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Marcoccia D, Smeriglio A, Mantovani A, Trombetta D, Lorenzetti S. Intracellular distribution of vinclozolin and its metabolites differently affects 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PSA secretion in LNCaP cells. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 111:83-91. [PMID: 35595151 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption mechanisms in prostate are an overlooked issue. The anti-androgenic properties of the fungicide vinclozolin (VIN) and its active metabolites - 2-[[(3,5- dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1) and 3'5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2- methylbut-3-enanilide (M2) - were assessed on human prostate-derived cells (LNCaP); the effects were investigated also upon co-treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the physiological androgen receptor (AR)-agonist, and compared to the anti-androgenic drugs, 2-hydroxy-flutamide (2OH-FTA) and bicalutamide (BIC). Assessed endpoints were the cellular uptake and subcellular localization of VIN, M1 and M2, DHT-induced PSA gene expression and secretion. VIN, its metabolites, and the reference drugs, significantly reduced DHT-induced PSA secretion and gene expression, M2 showing the strongest downregulation. In absence of DHT, 2OH-FTA and BIC showed a very high (>98%) LNCaP uptake with a predominant intranuclear localization (BIC=80%, 2OH-FTA=70%). VIN cellular uptake was 42%: 24.7% made up by M2, mostly localized at nuclear level, differently from VIN and M1. Upon DHT co-treatment, VIN intracellular uptake increased by 28%, especially in the microsomal fraction (MF); M2 also increased mainly in MF but also, to a lower extent, in the intranuclear fraction. Finally, in a 72-hr time-course, the LNCaP uptake of VIN and its metabolites was much faster compared to purified M1 and M2. Overall, M2 resulted the leading compound for VIN endocrine-disrupting effects in LNCaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marcoccia
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Dpt. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Dpt. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161Rome, Italy.
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Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Trace Colorimetric Sensing of Enzyme Disrupter Fungicide Vinclozolin. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111604. [PMID: 31726731 PMCID: PMC6915375 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel, simple, efficient, and green protocol for biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aqueous solution using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract as a reducing and protecting agent. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was employed to monitor the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of clove extract-derived AgNPs prepared under various conditions. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis provided information about the surface interaction of the clove extract with the AgNPs. Ultrahigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy (UHRTEM) results confirmed the formation of spherical, uniformly distributed clove extract-capped AgNPs with sizes in the range of 2–20 nm (average size: 14.4 ± 2 nm). Powder X-ray diffractometry analysis (PXRD) illustrated the formation of pure crystalline AgNPs. These AgNPs were tested as a colorimetric sensor to detect trace amounts of vinclozolin (VIN) by UV-Vis spectroscopy for the first time. The AgNP-based sensor demonstrated very sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of VIN, in the range of 2–16 µM (R2 = 0.997). The developed sensor was green, simple, sensitive, selective, economical, and novel, and could detect trace amounts of VIN with limit of detection (LOD) = 21 nM. Importantly, the sensor was successfully employed for the determination of VIN in real water samples collected from various areas in Turkey.
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Cruz-Hurtado M, López-González MDL, Mondragón V, Sierra-Santoyo A. In vitro phase I metabolism of vinclozolin by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:895-904. [PMID: 30215542 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1523485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Vinclozolin (Vin) is a fungicide used in agricultural settings and is classified as an endocrine disruptor. Vin is non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to 2-[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1) and 3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide (M2) metabolites. There is no information about Vin biotransformation in humans, therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize its in vitro metabolism using human liver microsomes. 2. Vin was metabolized to the [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione] (M4) and N-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo)-3,5-dichlorophenyl-1-carbamic acid (M7) metabolites, which are unstable and gradually converted to 3',5'-dichloro-2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutyranilide (DTMBA, formerly denoted as M5). M4 and DTMBA metabolites co-eluted in the same HPLC peak; this co-elute peak exhibited a Michaelis-Menten kinetic, whereas M7 showed a substrate inhibition kinetics. The KM app for co-eluted M4/DTMBA and M7 was 24.2 ± 5.6 and 116.0 ± 52.6 μM, the VMax app was 0.280 ± 0.015 and 0.180 ± 0.060 nmoles/min/mg protein, and the CLint app was 11.5 and 1.5 mL/min/g protein, respectively. The Ki for M7 was 133.2 ± 63.9 μM. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) chemical inhibitors furafylline (CYP1A2), ketoconazole (CYP3A4), pilocarpine (CYP2A6) and sulfaphenazole (CYP2C9) inhibited M4/DTMBA and M7 formation, suggesting that Vin is metabolized in humans by CYP. 3. DTMBA is a stable metabolite and specific of Vin, therefore, it could be used as a biomarker of Vin exposure in humans to perform epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycarmen Cruz-Hurtado
- a Departamento de Toxicología , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ma de Lourdes López-González
- a Departamento de Toxicología , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Victor Mondragón
- b Centro de Excelencia de Agilent Technologies México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- a Departamento de Toxicología , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav) , Ciudad de México , México
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Analysis of 3′,5′-dichloro-2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutylanilide (DTMBA) as a new potential biomarker of exposure to vinclozolin in urine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu H, Liu D, Shen Z, Sun M, Zhou Z, Wang P. Chiral Separation and Enantioselective Degradation of Vinclozolin in Soils. Chirality 2014; 26:155-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Mingjing Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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Multi-residue analysis of free and conjugated hormones and endocrine disruptors in rat testis by QuEChERS-based extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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In vitro metabolism of the anti-androgenic fungicide vinclozolin by rat liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:413-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kavlock R, Cummings A. Mode of Action: Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Function—Vinclozolin-Induced Malformations in Reproductive Development. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:721-6. [PMID: 16417039 DOI: 10.1080/10408440591007377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vinclozolin is a fungicide that has been shown to cause Leydig cell tumors and atrophy of the accessory sex glands in adult rodents. In addition, exposure of rats during pregnancy causes a pattern of malformations in the male urogenital tract. A wealth of standard toxicological studies and targeted research efforts is available related to this adverse effect, and these were used to evaluate the Human Relevance Framework (HRF) for noncancer health effects. Vinclozolin and two of its metabolites, designated M1 and M2, have been shown to bind and inhibit the function of the rat and human androgen receptor. Other means of interfering with androgen receptor function (e.g., by exposure to the pharmaceutical agent flutamide) lead to similar adverse health outcomes. There is direct in vivo evidence in the rat prostate that androgen-dependent gene expression changes occur after exposure to vinclozolin. There are no proposed alternatives to the androgen receptor-mediated mode of action. Based on what is known about kinetic and dynamic factors, confidence is high that the animal mode of action (MOA) for vinclozolin-induced malformation of the male reproductive tract is highly plausible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kavlock
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Sierra-Santoyo A, Castañeda-Hernández G, Harrison RA, Barton HA, Hughes MF. Pharmacokinetics and Dosimetry of the Antiandrogen Vinclozolin after Oral Administration in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:55-63. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Loutchanwoot P, Wuttke W, Jarry H. Effects of a 5-day treatment with vinclozolin on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in male rats. Toxicology 2007; 243:105-15. [PMID: 17980475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vinclozolin (VZ), a potent antiandrogenic fungicide, is known to interfere with male reproductive function. Little data are currently available regarding possible impacts of VZ on brain function, particularly neuroendocrine activity and regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Therefore, we examined the effects of VZ on gene expression in the brain (MBH/ME, MPOA/AH, striatum, hippocampus), pituitary, prostate, seminal vesicles, and epididymis of 4-month-old male rats treated daily by gavage for 5 days with VZ (150 mg/kg body weight/day). Alterations in levels of serum hormones and gene expression were determined by RIA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Our results revealed that (i) VZ decreases epididymis weights, increases serum levels of LH and T, and decreases serum TSH and total T(4) levels; (ii) VZ affects the hypothalamic expression of both estrogen receptor (ERs) subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta; (iii) in the extrahypothalamic brain areas, VZ alters expression of ERs and androgen receptor (AR); (iv) in the pituitary, VZ up-regulates expression of the GnRH receptor, LHbeta, alpha-subunit, and TERP-1/-2; (v) in the ventral prostate, VZ increases and decreases levels of AR and ERbeta mRNA, respectively; (vi) in the seminal vesicles, VZ increases levels of AR and ERalpha mRNA expressions; (vii) in the epididymis, VZ up-regulates AR and ERbeta mRNA expression. These results indicate that in vivo VZ is not a 'pure' antiandrogen, since it exerts mixed AR antagonistic/ERs agonistic actions observed at the levels of mRNA expression of selected androgen- and estrogen-regulated genes in the CNS, pituitary, and male accessory sex organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Loutchanwoot
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Lindh CH, Littorin M, Amilon A, Jönsson BAG. Analysis of 3,5-dichloroaniline as a biomarker of vinclozolin and iprodione in human urine using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:536-42. [PMID: 17245796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The fungicides vinclozolin and iprodione are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are dicarboximide fungicides containing the common moiety 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA). It has been suggested that low-level exposures to such compounds may be associated with adverse health effects such as endocrine disruption. In this study a method using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of 3,5-DCA as a biomarker of exposure to these fungicides in human urine. The urine samples were treated by basic hydrolysis to degrade the fungicides, their metabolites and conjugates to 3,5-DCA. The 3,5-DCA was then extracted using toluene and derivatized using pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA). Analysis of the derivative was carried out using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the negative ion mode. Quantification of the derivative was performed using [(13)C(6)]-labeled 3,4-DCA as an internal standard with good precision and linearity in the range 0.1-200 ng/mL urine. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.1 ng/mL. The metabolites in urine were found to be stable during storage at -20 degrees C. To validate 3,5-DCA as a biomarker the method was applied in a human experimental exposure to iprodione and vinclozolin. Two healthy volunteers received 200 microg single oral doses of each pesticide followed by urine sampling during 72-120 h post-exposure. Between 78-107% of the dose was recovered as 3,5-DCA in the urine after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Dhananjeyan MR, Erhardt PW, Corbitt C. Simultaneous determination of vinclozolin and detection of its degradation products in mouse plasma, serum and urine, and from rabbit bile, by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1115:8-18. [PMID: 16540112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A specific high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous detection of vinclozolin and its degradation products (M1, M2, and M3). The method has been validated according to ICH guidelines and can be extended to quantitation of vinclozolin. A base-line separation of vinclozolin and its degradation products was found with symmetrical peak shapes on an XTerra MS C18 column using 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate at pH 9.2 and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The retention times of vinclozolin, M1, M2, and M3 were 12.8, 8.1, 11.6, and 11.1 min, respectively. A linear calibration curve was obtained across a range from 5 to 200 microM for vinclozolin. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (%RSD) were <1%. Greater than 90% recoveries of vinclozolin from bio-fluids including mouse plasma, serum and urine, and rabbit bile, were obtained in a single step with a single solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugunthu R Dhananjeyan
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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