High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of sumatriptan with fluorescence detection in human plasma

Rapid and naked-eye colorimetric detection of ultra trace sumatriptan in drinking water, saliva, and human urine samples based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles

In this study, the determination of sumatriptan (SUM) was performed using a simple, rapid, and precise colorimetric method based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) feature of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By adding SUM, the aggregation was observed in AuNPs with red-to-blue color shifts. The size distribution of NPs was estimated before and after adding SUM via dynamic light scattering (DLS), which was found to be 15.34 and 97.45 nm, respectively. Characterization of AuNPs, SUM, and AuNPs in combination with SUM was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Examining the effect of pH, the volume of buffer, the concentration of AuNPs, interaction time, and ionic strength revealed that their optimal values were 6, 100 μL, 5 μM, 14 min, and 12 μg L-1, respectively. The suggested method was able to determine the amount of SUM in a linear range of 10 to 250 μg L-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.392 and 1.03 μg L-1, respectively. This approach was successfully applied to determine SUM in drinking water, saliva, and human urine samples with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 0.03%, 0.3%, and 1.0%, respectively.

Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with CB/TiO2 Layer for Sensitive Determination of Sumatriptan by Means of Voltammetry and Flow Injection Analysis

Sumatriptan is an organic chemical compound from the tryptamine group. It is used as a medicine for migraine attacks and in the treatment of cluster headaches. In this work, a new voltammetric method is proposed for highly sensitive SUM determination, using glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon black and titanium dioxide suspension. The novelty of the presented work is the usage of the mixture of carbon black and TiO₂ as glassy carbon electrode modifier for the first time for SUM determination. The mentioned sensor was characterized by great repeatability and sensitivity of measurements, which resulted in the obtention of a wide range of linearity and a low detection limit. The electrochemical properties of the CB-TiO₂/GC sensor was characterized using the LSV and EIS method. The effect of different factors on the SUM peak, such as supporting electrolyte type, preconcentration time and potential, or influence of interferents, were tested using the square wave voltammetry technique. The linear voltammetric response for the analyte was obtained in the concentration range of 5 nmol L^-1 to 150 μmol L^-1 with a detection limit of 2.9 nmol L^-1 for a preconcentration time of 150 s in the 0.1 mol L^-1 phosphate buffer pH 6.0. The proposed method was successfully applied for highly sensitive sumatriptan determination in complex matrices, such as tablets, urine, and plasma, with a good recovery parameter (94-105%). The presented CB-TiO₂/GC electrode is characterized by great stability, it was used for 6 weeks without significant changes in the SUM peak current. Amperometric and voltammetric measurements of SUM under the flow injection conditions were also performed to indicate the possibility of its fast and accurate determination with a time of single analysis of approx. 30 s.

Voltammetric detection of sumatriptan in the presence of naproxen using Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoparticles modified screen printed graphite electrode

A novel electrochemical sensing platform was designed and prepared for the simultaneous detection of sumatriptan and naproxen by exploiting the prowess of the Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs); as-synthesized Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8 NPs were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The immobilized Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8 NPs on a screen printed graphite electrode (SPGE) was evaluated electrochemically via cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry as well as chronoamprometery means; Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8/SPGE exhibited good sensing performance for sumatriptan in a range of 0.035–475.0 µM with detection limit of 0.012 µM. Also, Fe₃O₄@ZIF-8/SPGE exhibited good sensing performance for naproxen in a range of 0.1–700.0 µM with detection limit of 0.03 µM. The modified electrode showed two separate oxidative peaks at 620 mV for sumatriptan and at 830 mV for naproxen with a peak potential separation of 210 mV which was large enough to detect the two drugs simultaneously besides being stable in the long-run with considerable reproducibility. Real sample analyses were carried out to identify the function of fabricated electrode in sensing applications wherein trace amounts of sumatriptan and naproxen could be identified in these samples.

Spectrofluorimetric investigation for determination of sumatriptan succinate: application to tablets and spiked human plasma

A simple and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of sumatriptan succinate has been investigated. The suggested method depends on the determination of the intrinsic fluorescence properties of the drug in aqueous systems at λ_em 350 nm following λ_ex at 225 nm. The linearity range was 10-100 ng/ml, with a detection limit and quantitation limit of 1.2 and 3.6 ng/ml, respectively. The suggested method was sufficiently successful for determination of sumatriptan its pharmaceutical tablets as well as in spiked human plasma. Moreover, the validation parameters were determined following International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Statistical analysis of the obtained results from the proposed and reference methods showed no significance difference between the two methods regarding accuracy and precision.

Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simple Analysis of Sumatriptan and its Application in Bioequivalence Study

This work demonstrated a sensitive, selective, and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantitation of sumatriptan in human plasma samples. Terazosin was used as an internal standard to minimize the variability during sample processing and detection. Sample cleanup prior to chromatographic analysis was accomplished by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with tert-butyl methyl ether (t-BME). The separation was performed on a reversed-phase Symmetry^® C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) under a gradient mode, using a 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Sumatriptan (m/z 296.26→251.05) and terazosin (m/z 388.10→290.25) were quantified using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) under the positive ion mode. The method was fully validated following US-FDA and EMA guidelines. The LC-MS/MS assay had a calibration range of 0.5–50.0 ng/mL. The assay was precise and accurate with a between-run precision of <9.51%, and between-run accuracy between −7.27 to 8.30%. The developed method was subsequently applied in the determination of plasma concentration-time profile of a sumatriptan 50-mg tablet following oral administration in healthy volunteers.

Using Microemulsion as Carrier for Drug Transdermal Delivery: The Effect of Surfactants and Cosurfactants

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of types of surfactants and cosurfactants on physicochemical properties and permeability of sumatriptan-loaded microemulsions through rat skin.

METHODS

Different types of surfactants and cosurfactants were used to prepare drug-loaded microemulsions. The physicochemical characters and permeability parameters of these formulations were measured.

RESULTS

The experimental microemulsions with varying components had small droplet size ranging from 24.6 nm to 2568.8 nm, low viscosity ranging from 7.49 to 43.34 cps and significant permeation enhancement ratio ranging from 23.0 to 98.6 when compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

The composition and proportion of surfactants and cosurfactants were key factors for the physiochemical properties of drug-loaded microemulsions. The cumulative transdermal amount of the microemulsion containing mixture surfactant of Laureth-3/Laureth-23 was higher than that of the microemulsion with a mixture of Tween 80/Span 20. In the selected cosurfactant, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGMEE) showed highest permeation enhancement. Thermodynamic stability tests revealed that the experimental microemulsion was a stable enough formulation to be considered as a suitable carrier for sumatriptan.

Utilization of N-bromosuccinimide as a brominating agent for the determination of sumatriptan succinate in bulk drug and tablets

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods which are simple, sensitive, and economic are described for the determination of sumatriptan succinate (STS) in bulk drug and in tablet dosage form using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a brominating agent. In titrimetry, aqueous solution of STS is treated with a measured excess of NBS in acetic acid medium, and after the bromination of STS is judged to be complete, the unreacted NBS is determined iodometrically (method A). Spectrophotometric methods entail addition of a known excess of NBS in acid medium followed by the determination of residual NBS by its reaction with excess iodide, and the liberated iodine (I3 (-)) is either measured at 370 nm (method B) or liberated iodine is reacted with starch followed by the measurement of the blue colored starch-iodine complex at 570 nm (method C). Titrimetric method is applicable over range 1.0-10.0 mg STS (method A), and the reaction stoichiometry is found to be 1 : 3 (STS : NBS). The spectrophotometric methods obey Beer's law for concentration range 0.6-15.0  μ g mL(-1) (method B) and 0.2-4.0  μ g mL(-1) (method C). The calculated apparent molar absorptivity values were found to be 2.10 × 10(4) and 7.44 × 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1), for method B and method C, respectively.

Development and Validation of a HPTLC Method for the Estimation of Sumatriptan in Tablet Dosage Forms

A simple, precise, accurate and rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the estimation of sumatriptan in tablet dosage forms. The stationary phase used was precoated silica gel 60F254. The mobile phase used was a mixture of methanol:water:glacial acetic acid (4.0:8.0:0.1, v/v/v). The detection of spots was carried out at 230 nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. The calibration curve was found to be linear between 200 to 800 ng/spot. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification for the sumatriptan were found to be 63.87 and 193.54 ng/spot, respectively. The proposed method can be successfully used to determine the drug content of marketed formulation.

An evaporation-free solid-phase extraction method for rapid and accurate analysis of sumatriptan in human plasma by LC–MS/MS

An evaporation-free solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and validated for sumatriptan. High organic washing (50% methanol) and low organic elution (20% methanol) were used and the recovery was greater than 92%. The eluate was injected into a C18 column without evaporation and reconstitution. Sumatriptan was monitored in positive ion mode with mass transition of m/z 296.4-58.1 amu. The calibration curve was 1-100 ng/mL (r>or=0.9923). The inter-day and intra-day precisions ranged from 4.53 to 9.12% and 1.72 to 6.93%, respectively. This method features reduced cost and pollution, clean extract, high speed, and most importantly overall method reliability.

Determination of zolmitriptan in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method: Application to a pharmacokinetic study

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry method for the determination of zolmitriptan was developed and validated over the linearity range 0.05-30 ng/ml with 0.5 ml of plasma using diphenhydramine as the internal standard. Liquid-liquid extraction using a mixture of diethyl ether and dichloromethane was used to extract the drug and the internal standard from plasma. The mass spectrometer was operated under the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) technique. The instrument parameters were optimized to obtain 3.0 min run time. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-formic acid (70:30:0.5), at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. In positive mode, zolmitriptan produced a protonated precursor ion at m/z 288 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 58. And internal standard produced a protonated precursor ion at m/z 256 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 167. The inter- and intra-day precision (%R.S.D.) were less than 8.5% and accuracy (%error) was less than -2.5%. The method had a lower limit of quantification of 0.05 ng/ml for zolmitriptan, which offered increased sensitivity and selectivity of analysis, compared with existing methods. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of zolmitriptan after an oral administration of 5 mg zolmitriptan to 20 healthy volunteers.