1
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Determination of trimethoprim in milk, water and plasma using protein precipitation combined with liquid phase microextraction method. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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2
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Li H, Gong W, Lv W, Wang Y, Dong W, Lu A. Target and suspect screening of pesticide residues in soil samples from peach orchards using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114664. [PMID: 36807059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soil contamination by pesticide residues has become a serious issue of increasing concern due to their high persistence and toxicity to non-target species. However, as the world's largest peach producer, national scale surveys on pesticide residues in peach orchard soils are scarce in China. In this study, a target and suspect screening method covering over 200 pesticides commonly used in peach orchards was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in MSE. An identification strategy using different data processing parameters was developed to identify the pesticide occurrence in soil. The method was applied to soil samples from typical peach orchards in 12 regions across China. The present work also discusses in detail the frequency of occurrence, concentration of pesticides, spatial distribution of multiresidues, and relationship between pesticide occurrence and soil properties. In the tested soil samples, 21 herbicides (level 1), 31 fungicides (level 2a), 24 insecticides (level 2a), and 3 growth regulators (level 2a) were identified. The total concentrations of quantifiable herbicides in the soil samples ranged from 1.05 to 327 ng/g. Only in 5.4% of the soil samples, no pesticide residues were present. By contrast, more than 86% of the total contained multiple residues. This study represents the first large-scale survey of pesticides in soil from peach orchards and provides comprehensive and accurate information on the pesticide residue status for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenwen Gong
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenxiao Lv
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Youran Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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3
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Al Tamim A, Alzahrani S, Al-Subaie S, Almutairi MA, Al Jaber A, Alowaifeer AM. Fast simultaneous determination of 23 veterinary drug residues in fish, poultry, and red meat by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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4
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Ng K, Alygizakis N, Androulakakis A, Galani A, Aalizadeh R, Thomaidis NS, Slobodnik J. Target and suspect screening of 4777 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in river water, wastewater, groundwater and biota samples in the Danube River Basin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129276. [PMID: 35739789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are under regulatory scrutiny since some of them are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. The occurrence of 4777 PFAS was investigated in the Danube River Basin (DRB; 11 countries) using target and suspect screening. Target screening involved investigation of PFAS with 56 commercially available reference standards. Suspect screening covered 4777 PFAS retrieved from the NORMAN Substance Database, including all individual PFAS lists submitted to the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Database. Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns and retention time index predictions of the studied PFAS were established for their screening by liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry using NORMAN Digital Sample Freezing Platform (DSFP). In total, 82 PFAS were detected in the studied 95 samples of river water, wastewater, groundwater, biota and sediments. Suspect screening detected 72 PFAS that were missed by target screening. Predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived for each PFAS via a quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR)-based approach and used for assessment of their environmental risk. Risk characterization revealed 18 PFAS of environmental concern in at least one matrix. The presence of PFAS in all studied environmental compartments across the DRB indicates a potentially large-scale migration of PFAS in Europe, which might require their further systematic regulatory monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Ng
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic; RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas Androulakakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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5
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Determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins, and pesticide residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation –tandem mass spectrometry. J Vet Res 2022; 66:215-224. [PMID: 35892099 PMCID: PMC9281516 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Multi-class and multi-residue analyses are very complex procedures because of the physico-chemical properties of veterinary drug residues and other contaminants. The purpose of the study was to develop an analytical method for the sensitive determination of 69 analytes in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry.
Material and Methods
Antimicrobial, anabolic hormone, lactone, β-agonist, mycotoxin and pesticide residues were analysed in 120 raw milk samples from different dairy farms in North Macedonia. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes.
Results
The linear regression coefficients were higher than 0.99, the limits of detection ranged from 0.0036 to 47.94 μg/L, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.053 to 59.43 μg/L. The decision limit values ranged from 0.062 to 211.32 μg/L and the detection capability from 0.080 to 233.71 μg/L. Average recoveries of the analytes spiked in raw milk were in the range of 70.83% to 109%, intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) values from 2.41% to 22.29%, and inter-day CV values from 3.48% to 23.91%. The method was successfully applied in the testing of bovine milk samples. In five samples residues were detected. They were sulfadimethoxine (in two samples), enrofloxacin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline and were at concentrations below the EU maximum residue limit.
Conclusion
The method is useful for routine testing for this group of chemical hazards in bovine milk.
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Melekhin AO, Tolmacheva VV, Goncharov NO, Apyari VV, Dmitrienko SG, Shubina EG, Grudev AI. Multi-class, multi-residue determination of 132 veterinary drugs in milk by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 387:132866. [PMID: 35397265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative multi-class multi-residue analytical method was developed for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 132 veterinary drugs investigated belonged to almost 15 classes including sulfonamides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, macrocyclic lactones, quinoxaline antibiotics, benzimidazoles, anthelmintics, coccidiostats and some others. A magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure was developed using magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HCP/Fe3O4) for the sample preparation prior to HPLC-MS/MS without deproteinization step. The results indicated recoveries of 85-107% for 14 sulfonamides, 85-120% for 13 β-lactams, 89-115% for 4 tetracyclines, 82-119% for 14 quinolones, 82-115% for 8 macrolides, 97-109% for 4 nitrofurans, 84-115% for 10 nitroimidazoles, 89-114% for 3 phenicols, 86-111% for 3 lincosamides, 97-102% for 2 pleuromutilins, 72-88% for 4 macrocyclic lactones, 87-104% for 4 quinoxaline antibiotics, 76-119% for 21 benzimidazoles, 79-115% for 12 anthelmintics, 81-118% for 12 coccidiostats and 75-119 % for 5 unclassified drugs, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%, and the LOQs ranged from 0.05 to 1 μg kg-1. This methodology was then applied to field-collected real milk samples and trace levels of some veterinary drugs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Melekhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Tolmacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Goncharov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Apyari
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - S G Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Shubina
- Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Grudev
- Central Scientific Methodological Veterinary Laboratory, Orangereynaya st., 23, 111622 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Varenina I, Bilandžić N, Luburić ĐB, Kolanović BS, Varga I. High resolution mass spectrometry method for the determination of 13 antibiotic groups in bovine, swine, poultry and fish meat: An effective screening and confirmation analysis approach for routine laboratories. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Bustamante-Rangel M, Delgado-Zamarreño MM, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E. Simple method for the determination of anthelmintic drugs in milk intended for human consumption using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:322-329. [PMID: 34097749 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections in animals to be consumed by humans are an important medical and public health problem. Pharmaceutical research has focused on developing new anthelmintic drugs for parasite control in these animals. However, the incorrect use of anthelmintics can leave residues in animal products intended for human consumption. Their determination is therefore crucial in terms of food safety. RESULTS In this work, a simple and sensitive method has been developed for the analysis of anthelmintic drugs in milk. The method involves extraction of the analytes using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, and separation and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The use of a core-shell column significantly reduced the analysis time compared with conventional columns. The method was validated and applied to the analysis of different commercial milk samples: whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed cows' milk, and goats' milk. None of the benzimidazoles studied was found in the samples analyzed, so these were spiked with the analytes at three concentration levels (10, 50, and 100 μg kg-1 ). CONCLUSIONS The proposed method provided high sensitivity compared with other methods for the determination of anthelmintics in milk samples, at concentration levels well below the established maximum residue limit (MRLs) values. The proposed method is simple, easy, precise, accurate, and leads to good recovery levels. It can be used successfully for the routine analysis. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Milagros Delgado-Zamarreño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Encarnación Rodríguez-Gonzalo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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9
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Bustamante-Rangel M, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Milagros Delgado-Zamareño M. Evaluation of the selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer cartridges for nitroimidazoles. Application to the simultaneous extraction of nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles from samples of animal origin. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Bongers IEA, van de Schans MGM, Nibbeling CVM, Elbers IJW, Berendsen BJA, Zuidema T. A single method to analyse residues from five different classes of prohibited pharmacologically active substances in milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1717-1734. [PMID: 34237239 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1944674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the European Union, the use of veterinary drugs belonging to the A6 group is prohibited in food-producing animals according to Commission Regulation (EU) No. 2010/37. The aim of this study was to improve the analytical control strategy by developing a single method to analyse residues of prohibited pharmacologically active substances in milk. For this, a single method was developed to analyse 16 prohibited pharmacologically active substances belonging to five different substance classes at required or recommended levels: nitroimidazoles at 3 μg kg-1, nitrofurans at 0.5 μg kg-1, chloramphenicol at 0.1 μg kg-1, dapsone at 5 μg kg-1 and chlorpromazine at 1 μg kg-1. Milk sample preparation started with an acid hydrolysis combined with a derivatisation. These steps were followed by a clean-up consisting of a dispersive solid-phase extraction and a liquid-liquid extraction. Finally, the sample extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, operating alternately in the positive and negative mode. The method was fully validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for bovine milk and additionally validated for caprine milk. The validation proved that the method is highly effective to detect and confirm all 16 substances in bovine and caprine milk and, additionally to quantify 15 of these substances in bovine milk and 13 of these substances in caprine milk. This study resulted in a new multi-class method to detect, quantify and confirm the identity of 16 prohibited pharmacologically active substances belonging to five different substance classes in two types of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E A Bongers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milou G M van de Schans
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen V M Nibbeling
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid J W Elbers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Zuidema
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Determination of veterinary antibiotics in cow milk using rotating-disk sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Wang X, Wang KW, Xu ZZ, Yang SM, Zhao Y. Development and validation of a multi-residue analytical method for veterinarian and human pharmaceuticals in livestock urine and blood using UHPLC-QTOF. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1167:122564. [PMID: 33578280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to contribute to the assessment of multi-residue analysis of veterinarian and human pharmaceuticals using UHPLC-QTOF in livestock urine and blood (cattle, chicken, sheep and pig). Firstly, an in-house database including compound name, monoisotopic mass, chemical formula, retention time, chemical structure, and three CID MS-MS spectra of the 234 selected drugs were built for qualitative detection. Secondly, the method validation result showed that all the 234 drugs exhibited good linearity with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999. Then, the distribution of the drugs recoveries, intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD results for all seven matrices were tested. Finally, after a carefully cross check, 150 veterinarian and human pharmaceuticals could meet the methodological requirements (recovery, 50-120%; intra-day RSD ≤ 15%, inter-day RSD ≤ 20%) in all seven matrices. Our results suggested that although the main applications of UHPLC-QTOF are directed towards detection and identification of the compounds, this method should be also applied for quantitative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke-Wen Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shu-Ming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Souza R, Fernández P, Muela A, Cesio MV, Heinzen H, Pareja L. Development of a Methodology for the Simultaneous Analysis of Multiclass Contaminants in Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Validation of HPLC-UV Multi-Residue Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Spiramycin and Neospiramycin in Raw Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Amelin VG, Bol’shakov DS, Podkolzin IV. Rapid Screening and Determination of Residual Amounts of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Foods by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Legrae LH, Deida MF, Abdellahi BML, Elkory MB, Ndiaye I, Bouajila J. An Easy Efficient Method of Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis in Raw Milk by RP-HPLC-UV with Application to Raw Milk. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190416115517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
This study reports an easy method of a veterinary drug investigation in
raw milk, based on QuECHERS extraction followed by RP-HPLC-UV analysis. Use of this
benchtop system was motivated by its availability and moderate cost relatively to other sophisticated
methods such as LC-MS which are more efficient.
Methods:
This developed method has been optimized and then after validation according to EU
legislation, it demonstrated good linearity with R²>0.997, acceptable peak resolution within a short
time (<9.5 min) and good recovery of the analyzed drugs (OXY, ALZ and IVR, respectively
87.08, 99.02 and 92.01 %). Additionally, we applied the method to the analysis of cow milk, collected
in Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania.
Results:
The obtained results indicated a mixed level of drug use according to targeted molecules.
In 42% of sampled farms, the anti-parasitics IVR and ALZ were detected whereas the antibiotic
OXY was detected in 50%.
Conclusion:
This investigation shows that 17% of the sampled farms exceeded European standards
for IVR drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekweiri Haiba Legrae
- Molecular Chemistry and Environmental Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Modern University of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Fadel Deida
- Molecular Chemistry and Environmental Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Modern University of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Bah Mohamed Lemine Abdellahi
- Molecular Chemistry and Environmental Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, Modern University of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Brahim Elkory
- Water And Food Quality Control Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Public Health (INRSP), Mauritania
| | - Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Research Group on Bioactive Substances, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- Laboratory of IMRCP UMR CNRS 5623, Faculty of Pharmacy of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Universite Paul-Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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17
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Magalhães D, Freitas A, Sofia Vila Pouca A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. The use of ultra-high-pressure-liquid-chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a confirmatory method in drug residue analysis: Application to the determination of antibiotics in piglet liver. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1153:122264. [PMID: 32738527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of food containing antibiotic residues can cause direct toxic effects, such as allergic reactions, or indirect effects, like the possibility to contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. It is essential for consumer food safety, as well as for public health, to monitor antibiotics in foods of animal origin intended for human consumption, particularly in piglets, a highly consumed meat in Portugal. Concerning the lack of regulations regarding the validation criteria for the ToF-MS (time-of-flight mass spectrometry) drug residues determination, this study presents an approach for the use of UHPLC (ultra-high-pressure-liquid-chromatography)-ToF-MS not only for screening but also for confirmatory purposes of 45 antibiotics from 7 different classes. Thus, a method was optimized and validated in accordance with Decision 2002/657/EC by evaluating CCα, CCβ, specificity, selectivity, recovery, ruggedness, repeatability and reproducibility. For antibiotics with no MRL set, the lowest values achieved for CCα and CCβ were, respectively, of 0.1 μg kg-1 and 0.2 μg kg-1 for cinoxacin. Regarding precision, the CV values obtained ranged from 5% to 21% for repeatability and from 6% to 22% for reproducibility. Recoveries were calculated falling between 82% and 120%. After validation, the method was used to analyse piglet liver samples. Antibiotic residues were determined in 47% of the 21 analysed samples. Nevertheless, all the antibiotics were detected at concentrations below the MRLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Magalhães
- University of Coimbra, Pharmacy Faculty, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Oporto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Vila Pouca
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Oporto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- University of Coimbra, Pharmacy Faculty, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Oporto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal.
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Romero N, Areche C, Cubides-Cárdenas J, Escobar N, García-Beltrán O, Simirgiotis MJ, Céspedes Á. In Vitro Anthelmintic Evaluation of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce: Fingerprint Analysis of Extracts by UHPLC-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133002. [PMID: 32630065 PMCID: PMC7412154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the anthelmintic activity (AA) of ethanolic extracts obtained from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce was evaluated using the third-stage-larval (L3) exsheathment inhibition test (LEIT) and egg hatch test (EHT) on Haemonchus contortus. Extracts were tested at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL. The larval exsheathment inhibition (LEI) results showed that G. sepium achieved the highest average inhibition of 91.2%, compared with 44.6% for P. dulce and 41.0% for L. leucocephala at a concentration of 40 mg/mL; the corresponding IC50 values were 22.4, 41.7, and 43.3 mg/mL, respectively. The rates of egg hatching inhibition (EHI) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL were 99.5% for G. sepium, 64.2% for P. dulce, and 54% for L. leucocephala; the corresponding IC50 values were 1.9 mg/mL for G. sepium, 3.9 mg/mL for P. dulce, and 4.3 mg/mL for L. leucocephala. The species extracts studied here were also analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS), resulting in the compounds' identification associated with AA. Glycosylated flavonoids and methoxyphenols were observed in all three species: fatty acids in G. sepium and P. dulce; phenylpropanoids, anthraquinone glycosides, amino acids and glycosylated phenolic acids in G. sepium; and flavonoids in L. leucocephala. Comparatively, G. sepium presented a greater diversity of compounds potentially active against the control of gastrointestinal nematodes, which was associated with the results obtained in the applied tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Romero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué 730001, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Santiago 7800024, Chile;
| | - Jaime Cubides-Cárdenas
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación en Salud y Bienestar Animal, Laboratorio de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Agrosavia, Mosquera 250047, Colombia;
| | - Natalia Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá 252212, Colombia;
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia;
| | | | - Ángel Céspedes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué 730001, Colombia;
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Di Rocco M, Moloney M, Haren D, Gutierrez M, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Improving the chromatographic selectivity of β-lactam residue analysis in milk using phenyl-column chemistry prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4461-4475. [PMID: 32447520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analyte isobaric interferences can limit the development of a comprehensive analytical method for the quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling of an important cohort of veterinary drugs. In this work, a selective chromatographic separation was developed for the analysis of 32 β-lactam antibiotic residues (12 penicillins, 14 cephalosporins, five carbapenems and faropenem) in milk samples. A range of analytical columns with different stationary phases and mobile phases were evaluated for retention and separation of the β-lactam compounds. Results showed that, among the columns tested, only phenyl-hexyl could adequately separate ampicillin from cephalexin and amoxicillin from cefadroxil, which had shown isobaric interferences on a number of stationary phases. Chromatography was performed using a water/acetonitrile binary gradient with formic acid and ammonium acetate. The β-lactam residues were extracted from the milk samples using a water:acetonitrile solution and purified by C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, followed by concentration under nitrogen and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) determination. Analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI(+)). Possible interfering matrix effects were overcome by using 13 internal standards. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC guidelines, showing satisfactory performance characteristics. Under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, trueness and precision ranged from 91 to 130% and from 1.4 to 38.6%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) were in the range 2.1-133 μg kg-1. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.0090 and 1.5 μg kg-1 and from 0.030 to 5.0 μg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Haren
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Seán Earley
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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20
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Zhan J, Shi XZ, Xu XW, Cao GZ, Chen XF. Generic and rapid determination of low molecular weight organic chemical contaminants in protein powder by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1138:121967. [PMID: 31931332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, and generic analytical method that could simultaneously determine 291 undesirable low molecular weight chemical contaminants from different drug families in protein powder, such as veterinary drugs and pesticides, etc, had been developed. This method comprised the extraction with acetonitrile-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), clean-up through dispersive solid phase extraction (D-SPE) and low temperature filtration, and analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry at multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Acetonitrile-DMSO was more generic than acetonitrile or methanol for the extraction of large-scale organic chemical contaminants with different polarities in protein powder. Most interferences in the extract were eliminated by the combination of D-SPE and low temperature filtration, which simultaneously provided satisfactory recoveries of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes. In particular, besides the purification function, the sorbent of D-SPE also played an important role in grinding samples to improve extraction efficiency during homogenization. This streamlined approach allowed the processes of extraction and the main purification were carried out in one-step, and dramatically reduced sample preparation turnaround times and solvent consumption. For quantification, matrix-fortified calibration curves showed competent linearity for most of the target compounds with linear regression coefficients (r) higher than 0.9900, except for two analytes. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, which was usually sufficient to verify the compliance of products with legal tolerances. The average recoveries for spiked protein powder ranged from 65.6% to 142.2% with associated RSD values between 0.5% and 28.5%. For over 90% of the analytes, the recoveries were between 70% and 120% with RSD values in the range of 1%-15%. Applying this method in routine monitoring programs would drastically reduce both effort and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhan
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo 315012, China.
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315832, PR China.
| | - Xu-Wen Xu
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Guo-Zhou Cao
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo 315012, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315832, PR China
| | - Xian-Feng Chen
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo 315012, China
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21
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Nascimento TA, Silva CF, Oliveira HLD, da Silva RCS, Nascimento CS, Borges KB. Magnetic molecularly imprinted conducting polymer for determination of praziquantel enantiomers in milk. Analyst 2020; 145:4245-4253. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new selective adsorbent based on magnetic molecularly imprinted conducting polymer was firstly synthetized and applied to the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) for the determination of PZQ enantiomers in milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
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22
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Gaspar AF, Santos L, Rosa J, Leston S, Barbosa J, Vila Pouca AS, Freitas A, Ramos F. Development and validation of a multi-residue and multi-class screening method of 44 antibiotics in salmon (Salmo salar) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Application to farmed salmon. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:78-84. [PMID: 31030104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive multi-residue and multiclass screening method for the simultaneous determination of 44 antimicrobials in salmon muscle, using ultra- high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF/MS), was develop and validated. Two different procedures for the extraction step were tested, and an extraction with acetonitrile, ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) and n-hexane proved to be the best alternative. The method was validated, in accordance with Decision 2002/657/EC, using a qualitative approach at the CCβ level. The detection of the analytes was accomplished by retention time and accurate mass, whose maximum error should not exceed 5 ppm. All the compounds were successfully detected and identified at concentration levels corresponding to ½ maximum residue limit (MRL). The screening method was applied to 39 store bought samples of farmed salmon purchased in Portugal, originating from Norway and Denmark, and no antibiotic residues were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Gaspar
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Rosa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Leston
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Vila Pouca
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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23
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He H, Sun DW, Pu H, Chen L, Lin L. Applications of Raman spectroscopic techniques for quality and safety evaluation of milk: A review of recent developments. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:770-793. [PMID: 30614242 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1528436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Milk is a complete nutrient source for humans. The quality and safety of milk are critical for both producers and consumers, thereby the dairy industry requires rapid and nondestructive methods to ensure milk quality and safety. However, conventional methods are time-consuming and laborious, and require complicated preparation procedures. Therefore, the exploration of new milk analytical methods is essential. This current review introduces the principles of Raman spectroscopy and presents recent advances since 2012 of Raman spectroscopic techniques mainly involving surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fourier-transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy for milk analysis including milk compositions, microorganisms and antibiotic residues in milk, as well as milk adulterants. Additionally, some challenges and future outlooks are proposed. The current review shows that Raman spectroscopic techniques have the promising potential for providing rapid and nondestructive detection of milk parameters. However, the application of Raman spectroscopy on milk analysis is not common yet since some limitations of Raman spectroscopy need to be overcome before making it a routine tool for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong He
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China.,d Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre , University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China.,c Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Lijun Chen
- e Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co., Ltd , Beijing , China
| | - Li Lin
- e Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co., Ltd , Beijing , China
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24
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A unified approach for high-throughput quantitative analysis of the residues of multi-class veterinary drugs and pesticides in bovine milk using LC-MS/MS and GC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2019; 272:292-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Low false response rates in screening a hundred veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs by LC-MS/MS with analyte-specific correction of the matrix effect. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Gaudin V, Hedou C, Soumet C, Verdon E. Multiplex immunoassay based on biochip technology for the screening of antibiotic residues in milk: validation according to the European guideline. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2348-2365. [PMID: 30513250 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1538572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Infiniplex for milk® (IPM) kit is a quick method for the simultaneous and qualitative detection of more than 100 molecules including antibiotic residues, mycotoxins, anti-inflammatories and antiparasitic drugs into a single test that does not require milk treatment. The IPM® kit was validated according to the European decision EC/2002/657 and according to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods (2010). Our validation was focused only on antibiotic residues. The washing step was identified as the most critical step of the assay. Insufficient washes could cause a significant background noise that prevents imaging. Positive controls have to be freshly prepared each day (insufficient stability). The method was specific with a low false-positive rate of 1.7% on 5 discrete test regions (DTR) ((beta-lactams, lincomycin, virginiamycin, quinolones and sulphonamides)) and a false-positive rate of 0% on the 26 other DTR. During our validation, the 42 determined detection capabilities CCβ for 12 antibiotic families (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, lincosamides, macrolides, miscellaneous antibiotics, penicillins, phenolated polymixins, polypeptide antibiotics, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines) were at between once and twice the decision levels stated by the manufacturer. Forty CCβ determined were lower than the respective regulatory limits (i.e. MRL, RC, MRPL) in milk, except for tilmicosin (1.5 times the MRL) and neospiramycin (>1.25 times the MRL). The estimated CCβ of thiamphenicol, cloxacillin, danofloxacin, sulphathiazol, ceftiofur and sulphamonomethoxine were lower than or at the MRL. However, it was difficult to approach an accurate CCβ with only qualitative results. It is impossible to know whether or not we were close to the cut-off value. The software could be improved by differentiating between low-positive and high-positive results. The results of our participation in three qualitative proficiency tests in 2016 and 2017 for the detection of quinolones, tetracyclines and sulphonamides in cows' milk were very satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gaudin
- a Antibiotic Biocide Residue Resistance Unit , ANSES, Laboratoire de Fougères , FOUGERES Cedex , France
| | - Celine Hedou
- a Antibiotic Biocide Residue Resistance Unit , ANSES, Laboratoire de Fougères , FOUGERES Cedex , France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- a Antibiotic Biocide Residue Resistance Unit , ANSES, Laboratoire de Fougères , FOUGERES Cedex , France
| | - Eric Verdon
- a Antibiotic Biocide Residue Resistance Unit , ANSES, Laboratoire de Fougères , FOUGERES Cedex , France
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Belal F, El-Razeq SA, Fouad M, Zayed S, Fouad F. Simultaneous Determination of Five Coccidiostats in Veterinary Powders, Feed Premixes, and Baby Food by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography: Application to Chicken Tissues and Liver. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Amelin VG, Fedina NM, Podkolzin IV, Korotkov AI. Rapid Screening and Determination of Residual Veterinary Drugs in Milk by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Xue X, Su S, Guo Z, Wang J, Ding L, Liu Y, Zhu J. A Multi-Class, Multi-Residue Method for Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Multiple Meat Using a Pass-Through Cleanup SPE Technique and UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Pipette-tip solid-phase extraction using polypyrrole as efficient adsorbent for extraction of avermectins and milbemycins in milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3361-3374. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Matrix-effect free multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs in food samples of animal origin by nanoflow liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 245:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Target screening of 105 veterinary drug residues in milk using UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap multiplexing data independent acquisition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5373-5389. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Cao G, Zhan J, Shi X, Deng X, Zhu J, Wu W, Chen X. Analysis of 140 Veterinary Drugs and Other Contaminants in Poultry Muscle by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Delatour T, Racault L, Bessaire T, Desmarchelier A. Screening of veterinary drug residues in food by LC-MS/MS. Background and challenges. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:632-645. [PMID: 29324075 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1426890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies and government authorities have established maximum residue limits (MRL) in various food matrices of animal origin for supporting governments and food operators in the monitoring of veterinary drug residues in the food chain, and ultimately in the consumer's plate. Today, about 200 veterinary drug residues from several families, mainly with antibiotic, antiparasitic or antiinflammatory activities, are regulated in a variety of food matrices such as milk, meat or egg. This article provides a review of the regulatory framework in milk and muscle including data from Codex Alimentarius, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada and China for about 220 veterinary drugs. The article also provides a comprehensive overview of the challenge for food control, and emphasizes the pivotal role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), either in tandem with quadrupoles (LC-MS/MS) or high resolution MS (LC-HRMS), for ensuring an adequate consumer protection combined with an affordable cost. The capability of a streamlined LC-MS/MS platform for screening 152 veterinary drug residues in a broad range of raw materials and finished products is highlighted in a production line perspective. The rationale for a suite of four methods intended to achieve appropriate performance in terms of scope and sensitivity is presented. Overall, the platform encompasses one stream for the determination of 105 compounds in a run (based on acidic QuEChERS-like), plus two streams for 23 β-lactams (alkaline QuEChERS-like) and 10 tetracyclines (low-temperature partitioning), respectively, and a dedicated stream for 14 aminoglycosides (molecularly-imprinted polymer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delatour
- a Nestlé Research Center , Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Lucie Racault
- a Nestlé Research Center , Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bessaire
- a Nestlé Research Center , Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Desmarchelier
- a Nestlé Research Center , Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science , Lausanne , Switzerland
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35
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Patyra E, Nebot C, Gavilán RE, Cepeda A, Kwiatek K. Development and validation of multi-residue and multi-class method for antibacterial substances analysis in non-target feed by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:467-478. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1414961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Carolina Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Elvira Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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36
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Quantification techniques for important environmental contaminants in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Schwaiger B, König J, Lesueur C. Development and Validation of a Multi-class UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Dairy Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Rossi R, Saluti G, Moretti S, Diamanti I, Giusepponi D, Galarini R. Multiclass methods for the analysis of antibiotic residues in milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:241-257. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1393107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Diamanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
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39
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Wittenberg JB, Simon KA, Wong JW. Targeted Multiresidue Analysis of Veterinary Drugs in Milk-Based Powders Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7288-7293. [PMID: 28094519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of 40 veterinary drugs in various milk-based powders. The method involves acetonitrile/water extraction, solid-phase filtration for lipid removal in fat-containing matrices, and analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.02 to 82 ng/g. Acceptable recoveries (70-120%, RSD < 20%) were reached for 40 of 52 target compounds at three fortification levels in nonfat milk powder. Similar results were obtained for whole milk powder, milk protein concentrate, whey protein concentrate, and whey protein isolate. This new method will allow for better monitoring of a wide range of veterinary drugs in milk-based powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wittenberg
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-717, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Kelli A Simon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-717, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-717, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
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40
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Anumol T, Lehotay SJ, Stevens J, Zweigenbaum J. Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2639-2653. [PMID: 28224246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods must be monitored to ensure food safety, verify proper veterinary practices, enforce legal limits in domestic and imported foods, and for other purposes. A common goal in drug residue analysis in foods is to achieve acceptable monitoring results for as many analytes as possible, with higher priority given to the drugs of most concern, in an efficient and robust manner. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has implemented a multiclass, multi-residue method based on sample preparation using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ) for analysis of >120 drugs at regulatory levels of concern in animal tissues. Recently, a new cleanup product called "enhanced matrix removal for lipids" (EMR-L) was commercially introduced that used a unique chemical mechanism to remove lipids from extracts. Furthermore, high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q/TOF) for (U)HPLC detection often yields higher selectivity than targeted QQQ analyzers while allowing retroactive processing of samples for other contaminants. In this study, the use of both d-SPE and EMR-L sample preparation and UHPLC-QQQ and UHPLC-Q/TOF analysis methods for shared spiked samples of bovine muscle, kidney, and liver was compared. The results showed that the EMR-L method provided cleaner extracts overall and improved results for several anthelmintics and tranquilizers compared to the d-SPE method, but the EMR-L method gave lower recoveries for certain β-lactam antibiotics. QQQ vs. Q/TOF detection showed similar mixed performance advantages depending on analytes and matrix interferences, with an advantage to Q/TOF for greater possible analytical scope and non-targeted data collection. Either combination of approaches may be used to meet monitoring purposes, with an edge in efficiency to d-SPE, but greater instrument robustness and less matrix effects when analyzing EMR-L extracts. Graphical abstract Comparison of cleanup methods in the analysis of veterinary drug residues in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Joan Stevens
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Jerry Zweigenbaum
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
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41
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Kang J, Park SJ, Park HC, Hossain MA, Kim MA, Son SW, Lim CM, Kim TW, Cho BH. Multiresidue Screening of Veterinary Drugs in Meat, Milk, Egg, and Fish Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:635-652. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Molognoni L, Valese AC, Lorenzetti A, Daguer H, De Dea Lindner J. Development of a LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, natamycin and tylosin in Dulce de leche. Food Chem 2016; 211:748-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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44
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Martins MT, Barreto F, Hoff RB, Jank L, Arsand JB, Motta TMC, Schapoval EES. Multiclass and multi-residue determination of antibiotics in bovine milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Combining efficiency of milk control and simplicity of routine analysis. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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dos Anjos MR, Castro IMD, Souza MDLMD, de Lima VV, de Aquino-Neto FR. Multiresidue method for simultaneous analysis of aflatoxin M1, avermectins, organophosphate pesticides and milbemycin in milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1175227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ramos dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Resíduos e Contaminantes, Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Virgínia Verônica de Lima
- Instituto de Química, LAB-RES/LADETEC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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46
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Ribeiro CC, Orlando RM, Rohwedder JJR, Reyes FGR, Rath S. Electric field-assisted solid phase extraction and cleanup of ionic compounds in complex food matrices: Fluoroquinolones in eggs. Talanta 2016; 152:498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Serraino A, Giacometti F, Marchetti G, Zambrini AV, Zanirato G, Fustini M, Rosmini R. Survey on Antimicrobial Residues in Raw Milk and Antimicrobial Use in Dairy Farms in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Zhang Y, Li X, Liu X, Zhang J, Cao Y, Shi Z, Sun H. Multi-class, multi-residue analysis of trace veterinary drugs in milk by rapid screening and quantification using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8433-44. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Simultaneous Determination of Residues of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticosteroids in Animal Muscle by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Bion C, Beck Henzelin A, Qu Y, Pizzocri G, Bolzoni G, Buffoli E. Analysis of 27 antibiotic residues in raw cow's milk and milk-based products--validation of Delvotest® T. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:54-9. [PMID: 26555933 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1104731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Delvotest® T was evaluated for its capability at detecting residues of 27 antibiotics in raw cow's milk and in some dairy ingredients (skimmed and full-cream milk powders). The kit was used as a screening tool for the qualitative determination of antibiotics from different families in a single test. Results delivered by such a method are expressed as 'positive' or 'negative', referring to the claimed screening target concentration (STC). Validation was conducted according to the European Community Reference Laboratories' (CRLs) residues guidelines of 20 January 2010 and performed by two laboratories, one located in Europe and the other in Asia. Five criteria were evaluated including detection capability at STC, false-positive (FP) rate, false-negative (FN) rate, robustness and cross-reactivity using visual reading and Delvoscan®. STCs were set at or below the corresponding maximum residue limit (MRL), as fixed by European Regulation EC No. 37/2010. Four antibiotics (nafcillin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and rifaximin) out of 27 had a false-negative rate ranging from 1.7% to 4.9%; however, it was still compliant with the CRLs' requirements. Globally, Delvotest T can be recommended for the analysis of the surveyed antibiotics in raw cow's milk, skimmed and full-cream milk powders. Additional compounds were tested such as sulfamethazine, spiramycin and erythromycin; however, detection at the corresponding MRL was not achievable and these compounds were removed from the validation. Other drugs from the sulfonamide, aminoglycoside or macrolide families not detected by the test at the MRL were not evaluated in this study. Regarding the reliability of this rapid test to milk-based preparations, additional experiments should be performed on a larger range of compounds and samples to validate the Delvotest T in such matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bion
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | - Yajuan Qu
- b Nestlé Factory Laboratory , Shuangcheng , China
| | | | - Giuseppe Bolzoni
- d Centro Referenza Nazionale Qualità Latte Bovino IZSLER , Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Buffoli
- d Centro Referenza Nazionale Qualità Latte Bovino IZSLER , Brescia , Italy
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