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Reynolds CJ, Dyer RB, Oberhelman-Eaton SS, Konwinski BL, Weatherly RM, Singh RJ, Thacher TD. Sulfated vitamin D metabolites represent prominent roles in serum and in breastmilk of lactating women. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1929-1936. [PMID: 39024772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of vitamin D (VitD) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in breastmilk are low despite the essential role of VitD for normal infant bone development, yet additional metabolic forms of vitamin D may be present. This study evaluates the contribution of sulfated vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D3-sulfate (VitD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) for lactating women and assesses the response to high-dose VitD3 supplementation. METHODS Serum and breastmilk were measured before and after 28 days with 5000 IU/day VitD3 intake in 20 lactating women. Concentrations of VitD3-S and 25OHD3-S in milk, and 25OHD2, 25OHD3, 25OHD3-S, VitD3 and VitD3-S in serum were determined by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Baseline vitamin D status was categorized as sufficient (mean ± SD serum 25OHD3 69 ± 19 nmol/L), and both serum VitD3 and 25OHD3 increased following supplementation (p < 0.001). 25OHD3-S was 91 ± 19 nmol/L in serum and 0.47 ± 0.09 nmol/L in breastmilk. VitD3-S concentrations were 2.92 ± 0.70 nmol/L in serum and 6.4 ± 3.9 nmol/L in breastmilk. Neither sulfated metabolite significantly changed with supplementation in either serum or breastmilk. CONCLUSIONS Sulfated vitamin D metabolites have prominent roles for women during lactation with 25OHD3-S highly abundant in serum and VitD3-S distinctly abundant in breastmilk. These data support the notion that 25OHD3-S and VitD3-S may have physiological relevance during lactation and nutritional usage for nursing infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Mayo Clinic Immunochemical Core Laboratory, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ravinder J Singh
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, USA
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2
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Xu Z, Yu K, Zhang M, Ju Y, He J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang J. Accurate Clinical Detection of Vitamin D by Mass Spectrometry: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38376891 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2316237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is thought to be associated with a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This vitamin D deficiency is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed countries and therefore qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D in a clinical context is essential. Mass spectrometry has played an increasingly important role in the clinical analysis of vitamin D because of its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to detect multiple substances at the same time. Despite their many advantages, mass spectrometry-based methods are not without analytical challenges. Front-end and back-end challenges such as protein precipitation, analyte extraction, derivatization, mass spectrometer functionality, must be carefully considered to provide accurate and robust analysis of vitamin D through a well-designed approach with continuous control by internal and external quality control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of mass spectrometry methods for vitamin D accurate analysis, including emphasis on status markers, deleterious effects of biological matrices, derivatization reactions, effects of ionization sources, contribution of epimers, standardization of assays between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yunuo Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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3
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Reynolds CJ, Dyer RB, Vizenor BA, Koszewski NJ, Singh RJ, Thacher TD. Analysis of vitamin D 3-sulfate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-sulfate in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123954. [PMID: 38101284 PMCID: PMC10872384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites of vitamin D have been suggested to be in breastmilk, although current methods to measure sulfated vitamin D compounds in breastmilk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have not adequately accounted for increased aqueous solubility of these sulfated metabolites. The purpose of this study was to generate a method of LC-MS/MS for measuring vitamin D3-3-sulfate (VitD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) specifically in human breastmilk. The resulting method uses methanol to precipitate protein and solid phase extraction to prepare the samples for LC-MS/MS. The limits of quantification for analytes in solvent were 0.23 ng/mL VitD3-S and 0.2 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Various experiments observed concentrations ranging 0.53 to 1.7 ng/mL VitD3-S and ≤ 0.29 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Both analytes were present in aqueous skim milk, demonstrating the enhanced aqueous solubility of these vitamin D sulfates. In conclusion, we describe an effective method for measuring VitD3-S and 25OHD3-S in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Reynolds
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Brady A Vizenor
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Ravinder J Singh
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Tom D Thacher
- Mayo Clinic Department of Family Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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4
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Jones KS, Meadows SR, Koulman A. Quantification and reporting of vitamin D concentrations measured in human milk by LC-MS/MS. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1229445. [PMID: 38035362 PMCID: PMC10687194 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1229445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for optimal bone health, and vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy, growth and developmental outcomes. In early life, and in the absence of endogenous vitamin D production from UVB light, infants are reliant on vitamin D stores established in utero and the vitamin D supply from human milk (HM). However, comprehensive data on vitamin D in HM is lacking. Thus, in this review we explore the application of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to the assessment of vitamin D in HM. We discuss the challenges of extracting and measuring multiple vitamin D metabolites from HM including the frequent requirement for a large sample volume, and inappropriate poor sensitivity. Shortcomings in the reporting of experimental procedures and data analysis further hinder advances in the field. Data collated from all studies that have applied LC-MS/MS reveal that, in general, cholecalciferol concentration is greater and more variable than 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, and that the vitamin D content of HM is low and less than the currently recommended dietary requirement of infants, although maternal supplementation can increase the vitamin D content of HM. Improvements in analytical methods and their validation and larger, more representative studies are required to better characterize HM milk vitamin D metabolite concentrations and their relationship with maternal status. These data are essential to understand relationships with infant health and to inform public health policies around vitamin D fortification and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S. Jones
- Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Huo Y, Zhang S, Wu G, Shan H, Li Q, Deng T, Pan C. Rapid simultaneous determination of 7 fat-soluble vitamins in human serum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5535-5544. [PMID: 37847399 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of vitamins is critically important for clinical diagnosis, metabolomics and epidemiological studies. However, the amounts of different vitamins vary dramatically in human serum. It is a challenge to achieve simultaneous detection of multiple vitamins rapidly. Herein, we developed and validated a sensitive and specific method using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for simultaneous quantification of 7 fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) across their physiological concentrations in serum for the first time, which was subjected to protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction to an organic phase, evaporation to dryness and reconstitution with acetonitrile. In the present procedure, retinol (vitamin A), ergocalciferol (25-OH-D2), cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menatetrenone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were detected in one analytical procedure for the first time within 5.0 min by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for vitamin A was 10.0 ng mL-1, LOQs for 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 were 1.0 ng mL-1, LOQ for vitamin E was 100.0 ng mL-1, and LOQs for vitamin K1, MK-4 and MK-7 were 0.10 ng mL-1, respectively, with a correlation (R2) of 0.995-0.999. Recoveries ranged from 80.5% to 118.5% and the intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variance (CVs) were 0.72-8.89% and 3.2-9.0% respectively. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and U.S. Food and Drug guidelines and C62-A on bioanalytical methods, and was used for clinical routine determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huo
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Gaoping Wu
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Shan
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Waters Technologies (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tongqing Deng
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Hangzhou Adicon Clinical Laboratories Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Alexandridou A, Schorr P, Volmer DA. Comparing derivatization reagents for quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of a variety of vitamin D metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04753-0. [PMID: 37219579 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study systematically compares the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis of multiple vitamin D metabolites after chemical derivatization using different reagents for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Generally, chemical derivatization is applied to vitamin D metabolites to increase the ionization efficiency, which is particularly important for very low abundant metabolites. Derivatization can also improve the selectivity of the LC separation. A wide variety of derivatization reagents has been reported in recent years, but information on their relative performance and applicability to different vitamin D metabolites is, unfortunately, not available in the literature. To fill this gap, we investigated vitamin D3, 3β-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3β-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) and compared response factors and selectivity after derivatizing with several important reagents, including four dienophile reagents (4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DMEQ-TAD), Amplifex, 2-nitrosopyridine (PyrNO)) as well as two reagents targeting hydroxyl groups: isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) and 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium-p-toluenesulfonate (FMP-TS). In addition, a combination of dienophiles and hydroxyl group reagents was examined. For LC separations, reversed-phase C-18 and mixed-mode pentafluorophenyl HPLC columns using different compositions of the mobile phase were compared. With respect to detection sensitivity, the optimum derivatization reagent for the profiling of multiple metabolites was Amplifex. Nevertheless, FMP-TS, INC, PTAD, or PTAD combined with an acetylation reaction showed very good performance for selected metabolites. These reagent combinations provided signal enhancements on the order of 3- to 295-fold depending on the compound. Chromatographic separation of the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 species was readily achieved using any of the derivatization reactions, while for 25(OH)D3 epimers, only PyrNO, FMP, INC, and PTAD combined with acetylation enabled complete separation. In conclusion, we believe this study can serve as a useful reference for vitamin D laboratories, to help analytical and clinical scientists decide which derivatization reagent to choose for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Seki D, Errerd T, Hall LJ. The role of human milk fats in shaping neonatal development and the early life gut microbiota. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:8. [PMID: 38047278 PMCID: PMC10688791 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is the main source of nutrition for neonates across the critical early-life developmental period. The highest demand for energy is due to rapid neurophysiological expansion post-delivery, which is largely met by human milk lipids (HMLs). These HMLs also play a prebiotic role and potentially promote the growth of certain commensal bacteria, which, via HML digestion, supports the additional transfer of energy to the infant. In tandem, HMLs can also exert bactericidal effects against a variety of opportunistic pathogens, which contributes to overall colonisation resistance. Such interactions are pivotal for sustaining homeostatic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these interactions remain poorly understood. This review will explore the current research landscape with respect to HMLs, including compositional considerations and impact on the early life gut microbiota. Recent papers in this field will also be discussed, including a final perspective on current knowledge gaps and potential next research steps for these important but understudied breast milk components.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seki
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Theresa Errerd
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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8
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Heo JS, Ahn YM, Kim ARE, Shin SM. Breastfeeding and vitamin D. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:418-429. [PMID: 34902960 PMCID: PMC9441616 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent re-emergence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and rickets among breastfed infants without adequate sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation has been reported worldwide. Breastfed infants are particularly vulnerable to VDD because of the low vitamin D content of breast milk, restricted sunlight exposure, increased pollution, and limited natural dietary sources of vitamin D. The prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants differs vastly between studies and nations at 0.6%-91.1%. The recommended intake of vitamin D for lactating mothers to optimize their overall vitamin D status and, consequently, of their breast milk is 200-2,000 IU/day, indicating a lack of consensus. Some studies have suggested that maternal high-dose vitamin D supplementation (up to 6,400 IU/day) can be used as an alternate strategy to direct infant supplementation. However, concern persists about the safety of maternal high-dose vitamin D supplementation. Direct infant supplementation is the currently available option to support vitamin D status in breastfed infants. The recommended dose for vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants according to various societies and organizations worldwide is 200-1,200 IU/day. Most international guidelines recommend that exclusively or partially breastfed infants be supplemented with 400 IU/day of vitamin D during their first year of life. However, domestic studies on the status and guidelines for vitamin D in breastfed infants are insufficient. This review summarizes the prevalence of VDD in breastfed infants, vitamin D content of breast milk, and current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation of lactating mothers and infants to prevent VDD in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun Heo
- Department of Pediatrics, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Jang's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ai-Rhan Ellen Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Son Moon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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9
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Advancement of omics techniques for chemical profile analysis and authentication of milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Alexandridou A, Volmer DA. Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4613-4632. [PMID: 35501505 PMCID: PMC9174318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of vitamin D metabolites as status marker or for diagnostic purposes is almost entirely conducted from blood serum or plasma. Other biological matrices, however, have also interested researchers, for two main reasons: (1) alternative matrices may allow non-invasive sampling, permit easier sample transfer and require less demanding storage conditions; and (2) the levels of vitamin D metabolites in other body compartments may further aid the understanding of vitamin D metabolism and function. Thus, the development of reliable and efficient sample preparation protocols for sample matrices other than serum/plasma, which will remove potential interferences and selectively extract the targeted metabolites, is of great importance. This review summarizes sample preparation methods for measurement of vitamin D metabolites using liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass spectrometry in more than ten different human tissues, including hair, saliva, adipose tissue, brain and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Maresz K. The Impact of Vitamin K2 (Menaquionones) in Children's Health and Diseases: A Review of the Literature. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:78. [PMID: 35053702 PMCID: PMC8774117 DOI: 10.3390/children9010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 activates vitamin K-dependent proteins that support many biological functions, such as bone mineralization, the inhibition of vascular stiffness, the improvement of endothelial function, the maintenance of strong teeth, brain development, joint health, and optimal body weight. Due to the transformation of food habits in developed countries over the last five decades, vitamin K and, specifically, vitamin K2 intakes among parents and their offspring have decreased significantly, resulting in serious health implications. The therapeutics used in pediatric practice (antibiotics and glucocorticoids) are also to blame for this situation. Low vitamin K status is much more frequent in newborns, due to both endogenous and exogenous insufficiencies. Just after birth vitamin K stores are low, and since human milk is relatively poor in this nutrient, breast-fed infants are at particular risk of a bleeding disorder called vitamin K deficiency bleeding. A pilot study showed that better vitamin K status is associated with lower rate of low-energy fracture incidence. An ongoing clinical trial is intended to address whether vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation might positively impact the biological process of bone healing. Vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) has a documented history of safe and effective use. The lack of adverse effects of MK-7 makes it the ideal choice for supplementation by pregnant and nursing women and children, both healthy and suffering from various malabsorptions and health disorders, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, thalassemia major (TM), cystic fibrosis (CF), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and chronic liver diseases. Additionally, worthy of consideration is the use of vitamin K2 in obesity-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- International Science & Health Foundation, 30-134 Kraków, Poland
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12
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Karrar E, Ahmed IAM, Manzoor MF, Wei W, Sarpong F, Wang X. Lipid-soluble vitamins from dairy products: Extraction, purification, and analytical techniques. Food Chem 2021; 373:131436. [PMID: 34740052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are considered as essential sources of lipid-soluble vitamins (LSVs) for human nutrition. Due to the lower concentrations, complexity, and instability of LSVs during extraction, their quantification remains challenging. This review focus on advances in the extraction and quantification of LSVs from different dairy products. Saponification, and liquid-liquid (LLE), solid-phase (SPE), and supercritical fluid (SFE) extraction methods, as well as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, are the most common techniques. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS) has unique advantages for LSVs determination and quantification due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Karrar
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Isam A Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Frederick Sarpong
- Value Addition Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Human Milk from Mothers of Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103604. [PMID: 34684605 PMCID: PMC8540315 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of metabolomics in neonatology offers an approach to investigate the complex relationship between nutrition and infant health. Characterization of the metabolome of human milk enables an investigation into nutrients that affect the neonatal metabolism and identification of dietary interventions for infants at risk of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In this study, we aimed to identify differences in the metabolome of breast milk of 48 mothers with preterm infants with NEC and non-NEC healthy controls. A minimum significant difference was observed in the human milk metabolome between the mothers of infants with NEC and mothers of healthy control infants. However, significant differences in the metabolome related to fatty acid metabolism, oligosaccharides, amino sugars, amino acids, vitamins and oxidative stress-related metabolites were observed when comparing milk from mothers with control infants of ≤1.0 kg birth weight and >1.5 kg birth weight. Understanding the functional biological features of mothers’ milk that may modulate infant health is important in the future of tailored nutrition and care of the preterm newborn.
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Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F, Nováková L. Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:677-698. [PMID: 34472618 PMCID: PMC8907489 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4–MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Mrštná
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Michele Protti
- M. Protti is with the Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fernando Remião
- F. Remião is with the UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, The Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Kuwabara A, Uenishi K, Tanaka K. Vitamin K intake and health, consideration from the epidemiological studies. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:111-121. [PMID: 34616102 PMCID: PMC8482381 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most fundamental function of vitamin K is to activate the blood coagulation factors in the liver. Despite the recent recognition of its extra-hepatic actions, the current Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin K is based on the amount necessary for maintaining the normal blood coagulation in many countries. To define the Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin K, appropriate biomarkers well-reflecting the vitamin K status are essential. Unfortunately, however, no markers are currently available with properties enabling us to properly define the vitamin K status; i.g., no interference by other factors and the presence of widely approved cut-off values. Thus, Adequate Intake is determined, which is an index based on the representative dietary intake data from healthy individuals. Recently, epidemiological studies have been reported regarding the relationship between vitamin K and noncommunicable diseases including osteoporotic fracture. Furthermore, studies focusing on the relationship between vitamin K intake and metabolic syndrome, physical function, depression, cognition, and all-cause mortality have become available, although limited in number. This review summarizes the recent findings in favor of the novel functions of vitamin K. More epidemiological studies are needed to define the appropriate vitamin K intake value based on the prevention of various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kuwabara
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino city, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Uenishi
- Division of Nutritional Physiology, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado city, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Ikawadanicho-Arise, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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Tuddenham C, Greaves RF, Rajapaksa AE, Wark JD, Zakaria R. Detection of Vitamin D Metabolites in Breast Milk: Perspectives and challenges for measurement by Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2021; 97:1-10. [PMID: 34419456 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is an emerging matrix for vitamin D assessment of breastfed infants and their mothers. It is considered a more reliable indicator of infant intake than the assessment of maternal circulating vitamin D. With the improved sensitivity of mass spectrometry-based technologies, this method principle has been the recent mainstay for the quantitation of various vitamin D metabolites in breast milk for population-based clinical trials. There are still several areas across the total testing process (pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical) to be defined and harmonised to translate breast milk vitamin D measurement by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) from population-based research to routine clinical use and public health applications. Pre-analytically, the determination of the best form of vitamin D to measure in breast milk requires more evidence. Analytically, standardisation of the methods to allow for comparability of results is required. Post analytically, breast milk vitamin D decision limits are needed to turn the individual numerical outputs into clinically meaningful results. This review aims to synthesise the current evidence and utility of measurement of breast milk vitamin D by LC-MS/MS and to lead a future discussion on best practices to allow for its clinical utility beyond its current research-based use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie Tuddenham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; Sonic Healthcare, Melbourne Pathology, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ronda F Greaves
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria Australia; Emerging Technologies Division, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Anushi E Rajapaksa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria Australia; New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Think Project Global, Clayton, VIC, Australia; The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Royal Womens's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Bone and Mineral Medicine and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia
| | - Rosita Zakaria
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.
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Comparison of Vitamin D and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2016-2017. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020573. [PMID: 33572283 PMCID: PMC7915017 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is considered the optimal source of nutrition during infancy. Although the vitamin D concentration in human breast milk is generally considered poor for infants, vitamin D in breast milk is an important source for exclusively breastfed infants. Increases in vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in lactating mothers may reduce vitamin D concentrations in breast milk. This study aimed to compare vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations in breast milk collected in 1989 and 2016-2017 and simultaneously analyze them with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); the association between the lifestyle of recent lactating mothers (2016-2017) and vitamin D status in human breast milk was also evaluated. METHOD Lactating mothers were recruited from three regions of Japan in 1989 (n = 72) and 2016-2017 (n = 90), and milk from 3-4 months was collected in summer and winter. The samples were strictly sealed and stored at -80℃ until measurement. Breast milk vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Vitamin D intake, sun exposure, and sunscreen use of the lactating mothers in 2016-2017 were assessed. RESULTS Both vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations in breast milk were higher in the summer regardless of the survey year. Significantly lower vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations were observed in 2016-2017 compared with 1989 in summer, but no survey year difference was observed in winter. The stepwise multiple regression analyses identified season, daily outdoor activity, and suntan in the last 12 months as independent factors associated with vitamin D3 concentrations. CONCLUSION The results suggest that low vitamin D status in recent lactating mothers may have decreased vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations in breast milk compared with the 1980s. These results are helpful for developing public health strategies to improve vitamin D status in lactating mothers and infants.
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Tanaka K, Kuwabara A, Tsugawa N. Vitamin D in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs) 2020. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 66:497-501. [PMID: 33390390 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs) are revised every five years. In DRIs 2020, major revision has been made on vitamin D (VD). In DRIs, five indices are defined for nutrients; estimated average requirement (EAR), recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) for the prevention of deficiency/insufficiency, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for avoiding excess intake, and tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases (DG) for the primary prevention of life-style related diseases. For VD, AI has been determined. VD deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia. VD insufficiency, milder than deficiency, is a risk for various diseases including osteoporotic fracture. Previously, the basis of AI for VD was the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia, but was changed to the median intake of healthy subjects in DRIs 2005. Recent studies have shown, however, that VD deficiency/insufficiency is quite prevalent, and the above basis is considered inadequate. Then in DRIs 2020, AI was defined as the amount necessary for fracture prevention (15 μg/d) minus that possibly produced in Sapporo during winter in the skin by ultraviolet (5 μg/d). UL and AI for infants were revised in DRIs 2015. For the future DRIs, more clinical and epidemiological studies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Kuwabara
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University
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Nguyen MTT, Kim J, Lee H, Won S, Kim Y, Jung JA, Li D, To XHM, Huynh KTN, Le TV, Israr B, An HJ, Kim J. A Comparison of Vitamin and Lutein Concentrations in Breast Milk from Four Asian Countries. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1794. [PMID: 32560305 PMCID: PMC7353211 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are the essential elements for human life and, particularly, for infant health. Human milk is the best source of nutrients for newborns, however, the information of vitamins in Asian maternal milk is still limited. In this study, we have collected 580 Asian maternal milk samples from Korea (n = 254), China (n = 137), Pakistan (n = 92), and Vietnam (n = 97). The vitamin concentrations, including vitamin B-groups (8 vitamins), fat-soluble vitamin (retinol, D, E, K) and lutein in the breast milk of were investigated. The concentration of thiamin (B1), biotin (B7), and folic acid (B9) in mother's milk of four countries were not considerably different, while riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6) level in Vietnam samples were significantly lower than those in other countries. In contrast, retinol (A) and tocopherol (E) were found to be higher levels in Vietnamese maternal milk. Korean and Chinese maternal milk had low concentrations of retinol that may cause vitamin A deficiency in children. However, Chinese mother's milk was distinguished with a high concentration of lutein. Pakistani mother's milk was observed as having a significant problem of folic acid (B9) deficiency. Regardless of the country, vitamin B12, K, and D did not seem to be provided sufficiently through maternal milk. The moderate positive correlations were found between vitamin concentrations in each country and the pooled sample. The data obtained in this study were able to provide vital information to assess the nutritional status of breast milk in Asian countries and contributed to the efforts of ensuring the best nutrition for Asian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Tuyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
- College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Hyunjun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Soyoon Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Yongki Kim
- Central Research Laboratory, Maeil Co., Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo-ro, Jinwi-myeon Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do 17706, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Ji A. Jung
- Central Research Laboratory, Maeil Co., Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo-ro, Jinwi-myeon Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do 17706, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Dan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Xuan Hong Mai To
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (X.H.M.T.); (K.T.N.H.)
| | - Khanh Trang Nguyen Huynh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (X.H.M.T.); (K.T.N.H.)
| | - Thanh Van Le
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Technology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Beenish Israr
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Jaehan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (S.W.)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary lipid intake is associated with serum alpha-tocopherol levels; however, its impact on human milk is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between maternal intake of vitamin E, lipids, and fatty acids and the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in human milk. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal observational study, including 143 lactating women on 7, 30, and 90 days postpartum. Dietary intake was collected using 24-hour recall. On day 90, a human milk sample was collected and analyzed for alpha-tocopherol concentration. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E intake was determined by the Estimated Average Requirement (16 mg/day), and the alpha-tocopherol concentration was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Dietary intake of vitamin E was associated with the intake of lipids (r = 0.237, P = 0.004) and fatty acids (P < 0.05), and 100% of the participants had inadequate vitamin intake. Mean alpha-tocopherol concentration in the human milk samples was 7.11 (standard deviation 3.95) μmol/L and was correlated with lipid (r = 0.201, P = 0.042) and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (r = 0.235, P = 0.017). Higher vitamin E levels were found in participants with the highest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-tocopherol concentration was associated with the dietary intake of lipids and fatty acids, demonstrating that its bioavailability is associated with fats in the mammary gland. These results suggest development of appropriate strategies to increase the levels of vitamin E in breast milk that may help to prevent and treat vitamin E deficiency.
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Influence of daily 10-85 μg vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and lactation on maternal vitamin D status and mature milk antirachitic activity. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:426-438. [PMID: 30526692 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women and breastfed infants are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The supplemental vitamin D dose that optimises maternal vitamin D status and breast milk antirachitic activity (ARA) is unclear. Healthy pregnant women were randomised to 10 (n 10), 35 (n 11), 60 (n 11) and 85 (n 11) µg vitamin D3/d from 20 gestational weeks (GW) to 4 weeks postpartum (PP). The participants also received increasing dosages of fish oil supplements and a multivitamin. Treatment allocation was not blinded. Parent vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured in maternal plasma at 20 GW, 36 GW and 4 weeks PP, and in milk at 4 weeks PP. Median 25(OH)D and parent vitamin D at 20 GW were 85 (range 25-131) nmol/l and 'not detectable (nd)' (range nd-40) nmol/l. Both increased, seemingly dose dependent, from 20 to 36 GW and decreased from 36 GW to 4 weeks PP. In all, 35 µg vitamin D/d was needed to increase 25(OH)D to adequacy (80-249 nmol/l) in >97·5 % of participants at 36 GW, while >85 µg/d was needed to reach this criterion at 4 weeks PP. The 25(OH)D increments from 20 to 36 GW and from 20 GW to 4 weeks PP diminished with supplemental dose and related inversely to 25(OH)D at 20 GW. Milk ARA related to vitamin D3 dose, but the infant adequate intake of 513 IU/l was not reached. Vitamin D3 dosages of 35 and >85 µg/d were needed to reach adequate maternal vitamin D status at 36 GW and 4 weeks PP, respectively.
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Oberson JM, Bénet S, Redeuil K, Campos-Giménez E. Quantitative analysis of vitamin D and its main metabolites in human milk by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:365-375. [PMID: 31832707 PMCID: PMC6992569 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel method to quantitate vitamin D and its main metabolites (vitamin D3, vitamin D2, and their 25-hydroxy metabolites) in breast milk by supercritical fluid chromatography has been developed and fully validated. A small volume of sample (1 mL) is subjected to ethanolic protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction. Final extracts are derivatized with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and vitamin D derivatives analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Multiple reaction monitoring is used for quantitation. Separation conditions were optimized using a gradient of methanol-water-ammonium formate into carbon dioxide. Make-up solvent was methanol containing ammonium formate. The quantitation limit reached levels as low as 50 pmol/L, with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations lower than 15% and 20% for all analytes. Accuracy was evaluated by spiking experiments and was well within acceptability ratios (± 15%). The method was then applied to a subset of commercially available human milk samples. The newly developed method provides opportunities to determine the nutritional status of mother-infant dyads from a non-invasive measure, or for interventional or observational studies building knowledge on the composition of human milk. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Oberson
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Bénet
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Redeuil
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Campos-Giménez
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Maternal age has more pronounced effect on breast milk retinol and β-carotene content than maternal dietary pattern. Nutrition 2019; 65:120-125. [PMID: 31082789 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects on breast milk composition of advanced maternal age and maternal dietary habits during pregnancy and lactation have not, to our knowledge, been investigated in southeastern Europe and the Balkans. The aim of this study was to compare the content of retinol and β-carotene in colostrum and mature milk samples obtained from different maternal age (MA) groups and to assess the potential relationship with maternal and demographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and lifestyle habits during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS Forty-three nursing mothers were divided in two groups according to MA: ≥35 y of age (n = 22) and <35 y of age (n = 21). Total lipid concentrations were determined by gravimetric method, whereas retinol and β-carotene contents were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography method. Dietary patterns during pregnancy and lactation were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and principal component analysis (PCA) statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Except for retinol levels in mature milk, significantly higher levels of total fats, retinol, and β-carotene were found in the older group. Results of PCA analysis showed that MA was strongly correlated with fat content, retinol, and β-carotene levels in colostrum samples, whereas in mature milk samples MA was highly correlated with fat content and moderately with β-carotene. In terms of dietary patterns, retinol contents in milk samples from both groups were weakly to moderately correlated with consumption frequency of eggs, meat, milk and dairy products, whereas β-carotene contents were weakly to strongly associated with consumption frequency of fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS PCA analysis used in the study clearly confirmed that MA, total lipids, retinol, and β-carotene levels might serve as a good criterion for delimitation of breast milk samples collected in different stages of lactation from mothers of various ages. The present findings could represent key basis for further investigations.
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Zhang Y, Bala V, Mao Z, Chhonker YS, Murry DJ. A concise review of quantification methods for determination of vitamin K in various biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:133-141. [PMID: 30861405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient in the body and involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological functions. Both the lack and surplus of vitamin K can put human health at risk. Therefore, it becomes necessary to monitor vitamin K concentrations in different biomatrices through establishing sensitive and specific analytical methods. This review collectively describes an updated overview of the sample pretreatment methodologies and methods for quantitative determination of vitamin K that have been used in last two decades. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is commonly utilized as a standard for separation of vitamin K in combination with different detection including spectroscopic, spectrometric, fluorometric and mass spectroscopy. Recent progress in sample pretreatment technologies and quantitation methodologies have enhanced the ability to identify and quantitate vitamin K in biomatrices to further advance our understanding of the role of this vitamin in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Zhihao Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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26
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Recent advances in sample preparation and analysis methods for vitamin D and its analogues in different matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Anusha K, Hettiaratchi U, Gunasekera D, Prathapan S, Liyanage G. Maternal Vitamin D Status and Its Effect on Vitamin D Levels in Early Infancy in a Tertiary Care Centre in Sri Lanka. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:9017951. [PMID: 31360166 PMCID: PMC6652042 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9017951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies from South Asian countries have reported vitamin D deficiency among all age groups. However, there is very little information on vitamin D levels, especially in the vulnerable populations (pregnant/breast feeding mother and infants) in Sri Lanka. More data on vitamin D status of such populations will be important for policy decisions to be made at a national level. Similarly, it will be valuable for healthcare programs in other countries (e.g., United States, Australia, Europe, and Canada) as Sri Lankans are a fast-growing migrant population to those countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate maternal vitamin D status and its effects on infants in a state sector tertiary care centre in Sri Lanka. This prospective cohort study was conducted on 140 healthy pregnant mothers in the third trimester (mean gestational age 39±1 weeks). Blood was collected for 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Sun exposure and feeding patterns of the infants were recorded based on maternal reporting. Mean age of the infants at follow-up visit was 36±7 days. Vitamin D (25 (OH)D) deficiency (<25 nmol/L) was observed in 12% pregnant mothers, 5% lactating mothers, and 63% infants. Insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) was found in an additional 51% and 43% in pregnant and lactating mothers and 25% of infants. Mean 25(OH)D was higher in pregnant (46.4±17.5 nmol/L) and lactating (51.9±17.0 nmol/L) mothers than infants (28.1±13.7 nmol/L). Maternal vitamin D level during pregnancy was a significant risk factor (OR: 6.00, 95%CI: 1.522-23.655) for infant deficiency and insufficiency. Sun exposure of infants showed a significant positive correlation with vitamin D level (OR: 3.23, 95%CI: 1.19-8.68). In conclusion, the presence of Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is higher in infants compared to pregnant/lactating mothers. Low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy was a risk factor for deficiency in infants. Although majority of lactating mothers had sufficient vitamin D, most of their exclusively breastfed offspring were deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneshapillai Anusha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Usha Hettiaratchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Dulani Gunasekera
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Shamini Prathapan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Guwani Liyanage
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
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Influence of daily 10–85 μg vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and lactation on maternal vitamin D status and mature milk antirachitic activity. Br J Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003598 and 21=21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPregnant and lactating women and breastfed infants are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The supplemental vitamin D dose that optimises maternal vitamin D status and breast milk antirachitic activity (ARA) is unclear. Healthy pregnant women were randomised to 10 (n 10), 35 (n 11), 60 (n 11) and 85 (n 11) µg vitamin D3/d from 20 gestational weeks (GW) to 4 weeks postpartum (PP). The participants also received increasing dosages of fish oil supplements and a multivitamin. Treatment allocation was not blinded. Parent vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured in maternal plasma at 20 GW, 36 GW and 4 weeks PP, and in milk at 4 weeks PP. Median 25(OH)D and parent vitamin D at 20 GW were 85 (range 25–131) nmol/l and ‘not detectable (nd)’ (range nd–40) nmol/l. Both increased, seemingly dose dependent, from 20 to 36 GW and decreased from 36 GW to 4 weeks PP. In all, 35 µg vitamin D/d was needed to increase 25(OH)D to adequacy (80–249 nmol/l) in >97·5 % of participants at 36 GW, while >85 µg/d was needed to reach this criterion at 4 weeks PP. The 25(OH)D increments from 20 to 36 GW and from 20 GW to 4 weeks PP diminished with supplemental dose and related inversely to 25(OH)D at 20 GW. Milk ARA related to vitamin D3 dose, but the infant adequate intake of 513 IU/l was not reached. Vitamin D3 dosages of 35 and >85 µg/d were needed to reach adequate maternal vitamin D status at 36 GW and 4 weeks PP, respectively.
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Hamada N, Guo Y, Ji F, Zhang L, Yamaki S, Li H, Li Y, Hashi Y, Lin JM. Determination of vitamin D in oily drops using a column-switching system with an on-line clean-up by supercritical fluid chromatography. Talanta 2018; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Garwolińska D, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. Chemistry of Human Breast Milk-A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11881-11896. [PMID: 30247884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child's early life nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
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Silva ALCD, Ribeiro KDDS, Melo LRMD, Bezerra DF, Queiroz JLCD, Lima MSR, Pires JF, Bezerra DS, Osório MM, Dimenstein R. VITAMIN E IN HUMAN MILK AND ITS RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF THE TERM NEWBORN. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2018; 35:158-164. [PMID: 28977333 PMCID: PMC5496727 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;2;00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the alpha-tocopherol concentration in breast milk at different periods of lactation and to estimate the possible supply of vitamin E to the infant. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 100 mothers at University Hospital Ana Bezerra (HUAB), at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Santa Cruz (RN), Northeast Brazil. Samples of colostrum (n=100), transitional milk (n=77), and mature milk (n=63) were collected. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin supply to the newborn was estimated by comparing the nutritional requirement of vitamin E (4 mg/day) with the potential daily intake of milk. Results: The mean alpha-tocopherol concentration found in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk was 40.5±15.0 µmol/L, 13.9±5.2 µmol/L, and 8.0±3.8 µmol/L, respectively (p<0.001). The possible effect of these milks offered to the infant 6.2 mg/day of vitamin E in colostrum, 4.7 mg/day in transitional milk, and 2.7 mg/day in mature milk (p<0.0001), shows that only the mature milk did not guarantee the recommended quantity of this vitamin. Conclusions: Alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk decrease through the progression of lactation, and the possible intake of colostrum and transitional milk met the nutritional requirement of the infant. Mature milk may provide smaller amounts of vitamin E. Thus, it is important to study the factors that are associated with such low levels.
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Y de Vries J, Pundir S, Mckenzie E, Keijer J, Kussmann M. Maternal Circulating Vitamin Status and Colostrum Vitamin Composition in Healthy Lactating Women-A Systematic Approach. Nutrients 2018; 10:E687. [PMID: 29843443 PMCID: PMC6024806 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the first ingested sole nutritional source for the newborn infant. The vitamin profile of colostrum depends on the maternal vitamin status, which in turn is influenced by diet and lifestyle. Yet, the relationship between maternal vitamin status and colostrum vitamin composition has not been systematically reviewed. This review was conducted with the aim to generate a comprehensive overview on the relationship between maternal serum (plasma) vitamin concentration and corresponding colostrum composition. Three electronic databases, Embase (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), and Cochrane, were systematically searched based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 11 eligible publications were included that examined the vitamins A, C, D, E, and K in both biological fluids. Maternal vitamin A, D, E, and K blood levels were unrelated to colostrum content of the respective vitamins, and serum vitamin A was inversely correlated with colostrum vitamin E. Colostrum versus maternal serum vitamins were higher for vitamins A, C, and K, lower for vitamin D, and divergent results were reported for vitamin E levels. Colostrum appears typically enriched in vitamin A, C, and K compared to maternal serum, possibly indicative of active mammary gland transport mechanisms. Inter-individual and inter-study high variability in colostrum's vitamin content endorses its sensitivity to external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn Y de Vries
- Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Building 122, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth Mckenzie
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Building 122, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Kussmann
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- New Zealand National Science Challenge "High-Value Nutrition", University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by the WHO for the first 6 mo of life because human milk protects against gastrointestinal infections and supplies balanced and adequate nutrient contents to the infant. However, reliable data on micronutrient concentrations in human milk are sparse, especially because some micronutrients are affected by maternal diet. Microbiological and competitive protein-binding assays, nuclear magnetic resonance or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and chromatographic analyses are among the methods that have been applied to human-milk micronutrient analysis. However, the validation or evaluation of analytical methods in terms of their suitability for the complex human-milk matrix has been commonly ignored in reports, even though the human-milk matrix differs vastly from blood, plasma, or urine matrixes. Thus, information on the validity, accuracy, and sensitivity of the methods is essential for the estimation of infant and maternal intake requirements to support and maintain adequate milk micronutrient concentrations for healthy infant growth and development. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on methods used for analyzing water- and fat-soluble vitamins as well as iron, copper, zinc, iodine, and selenium in human milk and their different forms in milk; the tools available for quality control and assurance; and guidance for preanalytical considerations. Finally, we recommend preferred methodologic approaches for analysis of specific milk micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hampel
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Daphna K Dror
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Stout MA, Benoist DM, Drake MA. Technical note: Simultaneous carotenoid and vitamin analysis of milk from total mixed ration-fed cows optimized for xanthophyll detection. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525312 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, and major carotenoids in dairy products are often determined simultaneously by liquid chromatography. These compounds have different polarity and solubility; thus, extracting them simultaneously can be difficult and inefficient. In milks with low carotenoid concentrations, the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin may not be completely resolved using common extraction techniques. A simplified method was developed to optimize extraction efficiency and the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LoQ) of lutein and zeaxanthin in bovine milk without decreasing sensitivity to other vitamins or carotenoids. The developed method evaluates lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, retinol, and α-tocopherol simultaneously by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection. Common saponification temperatures (40-60°C) and concentrations of KOH in water (10-50% KOH wt/vol) were evaluated. Multiple solvents were evaluated for optimal xanthophyll extraction (diethyl ether, dichloromethane, hexane, and tetrahydrofuran) following saponification. The limit of detection and LoQ were defined as 3:1 and 10:1 signal-to-noise ratio, respectively. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The optimal saponification procedure was a concentration of 25% KOH at either 40 or 50°C. Saponified extracts solubilized in solutions containing diethyl ether had greater concentrations of lutein- than hexane- or tetrahydrofuran-based solutions, with peak areas above LoQ values. The solution containing diethyl ether solubilized similar concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene when compared with other solutions. The proposed optimized method allows for the simultaneous determination of carotenoids from milk with increased lutein and zeaxanthin sensitivity without sacrificing recovery of retinol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stout
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - D M Benoist
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - M A Drake
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
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35
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Jedlińska K, Strus M, Baś B. A new electrochemical sensor with the Refreshable Silver Liquid Amalgam Film multi-Electrode for sensitive voltammetric determination of vitamin K2 (menaquinone). Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Abstract
Vitamin D and calcium in the human milk is essential for the growth and the prevention of rickets in infants. In this review, we will discuss the physiology and the functions of vitamin D and calcium and the mechanisms of vitamin D and calcium transfer into the human breast milk. This review describes the recommended intake of vitamin D and calcium for infants and lactating mothers and the factors influencing the content of vitamin D and calcium in human milk. Furthermore, the measurement of vitamin D compounds and calcium in human breast milk is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ju Bae
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List Strasse 13-15, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List Strasse 13-15, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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37
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Xue Y, Campos-Giménez E, Redeuil KM, Lévèques A, Actis-Goretta L, Vinyes-Pares G, Zhang Y, Wang P, Thakkar SK. Concentrations of Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Breast Milk from Urban Chinese Mothers and Their Associations with Maternal Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111229. [PMID: 29120377 PMCID: PMC5707701 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk composition remains the best estimate of infant requirements. The aims of this study were to quantify carotenoids and tocopherols in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers, and to explore their associations with lactation stage, region, socio-economic and obstetric characteristics, and dietary intake. Human milk was obtained from 509 healthy mothers, and concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols were analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The mothers’ socio-economic and obstetric characteristics and dietary intake through a single 24-h dietary recall were evaluated. The median concentrations (μg/100 mL) of each component of 0–4 days, 5–11 days, 12–30 days, 31–60 days, 61–120 days, and 121–240 days postpartum were respectively as follows: β-carotene 8.0, 2.8, 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.8; β-cryptoxanthin 6.2, 3.4, 2.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1; lutein 5.7, 7.0, 2.2, 2.9, 2.8, 3.7; lycopene 6.3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5; zeaxanthin 1.0, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1; α-tocopherol 645, 382, 239, 206, 212, 211; γ-tocopherol 68, 63, 70, 73, 68, 88. The levels of those components varied significantly among different lactation stages and presented regional differences. Associations of carotenoid contents with maternal education, delivery mode, and present body mass index were found in multivariate analyses. These results suggested that lactation stage, region, and socio-economic and obstetric factors were associated with human milk concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in healthy Chinese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xue
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Esther Campos-Giménez
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | | | - Antoine Lévèques
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Gerard Vinyes-Pares
- Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Building E-F, No. 5 Dijin Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Sagar K Thakkar
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Milk vitamin D in relation to the 'adequate intake' for 0-6-month-old infants: a study in lactating women with different cultural backgrounds, living at different latitudes. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:804-812. [PMID: 29103383 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700277x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast-fed infants are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency rickets. The current vitamin D 'adequate intake' (AI) for 0-6-month-old infants is 10 µg/d, corresponding with a human milk antirachitic activity (ARA) of 513 IU/l. We were particularly interested to see whether milk ARA of mothers with lifetime abundant sunlight exposure reaches the AI. We measured milk ARA of lactating mothers with different cultural backgrounds, living at different latitudes. Mature milk was derived from 181 lactating women in the Netherlands, Curaçao, Vietnam, Malaysia and Tanzania. Milk ARA and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were analysed by liquid-chromatography-MS/MS; milk fatty acids were analysed by GC-flame ionisation detector (FID). None of the mothers reached the milk vitamin D AI. Milk ARA (n; median; range) were as follows: Netherlands (n 9; 46 IU/l; 3-51), Curaçao (n 10; 31 IU/l; 5-113), Vietnam: Halong Bay (n 20; 58 IU/l; 23-110), Phu Tho (n 22; 28 IU/l; 1-62), Tien Giang (n 20; 63 IU/l; 26-247), Ho-Chi-Minh-City (n 18; 49 IU/l; 24-116), Hanoi (n 21; 37 IU/l; 11-118), Malaysia-Kuala Lumpur (n 20; 14 IU/l; 1-46) and Tanzania-Ukerewe (n 21; 77 IU/l; 12-232) and Maasai (n 20; 88 IU/l; 43-189). We collected blood samples of these lactating women in Curaçao, Vietnam and from Tanzania-Ukerewe, and found that 33·3 % had plasma 25(OH)D levels between 80 and 249·9 nmol/l, 47·3 % between 50 and 79·9 nmol/l and 19·4 % between 25 and 49·9 nmol/l. Milk ARA correlated positively with maternal plasma 25(OH)D (range 27-132 nmol/l, r 0·40) and milk EPA+DHA (0·1-3·1 g%, r 0·20), and negatively with latitude (2°S-53°N, r -0·21). Milk ARA of mothers with lifetime abundant sunlight exposure is not even close to the vitamin D AI for 0-6-month-old infants. Our data may point at the importance of adequate fetal vitamin D stores.
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Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080894. [PMID: 28817095 PMCID: PMC5579687 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to the development of allergic sensitisation and allergic disease. Studies vary in methodology and definition of outcomes, which lead to considerable heterogeneity. Human milk composition varies both within and between individuals, which may partially explain conflicting data. It is known that human milk composition is very complex and contains variable levels of immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, metabolites, vitamins and other nutrients and microbial content. Existing evidence suggests that modulation of human breast milk composition has potential for preventing allergic diseases in early life. In this review, we discuss associations between breastfeeding/human milk composition and allergy development.
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04780. [PMID: 32625486 PMCID: PMC7010012 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K. In this Opinion, the Panel considers vitamin K to comprise both phylloquinone and menaquinones. The Panel considers that none of the biomarkers of vitamin K intake or status is suitable by itself to derive DRVs for vitamin K. Several health outcomes possibly associated with vitamin K intake were also considered but data could not be used to establish DRVs. The Panel considers that average requirements and population reference intakes for vitamin K cannot be derived for adults, infants and children, and therefore sets adequate intakes (AIs). The Panel considers that available evidence on occurrence, absorption, function and content in the body or organs of menaquinones is insufficient, and, therefore, sets AIs for phylloquinone only. Having assessed additional evidence available since 1993 in particular related to biomarkers, intake data and the factorial approach, which all are associated with considerable uncertainties, the Panel maintains the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993. An AI of 1 μg phylloquinone/kg body weight per day is set for all age and sex population groups. Considering the respective reference body weights, AIs for phylloquinone are set at 70 μg/day for all adults including pregnant and lactating women, at 10 μg/day for infants aged 7-11 months, and between 12 μg/day for children aged 1-3 years and 65 μg/day for children aged 15-17 years.
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Fanali S, Gentili A. Advanced analytical techniques for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of trans- and cis-vitamin K 1 isomers in infant formula. Food Chem 2016; 221:729-736. [PMID: 27979265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method based on isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS) using a C30 column has been developed for the separate and accurate determination of trans- and cis-vitamin K1 in infant formula. Vitamin K1 and the deuterium-labeled internal standard eluted at slightly different retention times experiencing different matrix effects, and this possibly resulted in biased measurement. The matrix effect profiles obtained from post-column infusion experiments showed that atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was less susceptible to matrix effects near the retention time than electrospray ionization (ESI); therefore, APCI was used in this study. The developed method was validated by measuring fortified samples, and the results agreed with the gravimetric values. Its repeatability and reproducibly were within 2% relative standard deviation. The relative expanded uncertainty was approximately 5%, indicating that the method was of higher-order metrological quality as a reference method.
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Gomes FP, Shaw PN, Whitfield K, Koorts P, McConachy H, Hewavitharana AK. Effect of pasteurisation on the concentrations of vitamin D compounds in donor breastmilk. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:16-9. [PMID: 26796072 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1126566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Premature infants are the main recipients of pasteurised donor human milk (PDHM), when their mothers are unable to provide their own. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pasteurisation on the concentrations of vitamin D compounds in donor breastmilk. Milk samples were obtained pre- and post-Holder pasteurisation. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyse the samples for vitamins D2 and D3 (D2 and D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3). The significance of differences in vitamin D concentrations between the two groups of milk samples was assessed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, in which p < 0.05 was considered significant. Pasteurisation resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the content of D2, D3, 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3. The losses ranged from 10% to 20% following pasteurisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio P Gomes
- a School of Pharmacy , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - P Nicholas Shaw
- a School of Pharmacy , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Karen Whitfield
- a School of Pharmacy , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia ;,b Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Metro North Health Services District , Herston , Queensland , Australia
| | - Pieter Koorts
- b Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Metro North Health Services District , Herston , Queensland , Australia ;,c Department of Paediatrics & Child Health , the University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Helen McConachy
- b Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Metro North Health Services District , Herston , Queensland , Australia
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Gentili A, Miccheli A, Tomai P, Baldassarre ME, Curini R, Pérez-Fernández V. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of vitamin K homologues in human milk after overnight cold saponification. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Analysis of vitamin K1 in fruits and vegetables using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Food Chem 2016; 192:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jiang J, Xiao H, Wu K, Yu Z, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Li K, Li J, Li D. Retinol and α-tocopherol in human milk and their relationship with dietary intake during lactation. Food Funct 2016; 7:1985-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is considered as an optimal nutrition source for neonates, and vitamins A and E improve oxidative stress in offspring through breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
| | - Hailong Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Department of Hangzhou Food and Drug Inspection
| | - Kejian Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
| | - Zuxun Yu
- Department of Fine Chemical
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
| | - Kelei Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
| | - Jiaomei Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- APCNS Centre of Nutrition and Food Safety
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við Streym S, Højskov CS, Møller UK, Heickendorff L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L. Vitamin D content in human breast milk: a 9-mo follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:107-14. [PMID: 26675779 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents are advised to avoid the direct sun exposure of their newborns. Therefore, the vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed newborns is entirely dependent on the supply of vitamin D from breast milk. OBJECTIVES We explored concentrations of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) (vitamin D) and 25-hydroxivitamin D2 plus D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) in foremilk and hindmilk during the first 9 mo of lactation and identified indexes of importance to the concentrations. DESIGN We collected blood and breast-milk samples from mothers at 2 wk (n = 107), 4 mo, (n = 90), and 9 mo (n = 48) postpartum. Blood samples from infants were collected 4 and 9 mo after birth. We measured concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in blood and milk samples with the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Concentrations of vitamin D and 25(OH)D correlated significantly and were higher in hindmilk than in foremilk. Milk concentrations were also correlated with maternal plasma 25(OH)D concentrations. In foremilk and hindmilk, concentrations were a median (IQR) of 1.35% (1.04-1.84%) and 2.10% (1.63-2.65%), respectively, of maternal plasma 25(OH)D concentrations (P < 0.01). Milk concentrations showed a significant seasonal variation. Mothers who were taking vitamin D supplements had higher concentrations than did nonusers. Medians (IQRs) of infant daily intake through breast milk of vitamin D and 25(OH)D were 0.10 μg (0.02-0.40 μg) and 0.34 μg (0.24-0.47 μg), respectively, which were equal to a median (IQR) antirachitic activity of 77 IU/d (52-110 IU/d). CONCLUSIONS The supply of vitamin D from breast milk is limited. Exclusively breastfed infants received <20% of the daily dose recommended by the Institute of Medicine for infants during the first year of life. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02548520.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten S Højskov
- Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | | | - Lene Heickendorff
- Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | | | | | - Lars Rejnmark
- Departments of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and
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Filik H, Avan AA, Aydar S. Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination ofα-Tocopherol and Retinol in Micellar Media by a Poly(2,2′-(1,4 Phenylenedivinylene)-bis-8-Hydroxyquinaldine)-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1094665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight vitamin D analogues in milk using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:211-20. [PMID: 26388380 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an important source of nutrients for various risk populations, including infants. The accurate measurement of vitamin D in milk is necessary to provide adequate supplementation advice for risk groups and to monitor regulatory compliance. Currently used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are capable of measuring only four analogues of vitamin D in unfortified milk. We report here an accurate quantitative analytical method for eight analogues of vitamin D: Vitamin D2 and D3 (D2 and D3), 25-hydroxy D2 and D3, 24,25-dihydroxy D2 and D3, and 1,25-dihydroxyD2 and D3. In this study, we compared saponification and protein precipitation for the extraction of vitamin D from milk and found the latter to be more effective. We also optimised the pre-column derivatisation using 4-phenyl-l,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), to achieve the highest sensitivity and accuracy for all major vitamin D forms in milk. Chromatography was optimised to reduce matrix effects such as ion-suppression, and the matrix effects were eliminated using co-eluting stable isotope labelled internal standards for the calibration of each analogue. The analogues, 25-hydroxyD3 (25(OH)D3) and its epimer (3-epi-25(OH)D3) were chromatographically resolved, to prevent over-estimation of 25(OH)D3. The method was validated and subsequently applied for the measurement of total vitamin D levels in human, cow, mare, goat and sheep milk samples. The detection limits, repeatability standard deviations, and recovery ranges were from 0.2 to 0.4 femtomols, 6.30-13.5%, and 88.2-105%, respectively.
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Torow N, Yu K, Hassani K, Freitag J, Schulz O, Basic M, Brennecke A, Sparwasser T, Wagner N, Bleich A, Lochner M, Weiss S, Förster R, Pabst O, Hornef MW. Active suppression of intestinal CD4(+)TCRαβ(+) T-lymphocyte maturation during the postnatal period. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26195040 PMCID: PMC4518322 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of the mucosal immune system during the postnatal period substantially influences host–microbial interaction and susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases in adult life. The underlying mechanisms are ill defined. Here we show that shortly after birth, CD4 T cells populate preformed lymphoid structures in the small intestine and quickly acquire a distinct transcriptional profile. T-cell recruitment is independent of microbial colonization and innate or adaptive immune stimulation but requires β7 integrin expression. Surprisingly, neonatal CD4 T cells remain immature throughout the postnatal period under homeostatic conditions but undergo maturation and gain effector function on barrier disruption. Maternal SIgA and regulatory T cells act in concert to prevent immune stimulation and maintain the immature phenotype of CD4 T cells in the postnatal intestine during homeostasis. Active suppression of CD4 T-cell maturation during the postnatal period might contribute to prevent auto-reactivity, sustain a broad TCR repertoire and establish life-long immune homeostasis. The mechanisms governing the ontogeny and maturation of the mucosal immune system during the postnatal period are not well understood. Here the authors characterize the homing kinetic, anatomical distribution and maturation of early intestinal CD4 T cells and provide insights into active T-cell suppression during the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Torow
- 1] Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kasra Hassani
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenny Freitag
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Schulz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Brennecke
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Lochner
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- 1] Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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