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Elfakhri KH, Niu M, Ghosh P, Ramezanli T, Raney SG, Kamal N, Ashraf M, Zidan AS. Understanding the impact of formulation design on microstructure and drug release from porous microparticle-based tretinoin topical gels. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123794. [PMID: 38216074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
For proportionally formulated intermediate strengths of a topical product, the relationship of drug release across multiple strengths of a given product is not always well understood. The current study aims to assess the proportionality of tretinoin release rates across multiple strengths of tretinoin topical gels when manufactured using two different methods to understand the impact of formulation design on drug product microstructure and tretinoin release rate. Two groups of tretinoin gels of 0.04 %, 0.06 %, 0.08 % and 0.1 % strengths were manufactured. Gels in Group I were prepared by incorporating 4-10 % g/g of 1 % w/w tretinoin-loaded microparticles into a gel base. Gels in Group II were manufactured using 10 % g/g of the microparticles that were loaded with increasing amounts (0.4-1 % w/w) of tretinoin. The two groups of gels were characterized by evaluating microstructure using a polarized microscope, rheology using an oscillatory rheometer, and drug release using Vison® Microette™ Hanson vertical diffusion cells. The microscopic images were used to discriminate between the two groups of gels based on the abundance of microparticles in the gel matrix observed in the images. This abundance increased across gels of Group I and was similar across gels of Group II. The rheology parameters, namely viscosity at a shear rate of 10 s-1, shear thinning rate, storage, and loss modulus, increased across gels of Group I, and were not significantly different across gels of Group II. The release rate of tretinoin from the drug products was proportional to the nominal strength of the drug product in both Group I and Group II, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 in each case, although the absolute release rates differed. Overall, changing the formulation design of tretinoin topical gels containing porous microparticles may change the physicochemical and structural properties, as well as the drug release rate of the product. Further, keeping the formulation design consistent across all strengths of microparticle-based topical gels is important to achieve proportional release rates across multiple strengths of a given drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled H Elfakhri
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Kamal
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Elfakhri KH, Niu M, Ghosh P, Ramezanli T, Raney SG, Ahmed S, Willett DR, Yilmaz H, Ashraf M, Zidan AS. Physicochemical and structural evaluation of microparticles in tretinoin topical gels. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kamal NS, Krishnaiah YSR, Xu X, Zidan AS, Raney SG, Cruz CN, Ashraf M. Corrigendum to "Identification of critical formulation parameters affecting the in vitro release, permeation, and rheological properties of the acyclovir topical cream" [Int. J. Pharm. 590 (2020) 119914]. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120787. [PMID: 34144840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid S Kamal
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA.
| | - Yellela S R Krishnaiah
- Office of Process and Facilities, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA.
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Kamal NS, Krishnaiah YSR, Xu X, Zidan AS, Raney S, Cruz CN, Ashraf M. Identification of critical formulation parameters affecting the in vitro release, permeation, and rheological properties of the acyclovir topical cream. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119914. [PMID: 32979451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand effects of formulation variables on the critical quality attributes (CQA) of acyclovir topical cream, this study investigated effects of propylene glycol (PG), poloxamer, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) concentrations, acyclovir particle size, and formulation pH of the acyclovir cream. Fifteen formulations were prepared and characterized for rheological properties, particle size distribution, drug release and in vitro skin permeation. Drug distribution between various phases of the cream was determined. The concentration of soluble acyclovir in the aqueous phase was determined as a surrogate of the equilibrium with other acyclovir species in the cream. The interaction among effects of the formulation variables on the amount of acyclovir retained by skin was also evaluated. The results showed that PG significantly (p < 0.05) increased the yield stress, viscosity, drug concentration in the aqueous phase, and drug release. The PG and SLS significantly (p < 0.05) increased acyclovir retention by skin samples. Particle size of acyclovir inversely affected the drug release. This study revealed that the employed concentrations of PG and SLS and particle size of the dispersed acyclovir are critical formulation variables that should be carefully controlled when developing acyclovir topical creams with desired performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid S Kamal
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA.
| | - Yellela S R Krishnaiah
- Office of Process and Facilities, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Sameersingh Raney
- Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, USA.
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Mohamed LA, Kamal N, Elfakhri KH, Ibrahim S, Ashraf M, Zidan AS. Application of synthetic membranes in establishing bio-predictive IVPT for testosterone transdermal gel. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119572. [PMID: 32599131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the use of synthetic membranes in developing a bio-predictive in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) method for 1.62% testosterone gel. The IVPT studies were carried out using both Franz (FC), and Flow-through (FTC) diffusion cells. The experimental variables included the type of synthetic membranes (hydrophilic polyamide nylon, polysulfone tuffryn and STRAT-M (SM) membrane) and the type of receiver media (phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate). In vivo drug release rates were obtained from published reports for 1.62% testosterone gel applied to either abdominal area (treatment group A), upper arms/shoulders (treatment group B), or alternating between abdomen and arms/shoulders (treatment group C). The in vitro-in vivo correlations were established using GastroPlus software. The best IVPT method was selected based on establishing point-to-point correlation with the in vivo data of treatment group A with minimal prediction errors (%PE) of AUC0-24 and Cmax. The results showed that the IVPT method which employed the FTC diffusion system, SM membrane and phosphate buffer without surfactant established the best IVIVR model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9966 and an exponential function of Y = (1.35)5 × X3.6. The in vivo data obtained from treatment group A and B was used for internal validation of the prediction model. The validation data was acceptable, with %PE of less than 10% for both AUC0-24 and Cmax. In conclusion, these results suggest that bio-predictive IVPT methods for testosterone gels may be developed using synthetic membranes and diffusion apparatus by varying the composition of the receiver medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loqman A Mohamed
- Division of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing II, Office of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Assessment, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA
| | - Nahid Kamal
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA
| | - Khaled H Elfakhri
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Division of Bioequivalence, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD 20993, USA.
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Mohamed LA, Kamal N, Elfakhri KH, Willett D, Wokovich A, Strasinger C, Cruz CN, Raney SG, Ashraf M, Zidan AS. Drug recrystallization in drug-in-adhesive transdermal delivery system: A case study of deteriorating the mechanical and rheological characteristics of testosterone TDS. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sen K, Velez N, Anderson C, Drennen Iii JK, Zidan AS, Chaudhuri B. Multicomponent granular mixing in a Bohle bin Blender-Experiments and simulation. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119131. [PMID: 32057888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Study of mixing and segregation of granular materials was performed in a Bohle bin blender using both computational modeling and experiments. A multicomponent mixture of pharmaceutical excipients and coated theophylline granules, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was considered as the blend formulation. A DEM (Discrete Element Method) Model was developed to simulate the flow and mixing of the multicomponent blend to compare with the experimental data. DEM is a numerical modeling technique which incorporates all the material properties (such as Particle size, density, elastic modulus, yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work function etc.)to simulate granular flow (such as mixing, conveying) of particles. In simulation, the degree (Relative standard deviation) of mixing in a Bohle bin blender was assessed as a function of critical processing parameters (loading pattern, rotational rate, and fill percentage). Numerical simulation results reveal radial mixing in a Bohle bin blender is faster than axial mixing due to symmetric geometry limitation. This study investigates a numerical model-based approach to study the effect of the critical process parameters on the mixing dynamics in Bohle bin blender for a moderately cohesive pharmaceutical formulation. The DEM model can be used to provide crucial insights to developed optimized mixing protocols to ascertain the best mixing conditions for different formulation. As for example, as we try to develop a mixing protocol for another formulation with different operational parameters such as loading pattern, rotational speed, and fill percentage, one can device an optimized mixing protocol of the formulation with the help of this DEM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyel Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Natasha Velez
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Carl Anderson
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | | | - Ahmed S Zidan
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring MD20993, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA; Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
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Rahman Z, Aqueel MS, Korang-Yeboah M, Zidan AS, Chen J, Alayoubi AY, Cruz CN, Ashraf M. Evaluation of commercially available meth-deterrent pseudoephedrine hydrochloride products. Int J Pharm 2020; 575:118909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kamal NS, Habib MJ, Zidan AS, Karla PK. NAG-PEGylated multilamellar liposomes for BBB-GLUT transporter targeting. Cogent Medicine 2020; 6. [PMID: 35531302 PMCID: PMC9075700 DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2019.1701343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the research study is to investigate Glucose (GLUT) transporter targeting of the drug (Citalopram-Hbr) for increased permeability across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The current study reports the development, physicochemical characterization, cytotoxicity analysis and in-vitro BBB permeability assessment of the Citalopram-Hbr liposomal formulations. Rat Primary Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (RPBECs) were used for cytotoxicity analysis and drug permeability testing. Five N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) coated PEGylated multilamellar liposomal formulations were prepared and tested. Permeability of the liposomal formulations was evaluated in RPBECs monolayer. The particle size of the formulations ranged from 13 to 4259 nm. Entrapment efficiency was 50–75%. Cytotoxicity analysis indicated viability (>90%) for all five formulations (0.3–1.25 mg/ml). Apparent drug permeability (Papp) of the formulations ranged from 5.01 × 104 to 15 × 104 cm/min. The study demonstrated successful preparation of NAG-coated PEGylated multilamellar liposomal formulations with high drug entrapment efficiency. Cytotoxicity data indicated that the formulations were well tolerated by the cells up to a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml. Transport study data demonstrated that RPBMECs monolayers can be employed as a robust screening tool for future drug transport studies targeting GLUT transporter on the BBB. The drug permeability values provide a promising preliminarily proof that NAG-coated liposomal formulations can be an effective tool for BBB-GLUT transporter targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid S. Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad J. Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Ahmed S. Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Pradeep K. Karla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Zidan AS, Mokhtar Ibrahim M, Megrab NAE. Optimization of methotrexate loaded niosomes by Box–Behnken design: an understanding of solvent effect and formulation variability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1450-1459. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1318907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mokhtar Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University, Gamasa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nagia A. El Megrab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Spinks CB, Zidan AS, Khan MA, Habib MJ, Faustino PJ. Pharmaceutical characterization of novel tenofovir liposomal formulations for enhanced oral drug delivery: in vitro pharmaceutics and Caco-2 permeability investigations. Clin Pharmacol 2017; 9:29-38. [PMID: 28260952 PMCID: PMC5327912 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s119875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir, currently marketed as the prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, is used clinically to treat patients with HIV/AIDS. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir is relatively low, limiting its clinical effectiveness. Encapsulation of tenofovir within modified long-circulating liposomes would deliver this hydrophilic anti-HIV drug to the reticuloendothelial system for better therapeutic efficacy. The objectives of the current study were to prepare and pharmaceutically characterize model liposomal tenofovir formulations in an attempt to improve their bioavailability. The entrapment process was performed using film hydration method, and the formulations were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency and Caco-2 permeability. An efficient reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for tenofovir quantitation in both in vitro liposomal formulations and Caco-2 permeability samples. Separation was achieved isocratically on a Waters Symmetry C8 column using 10 mM Na2PO4/acetonitrile pH 7.4 (95:5 v/v). The flow rate was 1 mL/min with a 12 min elution time. Injection volume was 10 µL with ultraviolet detection at 270 nm. The method was validated according to United States Pharmacopeial Convention category I requirements. The obtained result showed that tenofovir encapsulation within the prepared liposomes was dependent on the employed amount of the positive charge-imparting agent. The obtained results indicated that calibration curves were linear with r2 > 0.9995 over the analytical range of 1–10 µg/mL. Inter- and intraday accuracy and precision values ranged from 95% to 101% and 0.3% to 2.6%, respectively. The method was determined to be specific and robust. Regarding the potential of the prepared vectors to potentiate tenofovir permeability through the Caco-2 model, a 10-fold increase in tenofovir apparent permeability was observed compared to its oral solution. In conclusion, this novel and validated method was successfully applied to characterize both in vitro encapsulation efficiency and Caco-2 permeability transport for the pharmaceutical assessment of novel tenofovir formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal B Spinks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad J Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Korang-Yeboah M, Yang Y, Siddiqui A, Shakleya D, Khan MA, Cruz C, Ashraf M. Effects of excipients and curing process on the abuse deterrent properties of directly compressed tablets. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:303-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Harbi I, Aljaeid B, El-Say KM, Zidan AS. Glycosylated Sertraline-Loaded Liposomes for Brain Targeting: QbD Study of Formulation Variabilities and Brain Transport. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1404-1420. [PMID: 26786680 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectiveness of CNS-acting drugs depends on the localization, targeting, and capacity to be transported through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which can be achieved by designing brain-targeting delivery vectors. Hence, the objective of this study was to screen the formulation and process variables affecting the performance of sertraline (Ser-HCl)-loaded pegylated and glycosylated liposomes. The prepared vectors were characterized for Ser-HCl entrapment, size, surface charge, release behavior, and in vitro transport through the BBB. Furthermore, the compatibility among liposomal components was assessed using SEM, FTIR, and DSC analysis. Through a thorough screening study, enhancement of Ser-HCl entrapment, nanosized liposomes with low skewness, maximized stability, and controlled drug leakage were attained. The solid-state characterization revealed remarkable interaction between Ser-HCl and the charging agent to determine drug entrapment and leakage. Moreover, results of liposomal transport through mouse brain endothelialpolyoma cells demonstrated greater capacity of the proposed glycosylated liposomes to target the cerebellar due to its higher density of GLUT1 and higher glucose utilization. This transport capacity was confirmed by the inhibiting action of both cytochalasin B and phenobarbital. Using C6 glioma cells model, flow cytometry, time-lapse live cell imaging, and in vivo NIR fluorescence imaging demonstrated that optimized glycosylated liposomes can be transported through the BBB by classical endocytosis, as well as by specific transcytosis. In conclusion, the current study proposed a thorough screening of important formulation and process variabilities affecting brain-targeting liposomes for further scale-up processes.
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Zidan AS, Ahmed OAA, Aljaeid BM. Nicotinamide polymeric nanoemulsified systems: a quality-by-design case study for a sustained antimicrobial activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1501-16. [PMID: 27110111 PMCID: PMC4835127 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3, was demonstrated to combat some of the antibiotic-resistant infections that are increasingly common around the world. The objective of this study was to thoroughly understand the formulation and process variabilities affecting the preparation of nicotinamide-loaded polymeric nanoemulsified particles. The quality target product profile and critical quality attributes of the proposed product were presented. Plackett-Burman screening design was employed to screen eight variables for their influences on the formulation's critical characteristics. The formulations were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsification followed by solvent replacement. The prepared systems were characterized by entrapment capacity (EC), entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, in vitro drug release, and their antibacterial activity against bacterial scrums. EC, EE, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and percentage release in 24 hours were found to be in the range of 33.5%-68.8%, 53.1%-67.1%, 43.3-243.3 nm, 0.08-0.28, 9.5-53.3 mV, and 5.8%-22.4%, respectively. One-way analysis of variance and Pareto charts revealed that the experimental loadings of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and Eudragit(®) S100 were the most significant for their effects on nicotinamide EC and EE. Moreover, the polymeric nanoemulsified particles demonstrated a sustained release profile for nicotinamide. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction demonstrated a significant interaction between the drug and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin that might modulate the sustained release behavior. Furthermore, the formulations provided a sustained antibacterial activity that depended on nicotinamide-loading concentration, release rate, and incubation time. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the potential of polymeric nanoemulsified system to sustain the release and antibacterial activity of nicotinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Osama A A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Bader M Aljaeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Through the integration of orthogonal central composite design and desirability function, this work aimed to explore the potential of quality by design in understanding the formulation of phospholipid-stabilized tacrolimus nanodispersions by microfluidization. The influence of homogenization pressure, microfluidization time and phospholipid concentration (X1-X3) on nanodispersion performance was studied. Nanodispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Moreover, masking the unpalatable taste of tacrolimus and reducing the gastric complications were also evaluated. FTIR analysis indicated its interaction with phospholipid. DSC and XRD analysis revealed the amorphous transformation of tacrolimus within nanodispersions. The dissolution was enhanced by 35 folds and 15 folds after 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. Maximum tacrolimus content, yield, polydispersity index, percentages dissolved after 0.5 and 2 h of 99.3%, 100%, 0.864, 39.7% and 95.3%, respectively, with particle size of 160 nm were obtained at X1, X2 and X3 values of 20 000 psi, 6 min and 30%, respectively. The Euclidean distance values demonstrated masking the unpalatable taste and taste perversion to stimuli of tacrolimus in its optimized nanodispersion. Moreover, the ulcerative indices following raw tacrolimus and its optimized nanodispersion oral administration were 6.73 and 2.45, respectively, to indicate that nanodispersion was significantly less irritating to the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia and.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
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El-Say KM, Ahmed TA, Abdelbary MF, Ali BE, Aljaeid BM, Zidan AS. Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics. Acta Pharmaceutica 2015; 65:365-82. [PMID: 26677895 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2015-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at developing risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets (OD-mini-tablets) as age-appropriate formulations and to assess their suitability for infants and pediatric use. An experimental Box-Behnken design was applied to assure high quality of the OD-mini-tablets and reduce product variability. The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity. The variables selected were mannitol percent in Avicel (X1), swelling pressure of the superdisintegrant (X2), and the surface area of Aerosil as a glidant (X3). Risperidone-excipient compatibilities were investigated using FTIR and the spectra did not display any interaction. Fifteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for pre- and post-compression characteristics. The prepared OD-mini-tablet batches were also assessed for disintegration in simulated salivary fluid (SSF, pH 6.2) and in reconstituted skimmed milk. The optimized formula fulfilled the requirements for crushing strength of 5 kN with minimal friability, disintegration times of 8.4 and 53.7 s in SSF and skimmed milk, respectively. This study therefore proposes the risperidone OD-mini-tablet formula having robust mechanical properties, uniform and precise dosing of medication with short disintegration time suitable for pediatric use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, KSA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo Egypt
| | - Tarek A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, KSA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo Egypt
| | - Maged F. Abdelbary
- Research and Development Department, Deef Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Qassim, KSA
| | - Bahaa E. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, KSA
| | - Bader M. Aljaeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, KSA
| | - Ahmed S. Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, KSA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
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Abstract
This study aimed at employing Plackett-Burman design in screening formulation variables that affect quality of matrix-type simvastatin (SMV) transdermal film. To achieve this goal, 12 formulations were prepared by casting method. The investigated variables were Eudragit RL percentage, polymer mixture percentage, plasticizer type, plasticizer percentage, enhancer type, enhancer percentage and dichloromethane fraction in organic phase. The films were evaluated for physicochemical properties and ex vivo SMV permeation. SMV initial, delayed flux, diffusivity and permeability coefficient were calculated on the delayed flux phase with constraint to minimize the initial flux and approaching steady-state flux. The obtained results revealed flat films with homogeneous distribution of SMV within the films. Thickness values changed from 65 to 180 μm by changing the factors' combinations. Most of the permeation profiles showed sustained release feature with fast permeation phase followed by slow phase. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant effects (p < 0.05) of the investigated variables on the responses with Prob > F values of 0.0147, 0.0814, 0.0063 and 0.0142 for the initial and delayed fluxes, permeability coefficients and diffusivities, respectively. The findings of screening study showed the importance of the significant variables to be scaled up for full optimization study as a promising alternative drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M El-Say
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Osama A A Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,c Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University , Minia , Egypt , and
| | - Bader M Aljaeid
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
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Zidan AS, Aldawsari H. Ultrasound effects on brain-targeting mannosylated liposomes: in vitro and blood-brain barrier transport investigations. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:3885-98. [PMID: 26244012 PMCID: PMC4521675 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s87906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to intracerebral regions can be accomplished by improving the capacity of transport through blood–brain barrier. Using sertraline as model drug for brain targeting, the current study aimed at modifying its liposomal vesicles with mannopyranoside. Box-Behnken design was employed to statistically optimize the ultrasound parameters, namely ultrasound amplitude, time, and temperature, for maximum mannosylation capacity, sertraline entrapment, and surface charge while minimizing vesicular size. Moreover, in vitro blood–brain barrier transport model was established to assess the transendothelial capacity of the optimized mannosylated vesicles. Results showed a dependence of vesicular size, mannosylation capacity, and sertraline entrapment on cavitation and bubble implosion events that were related to ultrasound power amplitude, temperature. However, short ultrasound duration was required to achieve >90% mannosylation with nanosized vesicles (<200 nm) of narrow size distribution. Optimized ultrasound parameters of 65°C, 27%, and 59 seconds for ultrasound temperature, amplitude, and time were elucidated to produce 81.1%, 46.6 nm, and 77.6% sertraline entrapment, vesicular size, and mannosylation capacity, respectively. Moreover, the transendothelial ability was significantly increased by 2.5-fold by mannosylation through binding with glucose transporters. Hence, mannosylated liposomes processed by ultrasound could be a promising approach for manufacturing and scale-up of brain-targeting liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hibah Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Zidan AS, Emam SE, Shehata TM, Ghazy FES. Pediatric suppositories of sulpiride solid dispersion for treatment of Tourette syndrome: in vitro and in vivo investigations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:645-55. [PMID: 25501871 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical development was adopted in the current study to propose a pediatric rectal formulation of sulpiride as a substitute to the available oral or parenteral formulations in the management of Tourette syndrome (TS). The goal was to formulate a product that is easy to use, stable, and highly bioavailable and to achieve a rapid clinical efficacy. Towards this aim, sulpiride solid dispersion (SD) with tartaric acid at a weight ratio of 1:0.25 was incorporated into different suppository bases, namely witepsol W25, witepsol H15, witepsol E75, suppocire NA, suppocire A, glycerogelatin, and polyethylene glycols. The formulae were evaluated in vitro using different pharmacotechnical methods such as visual, melting, weight and content uniformities, drug release, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. In vivo bioavailability was also assessed in rabbits to compare the bioavailability of either raw sulpiride-incorporated or its SD-incorporated witepsol H15-based suppositories to its oral suspension (reference). Sulpiride SD-incorporated witepsol H15 formulation showed acceptable in vitro characteristics with a bioavailability of 117% relative to oral dosing, which excel that in humans (27% after dosing of oral product). In addition, the proposed formula not only passed the 6-month stability study but also proposed a promising scale-up approach. Hence, it showed a great potential for pediatric product development to manage TS in rural areas.
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Abstract
The prevalence of childhood dyslipidemia increases and is considered as an important risk factor for the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the adulthood. To improve dosing accuracy and facilitate the determination of dosing regimens in function of the body weight, the proposed study aims at preparing transdermal niosomal gels of simvastatin as possible transdermal drug delivery system for pediatric applications. Twelve formulations were prepared to screen the influence of formulation and processing variables on critical niosomal characteristics. Nano-sized niosomes with 0.31 μm number-weighted size displayed highest simvastatin release rate with 8.5% entrapment capacity. The niosomal surface coverage by negative charges was calculated according to Langmuir isotherm with n = 0.42 to suggest that the surface association was site-independent, probably producing surface rearrangements. Hypolipidemic activities after transdermal administration of niosomal gels to rats showed significant reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels while increasing plasma high-density lipoproteins concentration. Bioavailability estimation in rats revealed an augmentation in simvastatin bioavailability by 3.35 and 2.9 folds from formulation F3 and F10, respectively, compared with oral drug suspension. Hence, this transdermal simvastatin niosomes not only exhibited remarkable potential to enhance its bioavailability and hypolipidemic activity but also considered a promising pediatric antihyperlipidemic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , KSA .,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , KSA .,c Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Beni Suef University , Beni Suef , Egypt , and
| | - Osama A A Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , KSA .,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , KSA
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Abstract
Efficacy of central nervous system-acting medications is limited by its localization and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB); therefore, the crux is in designing delivery systems targeted to cross the BBB. Toward this objective, this study proposed pegylated and glycosylated citalopram hydrobromide (Cit-HBr) liposomes as a delivery approach for brain targeting. The multicomponent liposomes were evaluated for drug encapsulation, vesicular size, size distribution, conductivity and drug release characteristics. Moreover, the interaction among the employed components was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis. Through a systematic screening design of formulation and process variables in the optimization phase, an improvement of Cit-HBr loading, fine vesicular size with narrow size distribution, greater stability and sustained release features were achieved. The compatibility studies unveiled a significant interaction between Cit-HBr and dicetyl phosphate to control drug encapsulation and release properties. The optimization process showed a minimal range of design space to achieve the preset desirability; more precisely dicetyl phosphate, polyethylene glycol, N-acetyl glucosamine and freeze-thaw cycles of 3%, 5%, 4% and 2 cycles, respectively, were used. Using brain endothelial cell models, the optimized formulations showed an acceptable cell viability with preserved monolayer integrity and an enhanced flux and permeability. Thus, this study has proposed an optimized pegylated and glycosylated vector that is a promising step for brain targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Kamal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, Howard University , Washington, DC , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science, Long Island University , Brookville, NY , USA
| | - Anthony J Cutie
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science, Long Island University , Brookville, NY , USA
| | - Muhammad J Habib
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, Howard University , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Ahmed S Zidan
- c Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt , and.,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , KSA
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Zidan AS, Aljaeid BM, Mokhtar M, Shehata TM. Taste-masked orodispersible tablets of cyclosporine self-nanoemulsion lyophilized with dry silica. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:652-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.908307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zidan AS, Habib MJ. Maximized Mucoadhesion and Skin Permeation of Anti-AIDS-Loaded Niosomal Gels. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:952-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bhanushali CJ, Zidan AS, Rahman Z, Habib MJ. Ion-pair chromatography for simultaneous analysis of ethionamide and pyrazinamide from their porous microparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:1313-20. [PMID: 23990078 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETA) and pyrazinamide (PZA) are considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Current methods available in the literature for simultaneous determination of ETA and PZA have low sensitivity or involve column modifications with lipophilic cations. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and validated reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ETA and PZA for the characterization of polymeric-based porous inhalable microparticles in in vitro and spiked human serum samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm) using a Shimadzu LC 10 series HPLC. The mobile phase consisted of A: 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid in distilled water and B: ACN/MeOH at 1:1 v/v. Gradient elution was run at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and a fixed UV wavelength of 280 nm. The validation characteristics included accuracy, precision, linearity, analytical range, and specificity. Calibration curves at seven levels for ETA and PZA were linear in the analytical range of 0.1-3.0 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of r (2) > 0.999. Accuracy for both ETA and PZA ranged from 94 to 106% at all quality control (QC) standards. The method was precise with relative standard deviation less than 2% at all QC levels. Limits of quantitation for ETA and PZA were 50 and 70 ng/mL, respectively. There was no interference from either the polymeric matrix ions or the biological matrix in the analysis of ETA and PZA.
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Zidan AS, Spinks CB, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Formulation and transport properties of tenofovir loaded liposomes through Caco-2 cell model. J Liposome Res 2013; 23:318-26. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2013.810645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wahba HA, Abu-Hegazy M, Wasel Y, Ismail EI, Zidan AS. Adjuvant chemotherapy after reduced craniospinal irradiation dose in children with average-risk medulloblastoma: a 5-year follow-up study. J BUON 2013; 18:425-429. [PMID: 23818356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to determine the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy combined with reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation (CSI) on survival and neurocognitive sequelae of radiotherapy (RT) in patients with average- risk medulloblastoma above the age of 3 years. METHODS Thirty-three children between 3 and 10 years of age with average-risk medulloblastoma were treated with postoperative reduced-dose CSI (24.0 Gy) and 30.6 Gy of local RT (total of 54.6 Gy) and then with adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide every 4 weeks for 8 cycles. RESULTS At 5 years, event-free survival (EFS) was 79%, while overall survival (OS) was 85%. Sites of relapse were local in 3%, neuraxis in 9% and both local and neuraxis in 9% of the patients. Chemotherapy was well tolerated. Hematopoietic toxicity was the most predominant side effect followed by vomiting and ototoxicity. No grade III or IV nephrotoxicity or neurotoxicity and no treatment-related deaths were encountered. Insignificant decline of intelligence quotient (IQ) was reported in 28.6% of the patients. CONCLUSION The preliminary results of adjuvant chemotherapy after reduced-dose CSI in average-risk medulloblastoma patients are encouraging and effective, and can be applied safely with acceptable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wahba
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Samy R, Sayeed VA, Khan MA. Improvement of physicochemical properties of an antiepileptic drug by salt engineering. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:793-801. [PMID: 22588676 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the present investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of using cyclamic salt of lamotrigine in order to improve its solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR). The salt was prepared by solution crystallization method and characterized chemically by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton ((1)H) and carbon ((13)C) nuclear magnetic resonance (liquid and solid, NMR) spectroscopy, physically by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermally by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), physicochemically for solubility, IDR, solution and solid-state stability, and polymorphism by solution recrystallization and slurry conversion studies. The FTIR, NMR, PXRD, DSC, and TGA spectra and thermograms indicated the salt formation. The salt formation increased lamotrigine solubility by 19-fold and IDR by 4.9-fold in water. The solution and solid-state stability were similar to parent molecule and were resistant to polymorphic transformation. In conclusion, cyclamic salt of lamotrigine provides another potential avenue for the pharmaceutical development of lamotrigine with improved physicochemical properties especially for pediatric population. It is also possible that appropriate dosage forms can be formulated with much lower drug amount and better safety profile than existing products.
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Awotwe-Otoo D, Zidan AS, Rahman Z, Habib MJ. Evaluation of anticancer drug-loaded nanoparticle characteristics by nondestructive methodologies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:611-22. [PMID: 22535519 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to utilize near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) as non-invasive techniques to evaluate the drug loading in letrozole-loaded PLGA nanoparticle formulations prepared by the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. A Plackett-Burman design was applied to evaluate the main effects of amount of drug (X(1)), amount of polymer (X(2)), stirring rate (X(3)), emulsifier concentration (X(4)), organic to aqueous phase volume ratio (X(5)), type of organic solvent (X(6)), and homogenization time (X(7)) on drug entrapment efficiency. The influence of three different spectral pretreatment methods (multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and Savitzky-Golay second derivative transformation with third-order polynomial) and two different regression methods (PLS regression and principal component regression (PCR)) on model prediction ability were compared. PLS of spectra that were pretreated with Savitzky-Golay second derivative transformation provided better model prediction than PCR as it revealed better linear correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.991) for both calibration and prediction models. Relatively low values of root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC = 0.748) and prediction (RMSEP = 0.786) and low standard errors of calibration (SEC = 0.758) and prediction (SEP = 0.589) suggested good predictability for estimation of the loading of letrozole in PLGA nanoparticles. NIR-CI analysis also revealed mutual homogenous distribution of both polymer and drug and was capable of clearly distinguishing the 12 formulations both quantitatively and qualitatively. In conclusion, NIR and NIR-CI could be potentially used to characterize anticancer drug-loaded nanoparticulate matrix.
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Zidan AS, Rahman Z, Khan MA. Chemometric Evaluation of Brompheniramine–Tannate Complexes. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1450-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zidan AS, Rahman Z, Sayeed V, Raw A, Yu L, Khan MA. Crystallinity evaluation of tacrolimus solid dispersions by chemometric analysis. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:341-50. [PMID: 22100517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different destructive and nondestructive analytical methods, namely powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and imaging, to detect and characterize tacrolimus trace crystallinity in an amorphous solid dispersion (SD) using chemometric analysis were developed. The SD was spiked with different percentages of the crystalline drug to construct an array of SDs with different crystallinity percentages. Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was employed to compare the performance of the calibration models created using these analytical methods. The obtained results indicated a significant interaction between tacrolimus and the employed polymer and a drug dissolution dependency on the crystalline fraction within the SDs. Using two PLS factors, these analytical methods were ranked according to its specificity to detect the trace crystallinity of SDs as NIR>PXRD>Raman>DSC. Through the application of PLS, root-mean-squared error of calibration values of 2.91%, 5.36%, 7.07% and 11.58% were calculated for the calibration models constructed by NIR, PXRD, Raman and DSC, respectively. Having a prediction error of 2.1% and a correlation coefficient of 0.99, it is demonstrated that combined NIR imaging and chemometric analysis outperformed the other methods in detecting trace crystallinity in tacrolimus amorphous systems. The spatial distributions of amorphous and crystalline drug were also obtained in order to allow for studying the crystallization dissemination in the solid dispersions. Consequently, NIR and NIR imaging coupled with chemometry was shown to be a powerful tool for the prediction of drug crystallinity within SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Rahman Z, Agarabi C, Zidan AS, Khan SR, Khan MA. Physico-mechanical and stability evaluation of carbamazepine cocrystal with nicotinamide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:693-704. [PMID: 21598082 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this investigation was to prepare the cocrystal of carbamazepine (CBZ) using nicotinamide as a coformer and to compare its preformulation properties and stability profile with CBZ. The cocrystal was prepared by solution cooling crystallization, solvent evaporation, and melting and cryomilling methods. They were characterized for solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, chemical identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile strength and Heckel analysis of compacts. The cocrystal and CBZ were stored at 40°C/94% RH, 40°C/75% RH, 25°C/60% RH, and 60°C to determine their stability behavior. The cocrystals were fluffy, with a needle-shaped crystal, and were less dense than CBZ. The solubility profiles of the cocrystals were similar to CBZ, but its intrinsic dissolution rate was lower due to the high tensile strength of its compacts. Unlike CBZ, the cocrystals were resistant to hydrate transformation, as revealed by the stability studies. Plastic deformation started at a higher compression pressure in the cocrystals than CBZ, as indicated by the high yield pressure. In conclusion, the preformulation profile of the cocrystals was similar to CBZ, except that it had an advantageous resistance to hydrate transformation.
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Zidan AS, Mokhtar M. Multivariate Optimization of Formulation Variables Influencing Flurbiprofen Proniosomes Characteristics. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2212-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Khan MA. Non-destructive methods of characterization of risperidone solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:127-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Khan MA. Risperidone solid dispersion for orally disintegrating tablet: its formulation design and non-destructive methods of evaluation. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:49-58. [PMID: 20801200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The focus of present investigation was to assess the utility of non-destructive techniques in the evaluation of risperidone solid dispersions (SD) with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) and subsequent incorporation of the SD into orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) for a faster release of risperidone. The SD was prepared by a solvent evaporation method and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), NIR-chemical imaging (NIR-CI), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC and XRD analysis indicated that crystallinity of SD has reduced significantly. FTIR showed no interaction between risperidone and MBCD. Partial least square (PLS) was applied to the NIR data for the construction of chemometric models to determine both components of the SD. Good correlations were obtained for calibration and prediction as indicated by correlation coefficients >0.9965. The model was more accurate and less biased in predicting the MBCD than risperidone as indicated by its lower mean accuracy and mean bias values. SD-3 (risperidone:MBCD, 1:3) was incorporated into ODT tablets containing diluent (D-mannitol, FlowLac(®) 100 or galenIQ™-721) and superdisintegrant (Kollidon(®) CL-SF, Ac-Di-Sol or sodium starch glycolate). Disintegration time, T(50) and T(90) were decreased in the formulations containing mannitol and Kollidon(®) CL-SF, but increased with galenIQ™-721 and sodium starch glycolate, respectively. NIR-CI images confirmed the homogeneity of SD and ODT formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaur Rahman
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Understanding the quality of protein loaded PLGA nanoparticles variability by Plackett-Burman design. Int J Pharm 2010; 389:186-94. [PMID: 20038446 PMCID: PMC3086023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to screen and understand the product variability due to important factors affecting the characteristics CyA-PLGA nanoparticles prepared by O/W emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Independent variables studied were cyclosporine A (CyA) (X(1)), PLGA (X(2)), and emulsifier concentration namely SLS (X(3)), stirring rate (X(4)), type of organic solvent employed (chloroform or dichloromethane, X(5)) and organic to aqueous phase ratio (X(6)). The nanoparticles properties considered were encapsulation efficiency (Y(1)), mean particle size (Y(2)), zeta potential (Y(3)), burst effect (Y(4)) and dissolution efficiency (Y(5)). The statistical analysis of the results allowed determining the most influent factors. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The factors combination showed variability of entrapment efficiency (Y(1)), mean particle size (Y(2)) and zeta potential (Y(3)) from 10.17% to 93.01%, 41.60 to 372.80 nm and 29.60 to 34.90 mV, respectively. Initially, nanoparticles showed burst effect followed by sustained release during the 7-day in vitro release study period. The dissolution efficiency (Y(5)) varied from 52.67% to 84.11%. The nanoparticles revealed Higuchi release pattern and release occurred by coupling of diffusion and erosion. In conclusion, this study revealed the potential of QbD in understanding the effect of formulation and process variables on the characteristics on CyA-PLGA nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaur Rahman
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed S. Zidan
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Mansoor A. Khan
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, MD, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and imaging as approaches to assess drug contents in poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based nanoparticles of a model protein, cyclosporine A (CyA). A 6-factors 12-runs designed set of experiments with Plackett-Burman (PB) screening was applied in order to examine the effects of drug loading (X(1)), polymer loading (X(2)), emulsifier concentration (X(3)), stirring rate (X(4)), type of organic solvent (X(5)), and ratio of organic to aqueous phases' volumes (X(6)), on drug entrapment efficiency (EFF). After omitting the factors with nonsignificant influences on EFF, a reduced mathematical relationship, EFF = 48.34 + 7.3X(1) - 29.95X(3), was obtained to explain the effect of the significant factors on EFF. Using two different sets for calibration and validation, the developed NIR calibration model was able to assess CyA contents within the 12 PB formulations. NIR spectral imaging was capable of clearly distinguishing the 12 formulations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A good correlation with a coefficient of 0.9727 was obtained for constructing a quantile-quantile plot for the actual drug loading percentage and the % standard deviation obtained for the drug loading prediction using the hyperspectral images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Zidan AS, Rahman Z, Khan MA. Online monitoring of PLGA microparticles formation using Lasentec focused beam reflectance (FBRM) and particle video microscope (PVM). AAPS J 2010; 12:254-62. [PMID: 20352538 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the effects of different product and process variability on microparticle characterization is essential for the successful development, optimization, and scale-up of an encapsulation process. In the current research, the qualitative application of the Lasentec focused beam reflectance (FBRM) system for online monitoring of microparticle size distribution was demonstrated. lasentec particle vision and measurement (PVM) images were also employed to follow up the steps of microparticle formation and ripening. The drug entrapment efficiency and drug release characteristics were found to be dependent on the polymer, drug, and surfactant concentrations. DSC, FTIR, and XRD data revealed that the drug was compatible with the matrix forming polymer in the solid state. As indicated from the chord count data, FBRM was sensitive to the amount of the solid materials and the number of microparticles formed. Linear relationships with good correlations were obtained between polymer, drug, and surfactant levels and the disappearance rate of 5 to 36.8, 18.4 to 135.9, and 63 to 398 microm chord length fractions. Upon organic solvent evaporation, PVM imaging detected various stages of microemulsion droplets, sheath formation, and solidification with subsequent microparticle hardening. This study illustrated the utility of FBRM and PVM in monitoring the progress of particle formation during drug encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, LS Building 64, Room 1070, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-002, USA
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Zidan AS, Spinks C, Fortunak J, Habib M, Khan MA. Near-infrared investigations of novel anti-HIV tenofovir liposomes. AAPS J 2010; 12:202-14. [PMID: 20195931 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) approaches is considered one of the most well-studied process analyzers evolving from the process analytical technology initiatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate NIR spectroscopy and imaging to assess individual components within a novel tenofovir liposomal formulation. By varying stearylamine, as a positive charge imparting agent, five batches were prepared by the thin film method. Each formulation was characterized in terms of drug entrapment efficiency, release characteristics, particle sizing, and zeta potential. Drug excipients compatibility was tested using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The obtained results showed an increase in drug entrapment and a slower drug release by increasing the incorporated percentage of stearylamine. The compatibility testing revealed a significant interaction between the drug and some of the investigated excipients. The developed NIR calibration model was able to assess drug, phospholipid, and stearylamine levels along the batches. The calibration and prediction plots were linear with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9. The root square standard errors of calibration and prediction did not attain 5% of the measured values confirming the accuracy of the model. In contrast, NIR spectral imaging was capable of clearly distinguishing the different batches, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A linear relationship was obtained correlating the actual drug entrapped and the predicted values obtained from the partial least squares images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Zidan AS, Mowafy AG. QbD approach of rapid disintegrating tablets incorporating indomethacin solid dispersion. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:219-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10837451003592209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rahman Z, Zidan AS, Khan MA. Formulation and evaluation of a protein-loaded solid dispersions by non-destructive methods. AAPS J 2010; 12:158-70. [PMID: 20127529 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to develop solid dispersion (SD) formulation of cyclosporine (CyA) using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) to enhance its dissolution rate followed by nondestructive method for the prediction of both drug and carrier. SD formulations were prepared by varying the ratio of CyA and PEG-6000 by solvent evaporation technique and characterized by dissolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), near infrared (NIR) and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI). Dissolution data revealed enhanced dissolution of CyA when compared with pure CyA. DSC results showed that the crystallinity of PEG-6000 has decreased as indicated by decrease in the enthalpy of fusion and melting peak in the formulations. FTIR data demonstrated no chemical interaction between drug and carrier. The surface morphology of SD formulations was similar to PEG-6000 particle. NIR-CI disclosed homogeneity of SD matrix as indicated by symmetrical histograms with smaller values of skewness. Similar to NIR, a multivariate peak evaluation with principal component analysis and partial least square (PLS) were carried out with PXRD spectral data. PLS models with both techniques showed good correlation coefficient and smaller value of root mean square of errors. The accuracy of model for predicting CyA and PEG-6000 in NIR and PXRD data were 5.22%, 5.35%, 5.27%, and 2.10%, respectively. In summary, chemometric applications of non-destructive method sensors provided a valuable means of characterization and estimation of drug and carrier in the novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaur Rahman
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Zidan AS, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Process Analytical Technology: Nondestructive Evaluation of Cyclosporine A and Phospholipid Solid Dispersions by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3388-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zidan AS, Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Quality by Design: Understanding The Product Variability of a Self-Nanoemulsified Drug Delivery System of Cyclosporine A. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2409-23. [PMID: 17628495 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to understand the product variability due to size and other characteristics of the SNEDDS by utilizing near infrared (NIR) and chemometric analysis, as well as several other well-known procedures. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsification region using CyA solutions in sweet orange oil (oily phase), Emulphor EL-620 (surfactant), and Capmul MCM-C8 (cosurfactant). The formulated SNEDDS were characterized by droplet size, turbidity, zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Drug release studies were performed by dissolution in conjunction with turbidimetry. Permeability studies were performed in a Franz diffusion cell assembly. The results indicated an optimum surfactant to cosurfactant ratio of 2:1. Above this ratio, the resultant nanoemulsions had a particle size of 10 nm and turbidity of 10 nephlometric units (NTU). All the prepared systems were positively charged. The FTIR spectra and the DSC thermograms obtained showed no incompatibility between the SNEDDS ingredients. Turbidity time profiles revealed three distinctive regions: lag phase, plateau, and pseudolinear phase. Emulsification rate was obtained from the corrected slope of the pseudolinear phase of the profile. Permeability data indicated that the product variability is more with smaller droplet size. The size of the droplets showed good correlation with NIR spectral data by partial least square (PLS) regression plots. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the ability to understand the impact of nanodroplets size on the SNEDDS variability by different product analyzing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Shah RB, Zidan AS, Funck T, Tawakkul MA, Nguyenpho A, Khan MA. Quality by design: Characterization of self-nano-emulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDs) using ultrasonic resonator technology. Int J Pharm 2007; 341:189-94. [PMID: 17521836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel application of ultrasonic measurements is detailed to characterize nano-emulsion formulations as a part of the overall Quality by Design (QbD) goal. Ultrasonic resonator technology (URT) was utilized to measure sound velocity and absorption of self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDs) consisting of various ratios of oil:surfactant:co-surfactant. A QbD concept was used to create different SNEDDs formulations utilizing sweet orange oil (oil), Emulphor-620 (surfactant), and Capmul (co-surfactant) by dissolving Cyclosporine A in oil. The mixture was emulsified in water and ultrasonic measurements were carried out in an ultrasonic resonator system isothermally for a period of about 15-20min. Compressibility of the individual components in the droplets, hydration of the droplets and the influence of the composition on droplet stability were studied by systematic ultrasonic measurements at a single resonator frequency. The adiabetic compressibilities for the oil, aqueous and interfacial components were 68, 44.6, and 53 [10(-11)Pa(-1)], respectively as calculated using Urick's equation. Also the ultrasonic absorption correlated droplet size of nano-emulsions linearly with R(2) of 0.84 indicating this can be used as an additional technique to measure the droplet size of nano-emulsions. Correlation of ultrasonic data with formulation components indicated that the ultrasonic velocity correlated negatively with increasing oil amount in the formulation as well as surfactant-to-cosurfactant ratios where as droplet diameter correlated positively with these formulation factors. It can be envisioned from the results that the compressibility of the media increases with the addition of the oily component and thus reducing the sound velocity. Thus URT enabled direct and convenient analysis of the physical properties as well as influence of formulation factors of nano-emulsions which is an important indication of stability of these nano-emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Shah
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver spring, MD 20993, United States
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Zidan AS, Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Quality by design: Understanding the formulation variables of a cyclosporine A self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems by Box–Behnken design and desirability function. Int J Pharm 2007; 332:55-63. [PMID: 17169518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quality by design (QBD) refers to the achievement of certain predictable quality with desired and predetermined specifications. A very useful component of the QBD is the understanding of factors and their interaction effects by a desired set of experiments. The present project deals with a case study to understand the effect of formulation variables of nanoemulsified particles of a model drug, cyclosporine A (CyA). A three-factor, three-level design of experiment (DOE) with response surface methodology (RSM) was run to evaluate the main and interaction effect of several independent formulation variables that included amounts of Emulphor El-620 (X(1)), Capmul MCM-C8 (X(2)) and 20% (w/w) CyA in sweet orange oil (X(3)). The dependent variables included nanodroplets size (Y(1)), nanoemulsions turbidity (Y(2)), amounts released after 5 and 10min (Y(3), Y(4)), emulsification rate (Y(5)) and lag time (Y(6)). A desirability function was used to minimize lag time and to maximize the other dependent variables. A mathematical relationship, Y(5)=9.09-0.37X(1)+0.37X(2)-0.45X(3)+0.732X(1)X(2)-0.62X(1)X(3)+0.3X(2)X(3)+0.02X(1)(2)-0.28X(2)(2)+0.471X(3)(2) (r(2)=0.92), was obtained to explain the effect of all factors and their colinearities on the emulsification rate. The optimized nanodroplets were predicted to yield Y(1), Y(2), Y(3), Y(4), Y(5) and Y(6) values of 42.1nm, 50.6NTU, 56.7, 107.2, 9.3%/min and 3.5min, respectively, when X(1), X(2), and X(3) values were 36.4, 70 and 10mg, respectively. A new batch was prepared with these levels of the independent variables to yield Y(1)-Y(6) values that were remarkably close to the predicted values. In conclusion, this investigation demonstrated the potential of QBD in understanding the effect of the formulation variables on the quality of CyA self-nanoemulsified formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Zidan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
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Zidan AS, Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA, Hussain MD, Khan MA, Habib MJ. Formulation of anastrozole microparticles as biodegradable anticancer drug carriers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:61. [PMID: 17025242 PMCID: PMC2750503 DOI: 10.1208/pt070361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based anastrozole microparticles for treatment of breast cancer. An emulsion/extraction method was used to prepare anastrozole sustained-release PLGA-based biodegradable microspheres. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy detection was used for the quantitation of the drug throughout the studies. Microparticles were formulated and characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, surface morphology, and drug release profile. Preparative variables such as concentrations of stabilizer, drug-polymer ratio, polymer viscosity, stirring rate, and ratio of internal to external phases were found to be important factors for the preparation of anastrozole-loaded PLGA microparticles. Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to determine any interactions between drug and polymer. An attempt was made to fit the data to various dissolution kinetics models for multiparticulate systems, including the zero order, first order, square root of time kinetics, and biphasic models. The FTIR-ATR studies revealed no chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer. DSC results indicated that the anastrozole trapped in the microspheres existed in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline status in the polymer matrix. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the Higuchi model, suggesting a diffusion mechanism for the drug release. The results demonstrated that anastrozole microparticles with PLGA could be an alternative delivery method for the long-term treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Zidan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- School of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, 20059 Washington, DC
- Division of Product Quality Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Manosor A. Khan
- Division of Product Quality Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Muhammad J. Habib
- School of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th Street NW, 20059 Washington, DC
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Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA, Zidan AS. Formulation and optimization of mouth dissolve tablets containing rofecoxib solid dispersion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:E55. [PMID: 16796372 PMCID: PMC2750282 DOI: 10.1208/pt070255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of rofecoxib by the preparation of its solid dispersion with polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) using solvent evaporation method. Drug-polymer interactions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For the preparation of rofecoxib mouth dissolve tablets, its 1:9 solid dispersion with PVP K30 was used with various disintegrants and sublimable materials. In an attempt to construct a statistical model for the prediction of disintegration time and percentage friability, a 3(2) randomized full and reduced factorial design was used to optimize the influence of the amounts of superdisintegrant and subliming agent. The obtained results showed that dispersion of the drug in the polymer considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. The drug-to-carrier ratio was the controlling factor for dissolution improvement. FTIR spectra revealed no chemical incompatibility between the drug and PVP K30. As indicated from XRD and DSC data, rofecoxib was in the amorphous form, which explains the better dissolution rate of the drug from its solid dispersions. Concerning the optimization study, the multiple regression analysis revealed that an optimum concentration of camphor and a higher percentage of crospovidone are required for obtaining rapidly disintegrating tablets. In conclusion, this investigation demonstrated the potential of experimental design in understanding the effect of the formulation variables on the quality of mouth dissolve tablets containing solid dispersion of a hydrophobic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Zidan
- />School of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- />School of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC
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