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Bertrand J, Barrail-Tran A, Fayette L, Savic R, Goujard C, Teicher E, Barau C, Pruvost A, Taburet AM, Mentré F, Verstuyft C. Pharmacokinetic Model of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine and Their Intracellular Metabolites in Patients in the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 Trial Using Dose Records. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0233918. [PMID: 37098914 PMCID: PMC10190280 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02339-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) are part of the recommended highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). Both molecules show a large interindividual pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. Here, we modeled the concentrations of plasma TFV and FTC and their intracellular metabolites (TFV diphosphate [TFV-DP] and FTC triphosphate [FTC-TP]) collected after 4 and 24 weeks of treatment in 34 patients from the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 trial. These patients received daily (QD) atazanavir (300 mg), ritonavir (100 mg), and a fixed-dose combination of coformulated TFV disoproxil fumarate (300 mg) and FTC (200 mg). Dosing history was collected using a medication event monitoring system. A three-compartment model with absorption delay (Tlag) was selected to describe the PK of, respectively, TFV/TFV-DP and FTC/FTC-TP. TFV and FTC apparent clearances, 114 L/h (relative standard error [RSE] = 8%) and 18.1 L/h (RSE = 5%), respectively, were found to decrease with age. However, no significant association was found with the polymorphisms ABCC2 rs717620, ABCC4 rs1751034, and ABCB1 rs1045642. The model allows prediction of TFV-DP and FTC-TP concentrations at steady state with alternative regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bertrand
- UMR 1137, IAME, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pharmacie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR 1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Fayette
- UMR 1137, IAME, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rada Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cécile Goujard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de médecine interne et d’immunologie clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- CESP, Team Epidémiologie Clinique, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Elina Teicher
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de médecine interne et d’immunologie clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Créteil, France
| | - Alain Pruvost
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SPI, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Taburet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pharmacie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR 1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - France Mentré
- UMR 1137, IAME, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- CESP, Team Epidémiologie Clinique, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de génétique moléculaire et pharmacogénétique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Development and Validation of an Up-to-Date Highly Sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Current Anti-HIV Nucleoside Analogues in Human Plasma. PHARMACEUTICALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:ph14050460. [PMID: 34068180 PMCID: PMC8153023 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options to treat HIV infection have widened in the past years, improving both effectiveness and tolerability, but nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are still considered the standard backbone of the combination regimens. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be useful for these drugs, due to concentration–effect relationship, with risk of ineffectiveness, toxicity or adherence concerns: in this scenario, robust and multiplexed methods are needed for an effective TDM activity. In this work, the first validated ultra-high spectrometry liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method is described for the high-sensitive simultaneous quantification of all the currently used NRTIs in human plasma, including tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), following FDA and EMA guidelines. The automated sample preparation consisted in the addition of an internal standard (IS) working solution, containing stable-isotope-linked drugs, protein precipitation and drying. Dry extracts were reconstituted with water, then, these underwent reversed phase chromatographic separation: compounds were detected through electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Accuracy, precision, recovery and IS-normalized matrix effect fulfilled guidelines’ requirements. The application of this method on samples from people living with HIV (PLWH) showed satisfactory performance, being capable of quantifying the very low concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) in patients treated with TAF.
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DNA/Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles/graphene oxide-chitosan composites modified pencil graphite electrode used as an electrochemical biosensor for sub-picomolar detection of anti-HIV drug zidovudine. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ma Z, Li S, He D, Wang Y, Jiang H, Zhou H, Jin J, Lin N. Rapid quantification of tenofovir in umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid in hepatitis B mono-infected pregnant women during labor by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8728. [PMID: 31960519 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tenofovir (TFV) is a first-line antiviral agent against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is recommended for the prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. To study the distribution of TFV in umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid of HBV-infected pregnant women, a rapid and sensitive method for TFV determination was developed and validated. METHODS The quantification method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column under gradient elution with methanol and 0.01% ammonia solution in 10 mM ammonium acetate/water. This is the first reported method for the determination of TFV using alkaline rather than acidic mobile phases. Linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, specificity and stability were assessed. RESULTS Detection of TFV was achieved within 4 min. The calibration curves for TFV quantification showed excellent linearity in the range of 1-500 ng/mL. The intra- and interbatch precision and accuracy ranged from -4.35% to 6.92%. This method was successfully applied to determination of samples from 50 HBV mono-infected women undergoing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy. The mean concentrations of TFV in the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid samples were 29.2 (4.6-86) and 470.9 (156-902) ng/mL, respectively, which showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.5299, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A simple, rapid but sensitive bioanalytical method to determine TFV concentration in both umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid using LC/MS/MS was developed and applied to HBV-infected women during labor who were undergoing TDF therapy, which will help us understand the efficacy and safety of tenofovir during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siying Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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Xiao D, Ling KHJ, Tarnowski T, Majeed SR, German P, Kearney BP, Zhao Y, Chen YS, Ma L, zhang T. An LC-MS/MS method for determination of tenofovir (TFV) in human plasma following tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) administration: Development, validation, cross-validation, and use of formic acid as plasma TFV stabilizer. Anal Biochem 2020; 593:113611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zheng Y, Aboura R, Boujaafar S, Lui G, Hirt D, Bouazza N, Foissac F, Treluyer JM, Benaboud S, Gana I. HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of dolutegravir, elvitegravir, rilpivirine, darunavir, ritonavir, raltegravir and raltegravir-β-d-glucuronide in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113119. [PMID: 32004775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential in the optimization of antiretroviral (ARV) treatments. In this work, we describe a new method for the simultaneous quantification of six molecules: the three novel ARV agents dolutegravir (DTG), elvitegravir (ELV) and rilpivirine (RPV), the first integrase inhibitor raltegravir (RAL) and its major metabolite the raltegravir-β-d-glucuronide (RAL-GLU), an protease inhibitor darunavir (DRV) and its booster ritonavir (RTV) in human plasma. The drugs were extracted from 100 μL of plasma by a simple method of protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The separation was carried out on a Kinetex phehyl-hexyl column using a phase mobile composed of 55 % of water (0.05 % formic acid,v/v) and 45 % of methanol (0.05 % formic acid,v/v). The flow rate was set at 0.5 mL/min. The calibration ranged from 60 to 15000 ng/mL for DRV, from 20 to 5000 ng/mL for DTG and ELV, from 10 to 2500 ng/mL for RAL, RAL-GLU, RTV and RPV. The proposed method was validated with a good precision (inter- and intra-day CV% inferior to 12.3 %) and a good accuracy (inter- and intra-day bias between -9.9 % and 10 %) for all the analytes. The proposed method is simple, reliable and suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and for pharmacokinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France; EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Radia Aboura
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Sana Boujaafar
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Lui
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France; EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Hirt
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France; EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naïm Bouazza
- EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frantz Foissac
- EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France; EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sihem Benaboud
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France; EA 7323, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Inès Gana
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Archibald TL, Murrell DE, Brown SD. Chromatographic methods in HIV medicine: Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32. [PMID: 29240228 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV antiretroviral therapy spans several different drug classes, meant to combat various aspects of viral infection and replication. Many authors have argued the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for the HIV patient including compliance assurance and assessment of appropriate drug concentrations; however, the array of drug chemistries and combinations makes TDM an arduous task. HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS are both frequent instruments for the quantification of HIV drugs in biological matrices with investigators striving to balance sensitivity and affordability. Plasma, the dominant matrix for these analyses, is prepared using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction depending on the specific complement of analytes. Despite the range of polarities found in drug classes relevant to HIV therapeutics, most chromatographic separations utilize a hydrophobic column (C18 ). Additionally, as the clinically relevant samples for these assays are infected with HIV, along with possible co-infections, another important aspect of sample preparation concerns viral inactivation. Although not routine in clinical practice, many published analytical methods from the previous two decades have demonstrated the ability to conduct TDM in HIV patients receiving various medicinal combinations. This review summarizes the analytical methods relevant to TDM of HIV drugs, while highlighting respective challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Archibald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Derek E Murrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Matrix effect management in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry: the internal standard normalized matrix effect. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1093-1105. [PMID: 28737421 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LC-MS is becoming a standard for many applications, thanks to high sensitivity and selectivity; nevertheless, some issues are still present, particularly due to matrix effect (ME). Considering this, the use of optimal internal standards (ISs, usually stable-isotope labeled) is important, but not always possible because of cost or availability. Therefore, a deep investigation of the inter-lot variability of the ME and of the correcting power of the chosen IS (isotope-labeled or not) is mandatory. While the adoption of isotopically labeled ISs considered as a 'gold standard' to mitigate ME impact on analytical results, there is not consensus about the standard technique to evaluate it during method validation. In this paper, currently available techniques to evaluate, reduce or counterbalance ME are presented and discussed. Finally, these techniques were summarized in a flowchart for a robust management of ME, particularly considering the concept of 'internal standard normalized ME'.
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Spinks CB, Zidan AS, Khan MA, Habib MJ, Faustino PJ. Pharmaceutical characterization of novel tenofovir liposomal formulations for enhanced oral drug delivery: in vitro pharmaceutics and Caco-2 permeability investigations. Clin Pharmacol 2017; 9:29-38. [PMID: 28260952 PMCID: PMC5327912 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s119875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir, currently marketed as the prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, is used clinically to treat patients with HIV/AIDS. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir is relatively low, limiting its clinical effectiveness. Encapsulation of tenofovir within modified long-circulating liposomes would deliver this hydrophilic anti-HIV drug to the reticuloendothelial system for better therapeutic efficacy. The objectives of the current study were to prepare and pharmaceutically characterize model liposomal tenofovir formulations in an attempt to improve their bioavailability. The entrapment process was performed using film hydration method, and the formulations were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency and Caco-2 permeability. An efficient reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for tenofovir quantitation in both in vitro liposomal formulations and Caco-2 permeability samples. Separation was achieved isocratically on a Waters Symmetry C8 column using 10 mM Na2PO4/acetonitrile pH 7.4 (95:5 v/v). The flow rate was 1 mL/min with a 12 min elution time. Injection volume was 10 µL with ultraviolet detection at 270 nm. The method was validated according to United States Pharmacopeial Convention category I requirements. The obtained result showed that tenofovir encapsulation within the prepared liposomes was dependent on the employed amount of the positive charge-imparting agent. The obtained results indicated that calibration curves were linear with r2 > 0.9995 over the analytical range of 1–10 µg/mL. Inter- and intraday accuracy and precision values ranged from 95% to 101% and 0.3% to 2.6%, respectively. The method was determined to be specific and robust. Regarding the potential of the prepared vectors to potentiate tenofovir permeability through the Caco-2 model, a 10-fold increase in tenofovir apparent permeability was observed compared to its oral solution. In conclusion, this novel and validated method was successfully applied to characterize both in vitro encapsulation efficiency and Caco-2 permeability transport for the pharmaceutical assessment of novel tenofovir formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal B Spinks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad J Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Illamola S, Valade E, Hirt D, Dulioust E, Zheng Y, Wolf J, Tréluyer J. Development and validation of a LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of tenofovir and emtricitabine in seminal plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Assay development for determination of tenofovir in human plasma by solid phase analytical derivatization and LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:3085-95. [PMID: 26626536 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel method was developed and validated to measure tenofovir in human plasma. RESULTS/METHODOLOGY: This method employed solid phase analytical derivatization and analysis by LC-MS/MS. Stable-labeled internal standard was added to plasma samples followed by solid phase extraction. Retained analytes were derivatized on the solid phase extraction cartridges with a diazomethane solution to yield methyl-ester derivatives. Samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS incorporating the use of a strong cation exchange column. The method was validated over a range of 5.00-750 ng/ml. The approach developed in this report for tenofovir could be applied to other analytes that share similar structural similarities. CONCLUSION The tenofovir LC-MS/MS method was used to support a clinical study of over 400 samples with a 100% success rate.
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Yamada E, Takagi R, Sudo K, Kato S. Determination of abacavir, tenofovir, darunavir, and raltegravir in human plasma and saliva using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Fauchet F, Treluyer JM, Valade E, Benaboud S, Pannier E, Firtion G, Foissac F, Bouazza N, Urien S, Hirt D. Maternal and fetal zidovudine pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and labour: too high dose infused at labour? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:1387-96. [PMID: 25040510 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The main goal of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of maternal zidovudine (ZDV) administration during pregnancy and labour and to evaluate their impact on fetal concentrations and exposures. METHODS A total of 195 HIV-infected pregnant and non-pregnant women aged 16-59 years were included and 273 maternal and 79 cord blood ZDV concentrations were collected. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe ZDV concentrations as a function of time in the mother and the fetus. Fetal exposures resulting from maternal oral administration and infusion were estimated and compared with therapeutic exposures (3-5 mg l(-1) h) and to exposure providing higher risk of toxicity (>8.4 mg l(-1) h). Different protocols for ZDV administration during labour were simulated. RESULTS The median fetal exposure and the percentage of children with values above 8.4 mg l(-1) h were 3.20 mg l(-1) h and 0% after maternal oral administration, respectively, and 9.71 mg l(-1) h and 51% after maternal infusion during labour. Two options were considered to reduce fetal exposure during labour: (i) maternal infusion rates could be 1 mg kg(-1) h(-1) during 1 h followed by 0.5 mg kg(-1) h(-1) and (ii) the mother could only take oral ZDV every 5 h from start of labour until delivery with her neonate having their first ZDV dose as soon as possible after birth. CONCLUSIONS Zidovudine exposures are very important during labour and during the first days of a neonate's life. Maternal ZDV dose should be reduced in addition to the neonate doses reduction already proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Fauchet
- EA 3620 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Tarnier, Paris, France
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15
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Valade E, Tréluyer JM, Dabis F, Arrivé E, Pannier E, Benaboud S, Fauchet F, Bouazza N, Foissac F, Urien S, Hirt D. Modified renal function in pregnancy: impact on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:1378-86. [PMID: 24995851 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims were to describe emtricitabine (FTC) pharmacokinetics in a large population of pregnant women during the different trimesters of pregnancy, and to explain FTC pharmacokinetic variability during pregnancy. METHODS FTC plasma concentrations were measured in 103 non-pregnant and 83 pregnant women, including women in the different trimesters of pregnancy and on the day of delivery. A total of 457 plasma concentrations were available for analysis. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed with Monolix 4.1.3. RESULTS FTC pharmacokinetics was best described by a two compartment model. The effect of creatinine clearance on apparent elimination clearance (CL/F) was significant. CL/F in pregnant women was significantly higher compared with non-pregnant women (geometric mean 24.1 vs 20.5 l h(-1) , P < 0.001), reflecting a modified renal function. FTC daily exposures (AUC) during pregnancy were lower than AUC in non-pregnant women, regardless of the trimester of pregnancy. FTC AUC geometric means were 8.38 mg l(-1 ) h in the second trimester of pregnancy, 8.16 mg l(-1 ) h in the third trimester of pregnancy, 8.30 mg l(-1 ) h on the day of delivery and 9.77 mg l(-1 ) h in non-pregnant women. FTC concentrations 24 h after administration were lower in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women (0.054 vs. 0.079 mg l(-1) , P < 0.001) but still above the inhibitory concentration 50%. CONCLUSIONS FTC CL/F was increased by 18% during pregnancy, reflecting a modified renal function with 50% increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate. However, the impact of this modified renal function on FTC pharmacokinetics was not sufficiently large to consider dose adjustments during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Valade
- EA08, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France; DHU Risques et Grossesse, Paris, France
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Abdelhay M, Gazy A, Shaalan R, Ashour H. Selective RP-HPLC DAD method for determination of tenofovir fumarate and emtricitabine in bulk powder and in tablets. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Gadapayale K, Kakde R, Sarma VUM. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass detection and 1H and 13C NMR characterization of new process-related impurities, including forced degradants of efavirenz: related substances correlated to the synthetic pathway. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:218-30. [PMID: 25385054 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a stability-indicating reversed-phase liquid chromatographic electrospray mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the determination of process-related impurities and forced degradants of Efavirenz in bulk drugs. Efavirenz was subjected to acid, alkaline hydrolysis, H2O2 oxidation, photolysis, and thermal stress. Significant degradation was observed during alkaline hydrolysis, and the degradants were isolated on a mass-based purification system and characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Accurate mass measurement and NMR spectroscopy revealed the possible structure of process-related impurities and degradant under stress conditions. The acceptable separation was accomplished on Waters bondapak C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm), using 5 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as a mobile phase in a gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluents were monitored by diode array detector at 247 nm and quantitation limits were obtained in the range of 0.1-2.5 μg/mL for Efavirenz, degradants, and process-related impurities. The liquid chromatography method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Gadapayale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2256-61. [PMID: 24492366 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02058-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe emtricitabine concentration-time courses in a large population of HIV-1-infected adults, to evaluate the influence of renal function on emtricitabine disposition, and to assess current dosing adjustment recommendations. Emtricitabine blood plasma concentrations were determined from samples collected from 161 adult patients during therapeutic drug monitoring and measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed by a population approach. Emtricitabine pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartment model in which the absorption and distribution rate constants were assumed to be equal. Typical population parameter estimates (interindividual variability) were apparent elimination and intercompartmental clearances of 15.1 liters/h (17.4%) and 5.75 liters/h, respectively, and apparent central and peripheral volumes of distribution of 42.3 liters and 55.4 liters, respectively. The apparent elimination clearance was significantly related to creatinine clearance (CLCR), reflecting renal function. For 200 mg once a day (QD), the median area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24) was 12.5 mg·h/liter for patients with normal renal function (CLCR, >80 ml/min), 14.7 mg·h/liter for patients with mild renal impairment (CLCR, 79 to 50 ml/min), and 17.9 mg·h/liter for patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR, 49 to 30 ml/min). Simulations of the recommended dosing schemes for the oral solid form of emtricitabine (i.e., 200 mg per 48 h according to renal function) led to lower emtricitabine exposures for patients with moderate renal impairment (median AUC0-48, 17.2 mg·h/liter) than for patients with normal renal function (median AUC0-48, 25.6 mg·h/liter). Administering 18 ml of emtricitabine oral solution (10 mg/ml) QD to patients with moderate renal impairment should yield emtricitabine exposures similar to those in patients with normal renal function.
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Kromdijk W, Pereira SA, Rosing H, Mulder JW, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR. Development and validation of an assay for the simultaneous determination of zidovudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir and ribavirin in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 919-920:43-51. [PMID: 23411018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and validation of an assay for the simultaneous quantification of the antiviral and antiretroviral drugs zidovudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir and ribavirin in human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Sample pretreatment consisted of protein precipitation with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in methanol, evaporation and reconstitution. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Synergy Polar reversed phase C18 column (150 mm × 2.0 mm ID, particle size 4 μm) using a stepwise gradient with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in methanol at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the positive ionization mode was used for drug detection and quantification. Isotopically labeled zidovudine, lamivudine, tenofovir and ribavirin were used as internal standards. The method was validated over a clinical range of 20-2500 ng/mL for zidovudine, lamivudine and tenofovir, 4-500 ng/mL for abacavir and emtricitabine and 160-20,000 ng/mL for ribavirin. The inter and intra-assay accuracies and precisions were between -8.47% and 14.2% for zidovudine, emtricitabine and ribavirin. For abacavir, lamivudine and tenofovir, the inter and intra-assay accuracies and precisions at the lower limit of quantification were between -11.0% and 18.3%, whereas at all other levels these accuracies and precisions were between -11.7% and 12.0%. The described method is suitable for the determination of zidovudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir and ribavirin in human plasma in clinical practice to monitor plasma concentrations in selected cases to optimize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kromdijk
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Shah SAB, Mullin R, Jones G, Shah I, Barker J, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. Simultaneous analysis of antiretroviral drugs abacavir and tenofovir in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 74:308-13. [PMID: 23245265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the key antiretroviral drugs abacavir and tenofovir in hair using LC-MS/MS. The method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for the parameters: specificity, stability, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery. Hair samples (50mg) were decontaminated and subjected to methanolic extraction, where 1 ml methanol was added along with the internal standard abacavir-d4 at a final concentration of 0.15 ng/mg hair. After 16 h, the drugs were recovered by liquid-liquid extraction using ammonium acetate buffer and a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether:ethyl acetate (1:1). The samples were reconstituted with 200 μl acetonitrile:water (1:1) prior to injection for LC-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.06 and 0.12 ng/mg (drug/hair) for both drugs. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.12-4.0 ng/mg of drug/hair with regression coefficient (r(2)) value of 0.999 for both drugs. The data for accuracy, precision and recovery were within the FDA limits. The concentrations of the drugs in the hair samples ranged from 0.12 ng/mg to 4.48 ng/mg and 0.32 ng/mg to 1.67 ng/mg for tenofovir and abacavir, respectively. This is the first full report of a method for the simultaneous determination of these two key antiretroviral drugs in hair. The newly developed method is useful for future routine analysis of tenofovir and abacavir in human hair and could be used in therapeutic drug monitoring and adherence to medicines studies, which would be helpful in decision making regarding treatment change in combination anti-retroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda A B Shah
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, UK.
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21
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Kou H, Du X, Li Y, Fu Q, Zhu Z, Li T. Quantification of Tenofovir in Human Plasma by Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With UV Detection. Ther Drug Monit 2012; 34:593-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182693687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Hammett-Stabler C, Cotten SW. An introduction to drug testing: the expanding role of mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 902:1-13. [PMID: 22767103 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-934-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids is the foundation of both therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and toxicology. Though different in their application, each discipline depends upon accurate identification and quantification if the measurements are to be useful. Thousands of methods are described for drug analysis but until recently most have relied upon analytical tools, such as spectrophotometry and immunoassay, that suffer from lack of specificity and sensitivity. The introduction of methods based on mass spectrometry (MS), coupled to gas or liquid chromatography, has revolutionized these areas. The methods are proving to be robust, versatile, and economical. This chapter introduces the reader to the application of MS to TDM and toxicology, the steps that should be considered during implementation, and the processes that should be implemented to assure continued quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hammett-Stabler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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23
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Therapeutic drug monitoring and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Kałużna-Czaplińska J. Current medical research with the application of coupled techniques with mass spectrometry. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:RA117-23. [PMID: 21525822 PMCID: PMC3539600 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The most effective methods of analysis of organic compounds in biological fluids are coupled chromatographic techniques. Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allows the most efficient separation, identification and quantification of volatile metabolites in biological fluids. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is especially suitable for the analysis of non-volatile and/or thermally unstable compounds. A major drawback of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is that no standard spectral libraries such as NIST and Wiley for GC-MS are available to facilitate the identification of unknown compounds. Moreover, the identification of potential new compounds, especially new biomarkers in LC-MS, is much more challenging than in GC-MS. Capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has been widely used to characterize metabolomes. Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the separation of charged metabolites, offering high analyte resolution. The advantages of CE-MS are applicability for hydrophilic metabolites, robust separation efficiency and short duration of analysis. This review provides an overview of current chromatographic methods – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry – and their applications in current medical research. The focus is on the description of metabonomics research, strategies for biomarkers identification, medical diagnoses of diseases and research of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Concentrations of tenofovir and emtricitabine in saliva: implications for preexposure prophylaxis of oral HIV acquisition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4905-7. [PMID: 21788466 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00120-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent acquisition of HIV through oral sex, drugs used for preexposure prophylaxis (Prep) need to diffuse in saliva. We measured tenofovir (TFV) and emtricitabine (FTC) concentrations simultaneously in the plasma and saliva of 41 HIV-infected patients under stable antiretroviral treatment. Mean ratios of saliva/plasma concentration were 3% (±4%) and 86.9% (±124%) for TFV and FTC, respectively. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) should be used in combination with FTC to prevent oral acquisition of HIV.
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Rower JE, Klein B, Bushman LR, Anderson PL. Validation of a sensitive LC/MS/MS method for the determination of zidovudine and lamivudine in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:12-20. [PMID: 21465499 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive LC/MS/MS assay for determining zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in human plasma was validated to support antiretroviral pharmacology research programs. After addition of stable labeled isotopic zidovudine (ZDV-IS) and lamivudine (3TC-IS) as internal standard, a solid-phase extraction was performed with an Oasis HLB 1 cm(3) cartridge, with recoveries of 92.3% for ZDV and 93.9% for 3TC. A Phenomonex Synergi Hydro-RP (2.0 ×150 mm) reversed-phase analytical column was utilized for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous solution of 15% acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid. Detection was accomplished by ESI/MS/MS in the positive ion mode, monitoring 268/127, 271/130, 230/112 and 233/115 transitions, for ZDV, ZDV-IS, 3TC and 3TC-IS, respectively. The method was linear from 1 to 3000 ng/mL with a minimum quantifiable limit of 1 ng/mL when 100 μL of plasma was analyzed. Validation results demonstrated high accuracy (≤8.3% deviation) and high precision (≤10% CV) for the quality control samples. The method was also shown to be specific and reproducible. The value of the high sensitivity was demonstrated by quantitation of approximately 100 existing samples that had ZDV below the limit of quantitation using a previously validated, less sensitive HPLC-UV method utilized in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Rower
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Nageswara Rao R, Ramachandra B, Mastan Vali R. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of antiretroviral drugs on a monolithic column using ionic liquids as mobile phase additives. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:500-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Guo J, Meng F, Li L, Zhong B, Zhao Y. Development and Validation of an LC/MS/MS Method for the Determination of Tenofovir in Monkey Plasma. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:877-82. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jifen Guo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Bohua Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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Müller DM, Rentsch KM. Therapeutic drug monitoring by LC–MS–MS with special focus on anti-infective drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2573-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Taylor PJ, Tai CH, Franklin ME, Pillans PI. The current role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant and antiretroviral drugs. Clin Biochem 2010; 44:14-20. [PMID: 20599871 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring of critical dose immunosuppressant drugs is established clinical practice and there are similar good reasons to monitor antiretrovirals. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature (last five years), with particular reference to the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). LC-MS/MS offers many potential advantages. The superior selectivity of LC-MS/MS over immunoassays for immunosuppressant drugs has been widely reported. Simultaneous measurement of a number of drugs can be performed. It is currently routine practice for the four major immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus) to be simultaneously measured in whole blood. While up to 17 antiretroviral drugs have been simultaneously measured in plasma. The exquisite sensitivity of LC-MS/MS also provides the opportunity to measure these drugs in alternative matrices, such as dried blood spots, saliva, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissue. However, the clinical utility of measuring these classes of drugs in alternative matrices is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Pendela M, Mamade DA, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Characterization of emtricitabine related substances by liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer. Talanta 2010; 82:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ji HY, Lee HW, Yoon YR, Lee HS. Quantification of lamivudine in human plasma by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:948-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kanu AB, Hampikian G, Brandt SD, Hill HH. Ribonucleotide and ribonucleoside determination by ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 658:91-7. [PMID: 20082780 PMCID: PMC2898576 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection limits and reduced mobilities for 12 ribonucleotides and 4 ribonucleosides were measured by ambient pressure electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS). With the instrument used in this study it was possible to separate some of these compounds within mixtures. Detection limits reported for ribonucleotides and ribonucleosides ranged from 15 to 300 pmol and the reduced mobilities ranged from 41 to 56 suggesting that ambient pressure ESI-IMS may be used for their rapid and sensitive separation and detection. This report demonstrates that it was possible to use ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to obtain a spectrum for the separation of nucleotides and nucleosides in less than 1 min. The application holds great promise for nucleotide analysis in the area of separating DNA fragments in genome sequencing and also for forensics DNA typing examinations used for the identification of blood stains in crime scenes and paternity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu B Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
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Two-dimensional LC–MS/MS determination of antiretroviral drugs in rat serum and urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:994-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Van Eeckhaut A, Lanckmans K, Sarre S, Smolders I, Michotte Y. Validation of bioanalytical LC–MS/MS assays: Evaluation of matrix effects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2198-207. [PMID: 19179125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pecková K, Navrátil T, Yosypchuk B, Moreira J, Leandro K, Barek J. Voltammetric Determination of Azidothymidine Using Silver Solid Amalgam Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Determination of HIV drugs in biological matrices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saka C. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods to Simultaneous Determination of Anti-Retroviral Drugs in Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340902820759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:1067-73. [PMID: 19104016 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00860-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate emtricitabine (FTC) pharmacokinetics in pregnant women and their neonates and to determine the optimal prophylactic dose for neonates after birth to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A total of 38 HIV-infected pregnant women were administered tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (300 mg)-FTC (200 mg) tablets-two tablets at the initiation of labor and one daily for 7 days postpartum. By pair, 11 maternal, one cord blood, and two neonatal FTC concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry validated method and analyzed by a population approach. Model and mean estimates (interpatient variability) were a two-compartment model for mothers, with an absorption rate constant of 0.54 h(-1) (61%), apparent elimination and intercompartmental clearances of 23.2 (17%) and 6.04 liters x h(-1), and apparent central and peripheral volumes of 127 and 237 liters, respectively; an effect compartment linked to maternal circulation for cord blood and a neonatal compartment disconnected, after delivery, with a 10.6-h half-life (30%). After the 400-mg FTC administration, the median population area under the concentration-time curve and the minimal and maximal plasma FTC concentrations in pregnant women were 14.3 mg x liter(-1) x h and 1.68 and 0.076 mg/liter, respectively. At delivery, median (range) predicted maternal and cord blood FTC concentrations were, respectively, 1.16 (0.14 to 1.99) and 0.72 (0.05 to 1.19) mg x liter(-1). We concluded that the 400-mg FTC administration in pregnant women produces higher exposition than does the 200-mg administration in other adults, at steady state. FTC was shown to have good placental transfer (80%). Administering 1 mg FTC/kg as soon as possible after birth or 2 mg/kg 12 h after birth should produce neonatal concentrations comparable to the concentrations observed in adults.
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Gomes NA, Pudage AM, Joshi SS, Vaidya VV, Parekh SA. LC–MS–MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Abacavir and Lamivudine in Human Plasma, and Its Application to a Bioequivalence Study. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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