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Khodarahmian K, Ghiasvand A, Barkhordari A. Exploring the optimal electropolymerization strategy for the preparation of solid-phase microextraction fibers using pyrrole-dopamine copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464562. [PMID: 38065025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In-situ electropolymerization of conductive polymers on the surface of stainless-steel substrates is a well-established but promising procedure for the preparation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) tools. Herein, different electrochemical methods including constant potential (CP), constant potential pulse (CPP), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to fabricate SPME fibers by in-situ electropolymerization of pyrrole-dopamine copolymers (PPY/PDA) on the surface of stainless-steel fibers. The coated fibers were characterized and applied for the direct-immersion SPME (DI-SPME) sampling of ultra-trace amounts of plant hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and indole acetic acid (IAA) in fruit juices, followed by HPLC-UV determination. The results showed that CV electropolymerization is significantly more efficient than the two other methods. The coatings created by the CV method were satisfactorily uniform, adhesive, and durable and exhibited higher extraction performance compared to the CP and CPP procedures. The important experimental variables of the proposed DI-SPME-HPLC method were evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design. The developed method showed wide-range linearities, spanning from 0.05 to 20μg mL-1 for GA3, and 0.02 to 20μg mL-1 for ABA and IAA. The limits of detection were obtained 0.01μg mL-1 for GA3, and 0.005μg mL-1 for ABA and IAA. The fiber was successfully employed for the simultaneous DI-SPME-HPLC analysis of plant hormones in fruit juice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Khodarahmian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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2
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Shi Y, Chen S, Xu K, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zou Q, Zhang H, Zhu H, Zhang T, Sun H. Exposure to nitrogenous based flame retardants in Chinese population: Evidence from a national-scale study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130653. [PMID: 37056013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of nitrogen-based flame retardants (NFRs) has resulted in their widespread environmental occurrence. To investigate human exposure to NFRs on a national scale, the abundance and spatial distribution of NFRs were assessed in urine specimens collected from 13 cities in China. Six out of eight target NFRs were detectable in more than half of the urine samples, and the total concentrations of NFRs ranged from 3.22 to 880 ng/mL with a median of 46.7 ng/mL. Cyanuric acid was the most abundant chemical, accounting for 66.2%, followed by melamine (16.3%), ammelide (10.8%), and ammeline (6.11%). Regional differences in concentrations and composition profiles of NFRs were observed within China as a result of different production and application profiles. In addition, we found that urinary NFRs levels were much higher than but statistically correlated with that of organophosphates (r2 = 0.69, p < 0.05), another class of phosphorus-based flame retardant, implying similar emission sources and/or human exposure pathways. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients revealed that the Chinese population's exposure to NFRs is within safe limits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the ubiquitous occurrence and region-specific variations of human exposure to NFRs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Henglin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang F, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Yan Y, He G, Zhao G, Dong R, Chen B. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in Chinese adults: The cumulative risk assessment and the effect on routine blood parameters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113714. [PMID: 35660378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives, ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), cyanuric acid (CYA) are widely existed in environmental media. Animal studies have reported the cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of simultaneous exposure to MEL and its derivatives and explored the associations between exposure and routine blood parameters. Such information is largely unknown in human studies. In this study, we detected the urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in 239 Chinese adults to conduct the CRA by evaluating their hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard Index (HI), and also explored the possible associations between exposure and measured routine blood parameters in study population. The detectable frequencies of MEL, AMN, AMD and CYA were 96.65%, 41.00%, 97.91% and 97.07%, respectively. The median values of creatinine (Cr)-adjusted MEL, AMN, AMD, CYA and the total concentrations of MEL and its derivatives (∑MEL) were 11.41 μg/g Cr, not detected (ND), 2.64 μg/g Cr, 15.30 μg/g Cr, 35.02 μg/g Cr, respectively. There were 9 (3.77%) participants with estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of CYA exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2500 ng/kg bw/day, and 12 (5.02%) participants with HI of ∑MEL exposure exceeding 1 based on the strictest TDI value. Urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives were positively associated with specific routine blood parameters, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell, neutrophil count (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, exposure to MEL and its derivatives increased the risk of red blood cell abnormality (P < 0.05). Our study is the first study to provide evidence-based data on the CRA of exposure to MEL and its derivatives in Chinese adults, and to propose a possible association between such exposure and routine blood parameters in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoJie Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FeiFei Huang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - QiFan Yang
- Chemical Laboratory, Jing'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - YiFei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - HangWei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YongYun Sun
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YuJia Yan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GengSheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GenMing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - RuiHua Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Dalvand K, Balavandy SK, Li F, Breadmore M, Ghiasvand A. Optimization of smartphone-based on-site-capable uranium analysis in water using a 3D printed microdevice. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3243-3251. [PMID: 33751164 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of portable three-dimensional printed (3DP) microfluidic-based devices has provided a new horizon for real-time field analysis of environmental pollutants. Smartphones with the possibility of launching different software, sensing, and grading color intensity, as well as capability of sending/receiving data through the internet have made this technology very promising. Here, a novel smartphone-based 3DP microfluidic device is reported that uses an image-based colorimetric detection method for the analysis of uranium in water samples, based on the complex formation of uranyl ions with Arsenazo III. The microfluidic device consists of two horizontal channels, separated by an integrated porous membrane, and was printed in a single run using a transparent photopolymer. It enables the operator to see the internal parts and the color change visually, as well as enables the operator to take images and record the color intensity using a smartphone. In each 3DP run, 220 devices are fabricated in 1.5 h (~ 25 s per device) at an estimated price of $2.5 per device. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized for the optimization of experimental conditions. The calibration curve was linear within 0.5-100 μg mL-1 (R2 > 0.9925) of uranium analysis. The total time of each experiment was approximately 8 min. The 3DP device was successfully employed for the recovery and determination of uranium in spiked natural water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsoum Dalvand
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, 68178-17133, Iran
| | - Sepideh Keshan Balavandy
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, 68178-17133, Iran. .,Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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5
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Zheng G, Boor BE, Schreder E, Salamova A. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in childcare facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125505. [PMID: 32050329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives are widely used in many consumer products, including furniture, kitchenware, and plastics. However, very limited knowledge exists on human exposure to MEL and its derivatives, especially in the indoor environment. Here, we determined the occurrence and distribution of 11 MEL derivatives in childcare facilities and estimated children's exposure through dust ingestion and dermal absorption. We analyzed dust and samples of nap mats, a commonly used item in many childcares, from eight facilities located in the United States. Eight MEL-based compounds were detected in dust, and total MEL concentrations ranged from 429 to 117,000 ng/g. The most abundant compounds found in the dust samples were MEL, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AMN), and ammelide (AMD), with median concentrations of 1620, 585, 1060, and 299 ng/g, respectively. MEL, CYA, AMN and 2,4,6-tris[bis(methoxymethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (TBMMAT) were also detected in nap mats with median concentrations of 45.6, 19.8, 1510 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. ΣMEL concentrations in mat covers (median 709 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in mat foam (median 15.1 ng/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MEL and its derivatives via dust ingestion were two orders of magnitude higher than the EDIs through dermal absorption, but both were below the established tolerable daily intake levels. This is the first report on exposure to MEL and its derivatives in the childcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, 177 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic Free Future, 4649, Sunnyside Ave N., Suite 540, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Shi X, Dong R, Chen J, Yuan Y, Long Q, Guo J, Li S, Chen B. An assessment of melamine exposure in Shanghai adults and its association with food consumption. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105363. [PMID: 31830728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is widely used to make household products including plates, cups, and large-scale industrial plastic products. Studies have shown the nephrotoxicity of melamine. However, little is known about urinary melamine concentration in adults and its association with the consumption of foods, other than milk products. In this study, we measured the urinary melamine concentration of 908 Shanghai adults and calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient accordingly. We also used a 24 h (24-hr) recall survey to identify possible risk foods associated with melamine exposure. Melamine was detectable in over 85% of the urine samples and had a median concentration of 2.524 μg/g. There were 22 participants who had EDIs exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3150 ng/kg bw/day, the strictest reference dose in administration by far. Melamine concentration in urine was positively associated with the 24-hr recall consumption of rice, fruits, beef, mutton, processed meats, and eggs, but no other food categories. Our study provides evidence-based data on the melamine exposure level in adults from Shanghai, China, and some possible associations with food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinLi Shi
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - RuiHua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - JingSi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaqun Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Zhu H, Loganathan BG, Kannan K. Occurrence and Profiles of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Bovine Feed and Urine from China, India, and the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7029-7035. [PMID: 31063362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and cyanuric acid have been reported to occur in animal products. Nevertheless, information that pertains to the occurrence of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle feed and urine is lacking. In this study, the occurrence of melamine and its three derivatives (i.e., cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide) was determined in 183 bovine urine and 29 matched feed samples collected from China, India, and the United States. ∑Melamine (sum of four target compounds) was found in all urine samples at concentrations that ranged from 4.2 to 5280 ng/mL (median: 370 ng/mL); cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 97% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (2.2%). The ubiquitous occurrence of ∑Melamine in feed (21-6230 ng/g) suggests that it is the major source of melamine and its derivatives in bovines. Urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid varied significantly among the three countries, with samples from China as having the highest concentrations, followed by the United States and India. The calculated cumulative daily intakes of melamine and cyanuric acid were at least 10-fold below the current tolerable daily intake recommended for humans. Our study provides evidence-based data on exposure patterns and sources of melamine and cyanuric acid in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Bommanna G Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies Institute , Murray State University , 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall , Murray , Kentucky 42071-3300 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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8
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Li M, Fan Y, Liu Z, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Tracing the melamine migration from three-piece tin cans into food simulants during coating process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Zhu H, Halden RU, Kannan K. A nationwide survey of the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in archived sewage sludge from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:994-999. [PMID: 30682756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine-based resins are used extensively in laminates, plastics, coatings, glues, and dinnerware. Little is known, however, about the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey of melamine and its derivatives, namely ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid, was conducted, using archived sewage sludge samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants in the United States (U.S.). The sum concentrations of four target compounds in sludge ranged from 34 to 1800 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 240 ng/g dw; melamine (46%) and cyanuric acid (40%) collectively accounted for 86% of the total mass of analytes. No significant geographical variation in the concentrations of melamine and its derivatives in sewage sludge was found. The estimated emission of melamine and its derivatives via land-application of sludge was approximately 1600 kg/yr in the U.S. The hazard quotient values for melamine in sludge-amended soils ranged from 2.2 × 10-5 to 4.4 × 10-3, indicating that the current levels of melamine in sludge pose a minimal risk to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Health Engineering, The Biodesign Institute and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Inter-day and inter-individual variability in urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:375-381. [PMID: 30572169 PMCID: PMC6402796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is used extensively in household products, such as furniture, dinnerware, and food utensils. Several studies have shown that melamine adversely affects kidney function. Nevertheless, little is known about urinary melamine concentrations, and its temporal variability. In this study, 213 first-morning-void urine samples were collected from 19 volunteers for over a month to assess longitudinal variability in concentrations of melamine and its three structural analogues, i.e., cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide. Target analytes were found in all urine samples at mean concentrations of 3.3, 16, 0.99, and 0.62 ng/mL, for melamine, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline, respectively. Cyanuric acid was the major compound found in all urine samples, accounting for 74-80% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (12-20%), ammelide (4-6%), and ammeline (2-4%). Gender- and age-related differences in melamine concentrations were observed, although no such pattern was found for cyanuric acid. After adjusting for creatinine, melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations were moderately predictable with inter-day intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in the range of 0.541-0.763. Nevertheless, substantial inter-individual variation in melamine levels existed even after creatinine adjustment, as evidenced by low ICCs (0.008-0.108). Cumulative daily intake of melamine and cyanuric acid was calculated on the basis of urinary concentrations and the mean values were found to be at least 10-fold below the current tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Ghiasvand A, Heidari N, Abdolhosseini S. Magnetic Field-Assisted Direct Immersion SPME of Endogenous Aldehydes in Human Urine. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Karthikraj R, Bollapragada R, Kannan K. Melamine and its derivatives in dog and cat urine: An exposure assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:248-254. [PMID: 29567446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a nitrogen-containing organic compound that is used in a wide range of products, including paints, plastics, and paper, as a flame retardant. A few studies have reported the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet food, following a number of deaths of cats and dogs from kidney failure in 2007, which was attributed to melamine contamination in ingredients used in pet food. Nevertheless, studies that report the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet urine are scarce. In this study, we measured melamine and its derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) in dog (n = 30) and cat (n = 30) urine collected from Albany, New York, USA, during March through July 2017. The mean (±SD) concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in dog urine were 21.1 ± 51.2, 2.3 ± 3.8, 9.9 ± 1 0.4, and 79.0 ± 105 ng/mL, respectively; the corresponding concentrations in cats were 21.4 ± 26.1, 1.2 ± 2.5, 6.1 ± 3.9, and 105 ± 94.6 ng/mL, respectively. No significant difference was observed in urinary concentrations of melamine derivatives between cats and dogs. Age and gender were important determinants of the concentrations of the target chemicals in cats and dogs. Cumulative daily intake of melamine and its derivatives was calculated on the basis of urinary concentrations and was found to be 10-500-fold below the tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rasya Bollapragada
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Cantú R, Shoemaker JA, Kelty CA, Wymer LJ, Behymer TD, Dufour AP, Magnuson ML. Integrated preservation and sample clean up procedures for studying water ingestion by recreational swimmers via urinary biomarker determination. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 982:104-111. [PMID: 28734349 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of cyanuric acid as a biomarker for ingestion of swimming pool water may lead to quantitative knowledge of the volume of water ingested during swimming, contributing to a better understanding of disease resulting from ingestion of environmental contaminants. When swimming pool water containing chlorinated cyanurates is inadvertently ingested, cyanuric acid is excreted quantitatively within 24 h as a urinary biomarker of ingestion. Because the volume of water ingested can be quantitatively estimated by calculation from the concentration of cyanuric acid in 24 h urine samples, a procedure for preservation, cleanup, and analysis of cyanuric acid was developed to meet the logistical demands of large scale studies. From a practical stand point, urine collected from swimmers cannot be analyzed immediately, given requirements of sample collection, shipping, handling, etc. Thus, to maintain quality control to allow confidence in the results, it is necessary to preserve the samples in a manner that ensures as quantitative analysis as possible. The preservation and clean-up of cyanuric acid in urine is complicated because typical approaches often are incompatible with the keto-enol tautomerization of cyanuric acid, interfering with cyanuric acid sample preparation, chromatography, and detection. Therefore, this paper presents a novel integration of sample preservation, clean-up, chromatography, and detection to determine cyanuric acid in 24 h urine samples. Fortification of urine with cyanuric acid (0.3-3.0 mg/L) demonstrated accuracy (86-93% recovery) and high reproducibility (RSD < 7%). Holding time studies in unpreserved urine suggested sufficient cyanuric acid stability for sample collection procedures, while longer holding times suggested instability of the unpreserved urine. Preserved urine exhibited a loss of around 0.5% after 22 days at refrigerated storage conditions of 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cantú
- US Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection, Southwest Regional Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jody A Shoemaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Catherine A Kelty
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Larry J Wymer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas D Behymer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alfred P Dufour
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew L Magnuson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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14
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Sensitive determination of melamine in milk and powdered infant formula samples by high-performance liquid chromatography using dabsyl chloride derivatization followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Food Chem 2017; 221:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sinclair M, Roddick F, Grist S, Nguyen T, O'Toole J, Leder K. Variability in 24 hour excretion of cyanuric acid: implications for water exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:192-198. [PMID: 27105404 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanuric acid (CYA) excretion in urine has been used to estimate the volume of water ingested during swimming and other recreational activities in outdoor pools containing this chemical. These estimates of water ingestion are based on the assumption of 100% excretion within 24 hours, but the supporting evidence for this is scant. While adapting this methodology to investigate other water ingestion scenarios, we observed a high degree of variability in cyanuric acid excretion among experimental subjects, with over 25% of individuals excreting less than 80% of an ingested dose. Use of cyanuric acid to measure inadvertent water ingestion may be a valuable tool to generate data for health risk assessment of non-potable water sources, but our observations indicate that this technique carries an inherent degree of underestimation that should be taken into account when calculating water exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sinclair
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia E-mail:
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Thang Nguyen
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Joanne O'Toole
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia E-mail:
| | - Karin Leder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia E-mail:
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Peris-Vicente J, Albiol-Chiva J, Roca-Genovés P, Esteve-Romero J. Advances on melamine determination by micellar liquid chromatography: A review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peris-Vicente
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Jaume Albiol-Chiva
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Pasqual Roca-Genovés
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Josep Esteve-Romero
- Química Bioanalítica, QFA, ESTCE, Campus del Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Wu CF, Peng CY, Liu CC, Lin WY, Pan CH, Cheng CM, Hsieh HM, Hsieh TJ, Chen BH, Wu MT. Ambient Melamine Exposure and Urinary Biomarkers of Early Renal Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2821-9. [PMID: 26045090 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Information about environmental exposure to melamine and renal injury in adults is lacking. We investigated this relationship in 44 workers at two melamine tableware manufacturing factories in Taiwan (16 manufacturers, eight grinders, ten packers, and ten administrators) and 105 nonexposed workers (controls) at one shipbuilding company who were enrolled in August-December of 2012. For melamine workers, personal and area air samples were obtained at the worksite over 1 workweek (Monday-Friday). In the same week, pre- and post-shift one-spot urine samples were collected each workday and one first-spot urine sample was collected on each weekend morning and the following Monday morning. For each control, a one-spot urine sample was collected on Friday morning. A blood sample was also obtained from each participant at this time. Melamine levels were measured in air, urine, and serum, and early renal injury biomarkers were measured in urine. Urinary melamine concentrations in manufacturers increased sharply between pre- and post-shift measurements on Monday, remained significantly elevated throughout the workweek, and decreased over the weekend; changes in urinary melamine concentrations were substantially lower for other melamine workers. Manufacturers were exposed to the highest concentrations of ambient melamine and had significantly higher urinary and serum melamine concentrations than did the controls (P<0.001). Urinary melamine levels were positively associated with urinary N-acetyl β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels but not microalbumin levels, and the detectable β2-microglobulin rate increased in the manufacturers group. In conclusion, ambient melamine exposure may increase the levels of urinary biomarkers of renal tubular injury in this occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Pingtung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Hepatology, Kaohsiung Medicine University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medicine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Cheng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; and Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for rapid, sensitive and direct detection of melamine in dairy products. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Sarafraz Yazdi A, Raouf Yazdinezhad S, Heidari T. Determination of melamine in soil samples using surfactant-enhanced hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction followed by HPLC-UV using experimental design. J Adv Res 2014; 6:957-66. [PMID: 26644934 PMCID: PMC4642151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant-enhanced hollow fiber liquid phase (SE-HF-LPME) microextraction was applied for the extraction of melamine in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC–UV). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added firstly to the sample solution at pH 1.9 to form hydrophobic ion-pair with protonated melamine. Then the protonated melamine–dodecyl sulfate ion-pair (Mel–DS) was extracted from aqueous phase into organic phase immobilized in the pores and lumen of the hollow fiber. After extraction, the analyte-enriched 1-octanol was withdrawn into the syringe and injected into the HPLC. Preliminary, one variable at a time method was applied to select the type of extraction solvent. Then, in screening step, the other variables that may affect the extraction efficiency of the analyte were studied using a fractional factorial design. In the next step, a central composite design was applied for optimization of the significant factors having positive effects on extraction efficiency. The optimum operational conditions included: sample volume, 5 mL; surfactant concentration, 1.5 mM; pH 1.9; stirring rate, 1500 rpm and extraction time, 60 min. Using the optimum conditions, the method was analytically evaluated. The detection limit, relative standard deviation and linear range were 0.005 μg mL−1, 4.0% (3 μg mL−1, n = 5) and 0.01–8 μg mL−1, respectively. The performance of the procedure in extraction of melamine from the soil samples was good according to its relative recoveries in different spiking levels (95–109%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sarafraz Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Zhang S, Yu Z, Hu N, Sun Y, Suo Y, You J. Sensitive determination of melamine leached from tableware by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography using 10-methyl-acridone-2-sulfonyl chloride as a pre-column fluorescent labeling reagent. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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ZHAO S, DENG X, YI X, HAN L, SHENG Y, ZHANG X, WU Q. Simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs by solid phase extraction-hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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22
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Khedr A. Optimized extraction method for LC–MS determination of bisphenol A, melamine and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in selected soft drinks, syringes, and milk powder. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Chu CY, Wang CC. Toxicity of melamine: the public health concern. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:342-386. [PMID: 24171438 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.844758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Melamine contamination in food has resulted in sickness and deaths of human infants, pets, and farm animals in the past decade. The majority of the victims suffered from acute kidney injury, nephrolithiasis, and urolithiasis. Since then, animal studies have revealed the possible target organs of the melamine toxicity and the extent of the adverse effects of the contaminant. State-of-the-art analytical methods have been developed to achieve the "zero tolerance" aim for such economically motivated adulteration. These studies provide in-depth understanding of the melamine toxicity and promising analytical methods, which can help us safeguard our dairy food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
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24
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Viñas P, Campillo N, Férez-Melgarejo G, Hernández-Córdoba M. Determination of Melamine and Derivatives in Foods by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Diode Array Detection. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.694941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Wen G, Zhou L, Li T, Liang A, Jiang Z. A Sensitive Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering Method for Determination of Melamine with Aptamer-modified Nanosilver Probe. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Panuwet P, Nguyen JV, Wade EL, D'Souza PE, Ryan PB, Barr DB. Quantification of melamine in human urine using cation-exchange based high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 887-888:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Marco-Peiró S, Beltrán-Martinavarro B, Rambla-Alegre M, Peris-Vicente J, Esteve-Romero J. Validation of an analytical methodology to quantify melamine in body fluids using micellar liquid chromatography. Talanta 2012; 88:617-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Koh G, Chia RSC, Lin Q, Cheow PS, Teo TL, Lee TK. Determination of melamine in milk powder using gas chromatography-high-resolution isotope dilution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3043-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Han C, Liu C, Zhou Y, Xia B, Zhu Z, Lei X, Shen Y. Microwave-assisted extraction and determination of cyanuric acid residue in infant formula samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2011; 127:875-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Tang XS, Shi XY, Tang YH, Yue ZJ, He QQ. Chemiluminescence determination of melamine with Luminol-K 3Fe(CN) 6 system. J Pharm Anal 2011; 1:104-107. [PMID: 29403687 PMCID: PMC5760759 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-1779(11)70018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for determining melamine in urine and plasma samples based on the fact that melamine can remarkably enhance the chemiluminescence of Luminol-K3 Fe(CN)6 system in alkaline medium. The determination conditions were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the chemiluminescence intensity had a good linear relationship with melamine in the range of 9.0 × 10−9 – 7.0 × 10−6 g/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The detection limits (3σ) were 3.54 ng/mL for urine sample and 6.58 ng/mL for plasma sample. The average recoveries of melamine were 102.6% for urine sample and 95.1% for plasma sample. Melamine in samples was extracted with liquid-liquid extraction procedures and the assay results coincided very well with that determined with flow injection chemiluminescence method. The method provides a reproducible and stable approach for sensitive detection and quantification of melamine in urine and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuang Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xi-Yan Shi
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Hai Tang
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhong-Jin Yue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Qi-Qi He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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32
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Liang A, Zhou L, Qin H, Zhang Y, Ouyang H, Jiang Z. A highly sensitive aptamer-nanogold catalytic resonance scattering spectral assay for melamine. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1907-12. [PMID: 21519890 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aptamer (ssDNA) was used to label nanogold (NG) particle to fabricate an aptamer-nanogold (NGssDNA) probe for melamine. The probe was stabile in pH 6.6 Na(2)HPO(4)-NaH(2)PO(4) buffer solutions and in the presence of high concentration of electrolyte. Upon addition of melamine, it interacted with the probe to form big NGssDNA-melamine aggregations that led to the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity at 566 nm increased greatly. The increased RRS intensity (ΔI) is linear to melamine concentration in the range of 1.89-81.98 μg/L, with a detection limit of 0.98 μg/L melamine. The unreacted probe in the aptamer reaction solution exhibited strong catalytic effect on the slow Cu(2)O particle reaction between glucose and Fehling reagent, but the catalytic activity of NG aggregations is very weak. When melamine concentration increased, the unreacted probe decreased, the RRS peak intensity at 614 nm decreased. The decreased RS intensity is linear to melamine concentration in the range of 0.63-47.30 ng/L melamine, with a detection limit of 0.38 ng/L. The aptamer-modified nanogold catalytic RRS assay was applied to determination of melamine in milk, with high sensitivity and selectivity, simplicity and rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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33
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Bai L, Yan S, Ma H, Bi S. Theoretical investigation on proton transfer mechanism of hydrated melamine. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Jiang Z, Zhou L, Liang A. Resonance scattering detection of trace melamine using aptamer-modified nanosilver probe as catalyst without separation of its aggregations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3162-4. [PMID: 21274473 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05234e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanosilver was modified by aptamer (ssDNA) to obtain a resonance scattering (RS) probe (AgssDNA) for melamine (MA). Based on the catalytic effect of the probe on the Fehling particle reaction, a nanocatalytic RS assay is proposed for the determination of 0.02-1.06 μg L(-1) MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China.
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35
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Luo Y, Zhang L, Yang W, Liu W, Lu W, Li M. Synthesis of [15N3]melamine and [13C3]cyanuric acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Deng XJ, Guo DH, Zhao SZ, Han L, Sheng YG, Yi XH, Zhou Y, Peng T. A novel mixed-mode solid phase extraction for simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in food by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2839-44. [PMID: 20850393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a solid phase extraction column (MCT) containing mixed hydrophilic functional gel and cation exchange sorbent, a sensitive and rapid HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the residues of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in human foodstuffs was developed. MEL and CYA in egg, pork, liver, kidney and pork, shrimp, sausage casing, honey, soybean milk, soybean powder and dairy product were extracted using acetonitrile/water, defatted with hexane and isolated using MCT solid phase extraction column. The residues were separated upon a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column and analyzed by electrospray ionization under negative-positive switched mode on a triplequadrupole mass spectrometry. The selected reaction monitoring was performed on [M+H](+) of m/z 127.9 to provide the transition of 127>85 and 127>68 (MEL) while the [M-H](-) of m/z 127.1 was selected as the precursor ion for CYA resulting in product ions m/z 85 and 42. Isotope labeled internal standard ((15)N(3)-MEL and (13)C(3)-CYA) and matrix-matched calibration were both used to observe the recovery to be 70.0-129.6% and 70.0-128.9% with RSD of 1.4-23.3% and 1.5-21.7% for MEL and CYA, respectively (n=6). All the LODs and LOQs of MEL and CYA were less than 39.4 and 99.1μgkg(-1), respectively, in 18 matrices, which were sensitive enough for quantitative analysis. This method has been proven effective in simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid when inspecting unknown and positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Deng
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of The People's Republic of China, Mingshen Rd 1208, Shanghai 200135, PR China.
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Panuwet P, Wade EL, Nguyen JV, Montesano MA, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of cyanuric acid residue in human urine using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2916-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xia J, Zhou N, Zhou C, Chen B, Wu Y, Yao S. Simultaneous determination of melamine and related compounds by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2688-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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