations of clozapine can increase the risk of epileptic seizures. Plasma clozapine concentrations seem to be influenced by many factors such as altered cytochrome P450 1A4 activity, age, sex and smoking. The pharmacological effects of risperidone depend on the sum of the plasma concentrations of risperidone and its 9-hydroxyrisperidone metabolite, so monitoring the plasma concentrations of the parent compound alone can lead to erroneous interpretations. Despite a large variability in plasma drug concentrations, the lack of studies using fixed dosages, and discrepancies in the results, it seems that monitoring the plasma concentrations of the active moiety may be useful. However, no therapeutic plasma concentration range for risperidone has yet been clearly established. A plasma threshold concentration for parkinsonian side effects has been found to be 74 ng/mL. Moreover, therapeutic drug monitoring may be particularly useful in the switch between the oral and the long-acting injectable form. The reviewed studies on olanzapine strongly indicate a relationship between clinical outcomes and plasma concentrations. Olanzapine therapeutic drug monitoring can be considered very useful in assessing therapeutic efficacy and controlling adverse events. A therapeutic range of 20-50 ng/mL has been found. There is little evidence in favour of the existence of a relationship between plasma quetiapine concentrations and clinical responses, and an optimal therapeutic range has not been identified. Positron emission tomography studies of receptor blockade indicated a discrepancy between the time course of receptor occupancy and plasma quetiapine concentrations. The value of quetiapine plasma concentration monitoring in clinical practice is still controversial. Preliminary data suggested that a therapeutic plasma amisulpride concentration of 367 ng/mL was associated with clinical improvement. A therapeutic range of 100-400 ng/mL is proposed from non-systematic clinical experience. There is no direct evidence concerning optimal plasma concentration ranges of ziprasidone, aripiprazole or sertindole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo C Mauri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Psychiatry, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of olanzapine, risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, haloperidol and ziprasidone in rat plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:920-8. [PMID: 17295424 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of olanzapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol, risperidone, and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone, in rat plasma using midazolam as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted from rat plasma using a single step liquid-liquid extraction technique. The compounds were separated on a Waters Atlantis dC-18 (30 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3 microm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.1 adjusted with formic acid) with gradient elution. All of the analytes were detected in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recoveries and stability were determined. LLOQ was 0.1 ng/mL and correlation coefficient (R(2)) values for the linear range of 0.1-100 ng/mL were 0.997 or greater for all the analytes. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were better than 8.05%. The relative and absolute recovery was above 77% and matrix effects were low for all the analytes except for ziprasidone. This validated method has been successfully used to quantify the plasma concentration of the analytes after chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singh A, Rao BM, Deshpande GR, Sangaraju S, Srinivasu MK, Lalitha Devi M, Satyanarayana PVV, Chandrasekhar KB. A Rapid Stability-Indicating LC Method for Ziprasidone Hydrochloride. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
24
|
Al-Dirbashi OY, Aboul-Enein HY, Al-Odaib A, Jacob M, Rashed MS. Rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of ziprasidone in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:365-8. [PMID: 16167302 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of ziprasidone (ZIP) in human plasma was developed. ZIP and N-methyl ziprasidone as internal standard (IS) were extracted from alkalinized plasma using tert- butyl methyl ether. Separation was performed isocratically on a C8 column with 90% acetonitrile containing 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate as a mobile phase with a total run time of 2.5 min. MS/MS transitions of m/z 413 --> 194 and m/z 427 --> 177 of the analyte and internal standard were used for quantification. Confirmatory ions of m/z 413 --> 177 and m/z 427 --> 180 were collected as well. The calibration curve based on peak-area ratio was linear up to at least 200 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The method showed satisfactory reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of less than 5%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ZIP in spiked human plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Al-Dirbashi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|