1
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Hein A, Baumgartner K, von Fersen L, Bechshoft T, Woelfing B, Kirschbaum C, Mastromonaco G, Greenwood AD, Siebert U. Analysis of hair steroid hormones in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: comparison with two immunoassays and application for longitudinal monitoring in zoos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 310:113837. [PMID: 34181933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) is a promising method for monitoring long-term stress in mammals. However, previous measurements of HCCs in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have yielded highly variable results, which are likely due to different methodological approaches. In this study, hair samples of zoo-housed polar bears were analyzed for cortisol with two independent immunoassays [an enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) and a chemiluminescence assay (CLIA)] and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). HCC measurements depended significantly on assay type applied, sample processing (cutting vs. powdering hair) and their interaction. Best agreement was observed between LC-MS/MS and CLIA (R2 = 0.81 for powdered hair) and sample processing had a minor, albeit significant, effect on obtained HCC measurements in these assays (R2 > 0.9). EIA measurements were consistently higher than with the other assays. HCC measurement was validated biologically for CLIA and LC-MS/MS in one male polar bear that experienced considerable stress for a prolonged period of time (> 18 weeks). Subsequently, by using the validated LC-MS/MS the measurement of cortisol could be complemented by the analysis of other steroids including cortisone, testosterone and progesterone levels from hair samples collected over a 9-month period (5-13 months) from six zoo-housed polar bears (five males, one female). No seasonal steroid variation was observed except in male progesterone levels. For all steroids except cortisone, a strong body region effect (neck or paw) was observed. Cortisol and cortisone, as well as progesterone and testosterone, concentrations were positively correlated. We show that hair steroid concentrations can be used to longitudinally measure stress and reproductive hormone axes in polar bears. The data established herein provide important basic information regarding methodology and study design for assessing hair steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hein
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Thea Bechshoft
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Benno Woelfing
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Biopsychology, Technical University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Analysis of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2020; 597:113670. [PMID: 32119849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone regulates the male reproductive system and acts directly or indirectly on nearly all systems during fetal, pubertal and adult life. Testosterone homeostasis depends on its synthesis and degradation. The major biotransformation reactions are hydroxylation by different cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. There are no described methods to determine the profile of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method to determine testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine using UPLC-MS. Seven testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites, androstenedione, and testosterone, were identified by comparison of their tret and positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) data, with those of analytical standards. The method developed is sensitive, specific, repeatable, and precise. Limits of detection and quantitation for all compounds ranged from 1.360 to 13.054 ng/ml and 4.234-39.679 ng/ml, respectively. The percentages of recovery were between 81.2 and 128.8%. The applicability of the analytical method was confirmed by analysis of urine samples obtained from two groups of healthy men (25-30 and 50-75 years old). All analytes were identified with slightly different metabolites profiles in both groups. In conclusion, the UPLC-MS method developed here was validated for the analysis of testosterone-hydroxylated metabolites in human urine.
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Baynes A, Montagut Pino G, Duong GH, Lockyer AE, McDougall C, Jobling S, Routledge EJ. Early embryonic exposure of freshwater gastropods to pharmaceutical 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors results in a surprising open-coiled "banana-shaped" shell. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16439. [PMID: 31712739 PMCID: PMC6848481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the steroidogenesis enzyme 5α-reductase converts testosterone to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Homologues of 5α-reductase genes have been identified in molluscs. However, recent findings suggest that vertebrate-type steroid androgens are not utilised in molluscan reproductive development. Genomic searches have revealed that molluscs do not possess many of the steroidogenic enzymes required to make testosterone, nor a nuclear androgen receptor. Consequently, the role of 5α-reductase in molluscs presents a mystery. Here, developmental exposures of Biomphalaria glabrata to selective pharmaceutical 5α-reductase inhibitors elicited a strong, highly reproducible phenotypic response characterised by the development of elongated "banana-shaped" shell morphology. In comparison to untreated snails, the shells are open-coiled and the whorls are unattached. Dutasteride (5α-reductase inhibitor) is approximately 10-times more potent at provoking the banana-shaped shell phenotype than finasteride, paralleling the pharmaceuticals' efficacy in humans. Other enzyme inhibitors with different modes of action were tested to investigate the specificity of the phenotype. However, only the pharmaceutical 5α-reductase inhibitors provoked the response. Dutasteride elicited the same phenotype in a second gastropod, Physella acuta. In the absence of evidence for de novo androgen steroidogenesis in molluscs, these findings suggest that novel substrates for 5α-reductase exist in gastropods, lending support to the contention that molluscan endocrinology differs from the well-characterised vertebrate endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baynes
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gemma Montagut Pino
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Giang Huong Duong
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel McDougall
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin J Routledge
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Bai X, Acharya K. Uptake of endocrine-disrupting chemicals by quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) in an urban-impacted aquatic ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:250-258. [PMID: 30392172 PMCID: PMC6318250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Untreated organic contaminants in municipal wastewater, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have become a significant issue in aquatic ecosystems, particularly in freshwater bodies that receive wastewater discharge. This has raised concerns about the accumulation of EDCs in aquatic species via continuous exposure. This study evaluated the uptake of EDCs by quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), an invasive species in a water supply reservoir. The field sampling results showed that steroid hormones were not detected in the water samples, and only pharmaceuticals and personal care products were present (0.49 to 36 ng/L). Additionally, testosterone was the most abundant steroid in the mussel tissue (6.3 to 20 ng/g dry weight), and other synthetic chemicals (i.e., bisphenol A, triclosan, and salicylic acid) were also detected in the mussel tissue (24 to 47 ng/g dry weight). After being exposed to exogenous EDCs for 7, 21, and 42 days under controlled laboratory conditions, testosterone was not detected in the mussel anymore, but bisphenol A, triclosan, and salicylic acid were found at relatively high levels in the mussel tissue, although the concentrations did not increase over time. Overall, the study demonstrated the uptake of EDCs in quagga mussels, which suggests that this species can be used to reflect water quality deterioration in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89119, United States.
| | - Kumud Acharya
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89119, United States
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Herly M, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Vestergaard P, Østergaard M, Junker P, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Ellingsen T. The D-vitamin metabolite 1,25(OH)2D in serum is associated with disease activity and Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in active and treatment naïve, early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12704. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Herly
- Department of Rheumatology; Odense University Hospital; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Diagnostic Centre; Silkeborg Region Hospital; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kristian Stengaard-Pedersen
- Department of Rheumatology; Centre of Cancer and Inflammation; Aarhus University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Endocrinology; Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Department of Rheumatology and DANBIO; Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE); Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases; Glostrup Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Junker
- Department of Rheumatology; Odense University Hospital; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Merete L. Hetland
- Department of Rheumatology and DANBIO; Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE); Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases; Glostrup Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kim Hørslev-Petersen
- Department of Rheumatology; King Christian 10th Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases; South Jutland Hospital; Institute of Regional Health Services; University of Southern Denmark; Gråsten Denmark
| | - Torkell Ellingsen
- Department of Rheumatology; Odense University Hospital; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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Measurement of human serum unconjugated estriol without derivatization using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry candidate reference method and compared with two immunoassays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6257-6267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Smolarz K, Zabrzańska S, Konieczna L, Hallmann A. Changes in steroid profiles of the blue mussel Mytilus trossulus as a function of season, stage of gametogenesis, sex, tissue and mussel bed depth. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:231-239. [PMID: 29247680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes changes in the content of free steroid hormones e.g. testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) of Mytilus trossulus from the southern Baltic Sea as a function of season, stage of gametogenesis, sex, tissue (gonadal and somatic) and depth. The highest levels of T, E2, E1 and E3 were found in mussels sampled in spring and summer while the lowest levels were found in winter. This pattern was stable and was seen in both sexes and tissues in mussels from both mussel beds. The spring and summer peaks in steroid levels (SL) coincided with advanced levels of gametogenesis (the highest gonadal index, GI) of our model species. But, the lowest GI (autumn) and the lowest steroids content (winter) did not overlap. Instead, water temperature increase was followed by increase of SL and vice versa. This suggests that steroids may not be actively involved in the early stages of gamete development and does not preclude them from potentially being involved as endogenous modulators in the final stages of reproduction (e.g. spawning). Hence, observed fluctuations in SL in our model species are unlikely to be caused by reproductive cycle but are rather of unknown nature, likely linked with environmental conditions. Sex-related differences in steroid content included estrogen domination in females and androgen domination in males. A trend towards higher level of steroids in gills than in gonads was found, supporting the hypothesis about an exogenous origin of steroids in bivalves. However, based on the present results, we cannot exclude the possibility that these steroids have both an endogenous and exogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystem Functioning, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sandra Zabrzańska
- Department of Marine Ecosystem Functioning, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lucyna Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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Schwarz TI, Katsiadaki I, Maskrey BH, Scott AP. Uptake and metabolism of water-borne progesterone by the mussel, Mytilus spp. (Mollusca). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:13-21. [PMID: 29107179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mussels can pick up 17β-estradiol [E2] and testosterone [T] from water, metabolize them and conjugate them to fatty acids (esterification), leading to their accumulation in tissue. A key requirement for the esterification process is that a steroid must have a 'reactive' hydroxyl group to conjugate to a fatty acid (which in T, and probably E2, is the β-hydroxyl group on carbon 17). Progesterone (P) lacks any hydroxyl groups and theoretically cannot be esterified and hence should not accumulate in mussels in the same way as E2 or T. However, it is already known that mussels have an enzyme that can achieve 5α-reduction of the A ring of T and P and that there is also another reductase that can transform the 3-oxo group of the 5α-reduced A ring of T into a hydroxyl group. We hypothesized that, although intact P cannot be directly esterified, it might nevertheless be transformed into metabolites that can. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the rate and capacity of uptake, metabolism and potential depuration of tritiated P by the common mussel, Mytilus spp. We found that tritiated P was taken up from water at a similar rate to E2 and T (mean clearance rate 49mL-1 animal-1h-1) and that, as found with the other steroids, the rate of uptake could not be saturated by the addition of non-radioactive steroid (even at 7.6μgL-1). We found that up to 66% of the radioactivity that was taken up was present in the ester fraction, suggesting that hydroxylation of the P must indeed have occurred. We then definitively identified two metabolites in the ester fraction: 5α-pregnane-3β,20β-diol and 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one. These same two steroids were also present in the free steroid fraction. Intact P was not detected in either of the fractions. When undergoing depuration (under semi-static conditions), the radioactivity in the ester fractions remained at the same concentration in the animals for at least 10 days. Our findings suggest that the lack of reactive hydroxyl groups on P does not preclude it from being taken up, metabolized and subsequently stored. Many questions remain, not least of which is why, when P seems to be so rapidly metabolized, two previous studies on mussels have reported concentrations of up to 30ngg-1 wet weight of P in their flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar I Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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Schwarz TI, Katsiadaki I, Maskrey BH, Scott AP. Mussels (Mytilus spp.) display an ability for rapid and high capacity uptake of the vertebrate steroid, estradiol-17β from water. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:407-420. [PMID: 27568213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Six experiments were carried out to define the optimum conditions for investigating the dynamics of uptake and metabolism of tritiated E2 from water by adult blue mussels, Mytilus spp. Optimum uptake was achieved using 400mL aerated sea water animal-1 and an incubation period of no more than 24h. The pattern of disappearance conformed closest to an inverse hyperbolic curve with the percentage of radiolabel that could be measured in the water reaching an asymptote that was on average 50% of the original. This apparent inability of the animals to absorb all the radiolabel was investigated further. Solvent partition and chromatography revealed that, after 24h, c. 60% of the radiolabel still present in the water was composed of water soluble conjugates, c. 25% was composed of tritiated water and only 15% ran on and around the chromatographic position of E2. The major water soluble constituent was identified by chromatography and mass-spectrometry as 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17β-diol 3-sulfate (estradiol 3-S). The clearance rate of radiolabel was 46.9±1.8mLanimal-1h-1. This was not significantly affected by the addition of as much as 25μgL-1 cold E2 to the water, demonstrating that mussels have a large capacity for E2 uptake. A new procedure involving solvent partition was developed for separating the free, esterified and sulfated forms of E2 present in the flesh of mussels. This involved extracting the soft tissue with organic solvents and then treating a portion of dried extract with a combination of heptane (dissolved fatty acid esters of E2) and 80% ethanol (dissolved free and sulfated E2). The latter fraction was further partitioned between water (sulfate) and diethyl ether (free steroid). This procedure was much cheaper and less time-consuming than chromatography. Approximately 80% of the radioactivity that was taken up by the animals was present in the form of ester. Moreover, E2 was the only steroid identified after saponification of these esters. Of the remaining radioactivity, c. 10% was in the form of unidentified free steroids and c. 10% was estradiol 3-S. In order to determine how rapidly mussels were able to depurate tritiated E2 and its metabolites, two experiments were carried out. Animals from the first experiment purged up to 63% of radioactivity in 20days under flow-through conditions; whereas animals from the second experiment released only 16% of radioactivity in 10days under semi-static conditions. The ratios of the different forms of E2 did not change substantially during the course of depuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar I Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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Hallmann A, Smolarz K, Konieczna L, Zabrzańska S, Belka M, Bączek T. LC–MS measurment of free steroids in mussels ( Mytilus trossulus) from the southern Baltic Sea. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:311-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Martins-Júnior HA, Simas RC, Brolio MP, Ferreira CR, Perecin F, Nogueira GDP, Miglino MA, Martins DS, Eberlin MN, Ambrósio CE. Profiles of Steroid Hormones in Canine X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy via Stable Isotope Dilution LC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126585. [PMID: 26010907 PMCID: PMC4444242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) provides the best animal model for characterizing the disease progress of the human disorder, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The purpose of this study was to determine steroid hormone concentration profiles in healthy golden retriever dogs (control group - CtGR) versus GRMD-gene carrier (CaGR) and affected female dogs (AfCR). Therefore, a sensitive and specific analytical method was developed and validated to determine the estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and testosterone levels in the canine serum by isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To more accurately understand the dynamic nature of the serum steroid profile, the fluctuating levels of these four steroid hormones over the estrous cycle were compared across the three experimental groups using a multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration profiles of estradiol, cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone revealed a characteristic pattern for each studied group at each specific estrous phase. Additionally, several important changes in the serum concentrations of cortisol and estradiol in the CaGR and AfCR groups seem to be correlated with the status and progression of the muscular dystrophy. A comprehensive and quantitative monitoring of steroid profiles throughout the estrous cycle of normal and GRMD dogs were achieved. Significant differences in these profiles were observed between GRMD and healthy animals, most notably for estradiol. These findings contribute to a better understanding of both dog reproduction and the muscular dystrophy pathology. Our data open new venues for hormonal behavior studies in dystrophinopathies and that may affect the quality of life of DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio A. Martins-Júnior
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory—Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- AB SCIEX of Brazil, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosineide C. Simas
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory—Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- DAPSA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina P. Brolio
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering—FZEA, University of São Paulo—USP, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina R. Ferreira
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory—Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering—FZEA, University of São Paulo—USP, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de P. Nogueira
- DAPSA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Miglino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science—FMVZ, University of São Paulo—USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele S. Martins
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering—FZEA, University of São Paulo—USP, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory—Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Ambrósio
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering—FZEA, University of São Paulo—USP, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Simultaneous determination of seven gestagens in kidney fats by Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Halem ZM, Ross DJ, Cox RL. Evidence for intraspecific endocrine disruption of Geukensia demissa (Atlantic ribbed mussel) in an urban watershed. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 175:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zheng BH, An LH, Chang H, Liu Y, Jiang ZQ. Evidence for the presence of sex steroid hormones in Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:199-206. [PMID: 24662324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To obtain evidence of the presence of sex steroid hormones in mollusks, hormone variation in the gonads of the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri was analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. These were found, as expected, with concentrations of estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) in the testes ranging from not detected (ND) to 0.07 ± 0.10, ND to 3.10 ± 2.00, and ND to 2.67 ± 1.55 ng/g wet weight, respectively. In the ovaries, these hormones ranged from ND to 2.45 ± 1.22, ND to 27.90 ± 4.23, and ND to 2.38 ± 1.56 ng/g ww, respectively. The levels of T in males and E2 in females followed a trend similar to the gonadal-somatic index over the course of the reproductive period. In addition, the gene expression of vitellogenin and calmodulin-2 showed similar patterns to T and E2, while the estrogen receptors and calmodulin-1 did not. These results indicate that sex steroids are present in the scallop and that they may regulate endocrine functions during the reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Li-Hui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jiang
- Key laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Gust M, Gagné F, Berlioz-Barbier A, Besse JP, Buronfosse T, Tournier M, Tutundjian R, Garric J, Cren-Olivé C. Caged mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) as an integrated field biomonitoring tool: exposure assessment and reprotoxic effects of water column contamination. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 54:222-236. [PMID: 24576698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the usefulness of gastropods for water quality monitoring. Gastropods were caged upstream and downstream of an effluent discharge. Exposure was assessed by measurement of organic contaminants in water. Contamination of the Potamopyrgus antipodarum mudsnail was also measured using innovative techniques at the end of the 42 days of exposure. Biological effects were measured at the individual level (growth, reproduction) and subindividual level (energy reserves, vitellin-like proteins, steroid levels, expression of genes involved in estrogen signaling pathways), thus providing a better understanding of reprotoxic effects. The effluent was mainly contaminated by pharmaceutical compounds, as was the mudsnail. The highest concentrations were measured for oxazepam and were higher than 2 mg/kg downstream of the effluent discharge. Alkylphenols, bisphenol A, and vertebrate-like sex-steroid hormones were also bioaccumulated by the mudsnail downstream of the effluent. The combined use of water and snail contamination provided a complete exposure assessment. Exposure was further linked to biological effects. The mudsnail was shown to be a better adapted species for in situ exposures than Valvata piscinalis. Reproduction was sharply decreased after 6 weeks of exposure in the mudsnail. Feeding issues were excluded, confirming the toxic origin. These effects were related to estrogen signaling pathways using genomic analysis. Genes coding for proteins involved in nongenomic signaling pathways were inhibited, and those of genomic pathway repressors were induced. These results suggest that the chemical contamination due to the effluent discharge altered steroid control of reproduction and blocked the transition between oocyte and unshelled embryo, resulting in a drastic decrease of embryo production, while survival was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - F Gagné
- Emerging Methods Section, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Science and Technology, Environment Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y2E7
| | - A Berlioz-Barbier
- Service Central d'Analyse du CNRS, USR59, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - J P Besse
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - T Buronfosse
- VetAgro-Sup, Campus vétérinaire, Endocrinology Laboratory, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - M Tournier
- Service Central d'Analyse du CNRS, USR59, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - R Tutundjian
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - J Garric
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Cren-Olivé
- Service Central d'Analyse du CNRS, USR59, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
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Avila-Poveda OH, Montes-Pérez RC, Benitez-Villalobos F, Rosas C. Development and Validation of a Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Measuring Progesterone and Testosterone in Octopus Gonad Extracts. MALACOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.4002/040.056.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Lecomte V, Noury P, Tutundjian R, Buronfosse T, Garric J, Gust M. Organic solvents impair life-traits and biomarkers in the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) at concentrations below OECD recommendations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:196-203. [PMID: 23811024 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a gastropod mollusk proposed for use in the development of reproduction tests within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Numerous chemicals, including endocrine disrupters, are relatively water-insoluble, and water-miscible solvents are currently used for testing them. OECD recommends a maximum concentration of 100 μll(-1). As several studies highlighted effects of lower concentrations of solvents, this study assessed the effects of 20 μll(-1) acetone, ethanol, methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on juvenile and adult snails during 42 days. Ethanol decreased juvenile growth, while acetone increased the rate of embryonic development. All solvents increased estradiol-like levels in adult snails. DMSO only increased mRNA expression of vitellogenin-like gene, while acetone, ethanol and methanol decreased mRNA expression of three nuclear receptor (estrogen receptor-like, ecdysone-induced protein and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor) genes as well as of genes encoding proteins involved in genomic (prohibitin-2) and non-genomic (striatin) pathways of estrogens activity in vertebrates. This study highlights the confounding effects of low concentrations of solvents and recommends avoiding their use. Where solvent use is inevitable, their concentrations and type should be investigated for suitability for the measured endpoints prior to use in chemical testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lecomte
- Irstea, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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18
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Riffle BW, Henderson WM, Laws SC. Measurement of steroids in rats after exposure to an endocrine disruptor: mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay demonstrate similar results. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:314-22. [PMID: 23871967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Commercially available radioimmunoassays (RIAs) are frequently used to evaluate the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on steroidogenesis in rats. Currently there are limited data comparing steroid concentrations in rats as measured by RIAs to those obtained using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This study evaluates the concordance of serum and urine steroid concentrations as quantified by select RIA kits and LC-MS/MS following exposure to an EDC, atrazine (ATR). METHODS Adult male rats were orally dosed with ATR (200 mg/kg/day) or methylcellulose (1%, vehicle control) for 5 days. Serum was collected and separated into aliquots for analysis. Serum was assayed by RIA for androstenedione (ANDRO), corticosterone (CORT), estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T). Serum was extracted prior to LC-MS/MS analysis with positive electrospray ionization in multiple-reaction monitoring mode for ANDRO, CORT, P4, and T. E1 and E2 concentrations were quantified similarly by LC-MS/MS, following derivatization with dansyl chloride. To compare CORT values from urine, pregnant adult rats were orally dosed with either ATR (100 mg/kg/day) or methylcellulose for 5 days (i.e., gestational days 14-18). Urine samples were collected daily and assayed for CORT by RIA and LC-MS/MS as described above. RESULTS Data analyses demonstrated significant agreement between the two detection methods as assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, and the interclass correlation coefficient. No statistically significant differences were observed between RIA and LC-MS/MS means for any of the steroids assayed. DISCUSSION These findings indicate a significant correlation between the measurement of steroids within rat serum and urine using RIA kits and LC-MS/MS. Differences in the absolute measurements existed, but these were not statistically significant. These findings indicate that steroids may be reliably measured in rat biological media using RIAs or LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy W Riffle
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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Ronan JM, McHugh B. A sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in seawater and marine biota, with a focus on proposed Water Framework Directive Environmental Quality Standards. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:738-46. [PMID: 23495020 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trace levels of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2) have been demonstrated to exert adverse effects in exposed organisms. E2 and EE2 have been proposed for inclusion in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) list of priority pollutants; however, the detection and accurate quantification of these compounds provide significant challenges, due to the low detection limits required. METHODS A sensitive method combining ultrasonication, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, with electrospray ionisation in negative mode (LC/ESI-MS/MS), capable of determining E1, E2 and EE2 at concentrations between 0.07 and 60 ng/L for seawater and between 0.4 and 200 ng/g wet weight in Mytilus spp. is reported. Recoveries at the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 95 to 102% and 88 to 100% for water and tissue, respectively. Salinity (12 to 35‰) and typical marine particulate matter loadings (between 10 and 100 mg/L) were not found to affect analyte recoveries. RESULTS The first detection of E1 by LC/MS/MS in Irish marine waters (Dublin Bay, at 0.76 ng/L) is reported. Steroids were not detected in Galway Bay, or in any mussel samples from Dublin, Galway and Clare. The level of E2 detected in the dissolved water phase was below the proposed WFD Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) in other surface waters. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is suitable for the detection of E1, E2 and EE2 at biologically relevant concentrations and, due to the specificity offered, is not subject to potential interferences from endogenous E1 and E2 which often complicate the interpretation of estrogenic biomarker assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Ronan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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20
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Schmitt C, LaMoree M, Leonards P, Weiss JM, de Deckere E. In vivo effect confirmation of anti-androgenic compounds in sediment contact tests with Potamopyrgus antipodarum. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:475-480. [PMID: 23383631 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.730387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the sensitivity of Potamopyrgus antipodarum to anti-androgenic compounds, three spiked sediment tests were performed. The substances benzanthrone (7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one), traseolide (ATII) and androstenone (5α-Androst-16-en-3-one) were previously identified in an effect-directed analysis study of the river Schijn in the north of Belgium. Although, in previous studies, all of the three compounds exhibited anti-androgenic activities in vitro, only the oxy-PAH benzanthrone had significant stimulating effects on the snails' reproduction. The reproduction of P. antipodarum was significantly stimulated, following a sigmoidal dose response curve, whereby an EC(50) of 10 ng/g dry sediment was calculated. Mortality was significantly increased at the highest concentration (69 ng/g dry sediment). The results indicate different relative potencies for the in vivo test with P. antipodarum and the in vitro anti-AR-CALUX assay, performed in a previous study. This highlights the importance of combined in vitro and in vivo assays for the effect assessment of field sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmitt
- University of Antwerp, Ecosystem Management Research Group, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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21
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Scott AP. Do mollusks use vertebrate sex steroids as reproductive hormones? Part I: Critical appraisal of the evidence for the presence, biosynthesis and uptake of steroids. Steroids 2012; 77:1450-68. [PMID: 22960651 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The consensus view is that vertebrate-type steroids are present in mollusks and perform hormonal roles which are similar to those that they play in vertebrates. Although vertebrate steroids can be measured in molluscan tissues, a key question is 'Are they formed endogenously or they are picked up from their environment?'. The present review concludes that there is no convincing evidence for biosynthesis of vertebrate steroids by mollusks. Furthermore, the 'mollusk' genome does not contain the genes for key enzymes that are necessary to transform cholesterol in progressive steps into vertebrate-type steroids; nor does the mollusk genome contain genes for functioning classical nuclear steroid receptors. On the other hand, there is very strong evidence that mollusks are able to absorb vertebrate steroids from the environment; and are able to store some of them (by conjugating them to fatty acids) for weeks to months. It is notable that the three steroids that have been proposed as functional hormones in mollusks (i.e. progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol) are the same as those of humans. Since humans (and indeed all vertebrates) continuously excrete steroids not just via urine and feces, but via their body surface (and, in fish, via the gills), it is impossible to rule out contamination as the sole reason for the presence of vertebrate steroids in mollusks (even in animals kept under supposedly 'clean laboratory conditions'). Essentially, the presence of vertebrate steroids in mollusks cannot be taken as reliable evidence of either endogenous biosynthesis or of an endocrine role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Qi Y, Chen H, Lin Z, Chen G, Lin J. A Novel Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Using Solid-Phase Antigen for Free 17β-Estradiol in Human Serum. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Schmitt C, Vogt C, Machala M, de Deckere E. Sediment contact test with Potamopyrgus antipodarum in effect-directed analyses-challenges and opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1398-1404. [PMID: 21487648 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE Effect-directed analysis is increasingly used for the identification of key toxicants in environmental samples and there is a growing need for in vivo biotests as diagnostic tools. Within this study, we performed an in vivo sediment contact test, applicable on both native field samples and their extracts or fractions, in order to be able to compare the results from both field and laboratory studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sediment contact test with the prosobranch snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, was carried out on extracts and fractions of field sediments from three European river basins. The results were compared with previous results of the native field samples. RESULTS In contrast to the native sediments, the extracts of the samples led to an overall decrease in reproduction. Even the chosen reference sites had an adverse effect on the snails' reproduction. It appeared that a higher bioavailability in the organic extracts, together with a changing composition of compounds could have lead to this change in effects. The fractionation of the extracts partly led to a more differentiated picture, but the resolution was not high enough to see any distinct effects on the snails' reproduction. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of the use of in vivo biotests and point out the relevance of bioavailability in native sediments. For further fractionation studies, a more realistic extraction procedure, together with a higher resolution fractionation, would be appropriate in order to separate individual bioavailable compounds more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmitt
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Gust M, Mouthon J, Queau H, Dussart C, Buronfosse T, Garric J. Natural variability and response interpretation of fecundity, vertebrate-like sex-steroid levels and energy status in the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:243-50. [PMID: 21420970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a promising test organism that is often used in ecotoxicology, both in laboratory and field exposures. As no data are available on the physiological variation range of its life-traits and the biomarkers it uses, we studied the variation of fecundity, steroid levels and energy reserves over the course of a year in a field population. The reproductive cycle was described and showed seasonal activity during summer and autumn. Steroid levels (17β-estradiol and testosterone) varied significantly during the year and were correlated with the reproductive cycle, which suggested a potential role for sex-steroids in P. antipodarum reproduction. Energy status also showed seasonal variations. Triglycerides (TG) seemed to be the main energy lipid, whereas cholesterol appeared to be mostly used as a structural lipid. Proteins were also involved in the reproductive cycle, but only when TG were not sufficient to support the reproductive strain, similar to cholesterol. Glycogen seemed to be used as an early reserve. Threshold values under which no reproduction occurred were defined in starved snails. We proposed a range of variation in the measured parameters, allowing for a better understanding and interpretation of their levels during laboratory or in situ exposures. The data suggest that the variability of fecundity in snails has not been fully appreciated in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- Cemagref, UR MALY, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Lyon, France.
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Gust M, Buronfosse T, André C, Mons R, Gagné F, Garric J. Is exposure temperature a confounding factor for the assessment of reproductive parameters of New Zealand mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray)? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:396-404. [PMID: 21216350 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a promising test organism often used in ecotoxicology testing, both in laboratory and in field exposure experiments. It has been recommended for use in the development of an OECD reproduction test. However, exposure temperature is important to take into account when assessing reproduction and related biomarkers, because it can act as a confounding factor inducing variability in physiological values. The effect of three environmentally realistic exposure temperatures (8, 16 and 24°C) was examined with respect to the number of neonates born, the number of embryos in the brood pouch and the duration of embryonic development. We also measured additional markers likely to be related to the modulation of reproductive performance, such as vertebrate-like sex steroid, energy status and vitellin-like proteins. Exposure temperature had a significant effect on reproduction in P. antipodarum, on both the duration of embryonic development and the quantity of embryos and neonates. The consequences of these observations must not be neglected when using this species in laboratory and field experiments. This study determined suitable temperatures for field experiments and a mean duration for embryonic development independent of temperature. In addition to steroid levels, energy status and Vn-like protein levels were only slightly modified by exposure temperature between 8 and 24°C. Thus, they can be easily implemented and their variations related to anthropogenic factors during field exposure of mudsnails.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- Cemagref, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 3b quai Chauveau, 69009 Lyon, France
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Schmitt C, Streck G, Lamoree M, Leonards P, Brack W, de Deckere E. Effect directed analysis of riverine sediments--the usefulness of Potamopyrgus antipodarum for in vivo effect confirmation of endocrine disruption. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:237-243. [PMID: 21067826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In vivo tests are not commonly used in effect directed analysis (EDA) approaches. In the present study, a novel methodology was developed whereby Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which is known to be sensitive to endocrine disrupting compounds, was used as test organism. Field sediments from a polluted site in the north of Belgium were extracted and fractionated using three coupled and automatically switched normal-phase HPLC columns. Part of the fractions were spiked to artificial sediments and tested in a sediment contact test with P. antipodarum. The other part was used for an in vitro effect confirmation with the ER-LUC and anti-AR CALUX assays. Two of the six tested fractions stimulated the reproduction of the snails, while two others inhibited the reproduction. The fractions that caused an increase in reproduction also showed an increased estrogenic potency in the ER-LUC assay. Chemical analysis revealed that one of the most prominent compounds in those fractions was bisphenol-A, which has already been reported to have a stimulating effect on the reproduction of P. antipodarum by other authors. Due to the fact that previous studies have shown that this snail is also present in the field at this certain site, it was possible to directly link the results with effects that were observed in the field. This study indicates that effect directed analyses, supported by in vivo biotests, are very useful tools in order to identify the compounds that cause adverse effects on organisms or even population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmitt
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Gust M, Buronfosse T, Geffard O, Coquery M, Mons R, Abbaci K, Giamberini L, Garric J. Comprehensive biological effects of a complex field poly-metallic pollution gradient on the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:100-108. [PMID: 20965581 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Lot River is known to be contaminated by metals, mainly cadmium and zinc, due to a former Zn ore treatment plant in the watershed of the Riou-Mort, a tributary of the Lot River. Many studies have been performed to characterize contamination, but few have assessed its consequences on the biological responses of organisms along the gradient. We exposed adult and juvenile New Zealand freshwater mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum at several sites along the gradient of metal contamination for 28 days. Biological responses were monitored at different levels: individual (survival, growth and fecundity), tissue and biochemical (energy status and vertebrate-like sex steroid levels) to better understand the toxicity mechanisms involved. Accumulation of Cd and Zn was high during exposure. Most of the biological effects observed could be linked to this contamination and were concentration-dependent. Histological lesions of the digestive gland were observed, with hypertrophy of calcium cells and vacuolization of digestive cells. Such effects are likely to explain the decrease of energy status (triglycerides and proteins), juvenile growth and adult fecundity observed at the most polluted site. However the magnitude of the fall in fecundity cannot be attributed only to these tissular effects, indicating another mode of action of Cd or possible confounding factors. Steroid accumulation in snails indicated only organic pollution. Histopathological effects proved the most sensitive endpoint to metal (Cd and Zn) contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- Cemagref, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, Lyon, France.
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Gust M, Buronfosse T, Geffard O, Mons R, Queau H, Mouthon J, Garric J. In situ biomonitoring of freshwater quality using the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) exposed to waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharges. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4517-28. [PMID: 20591464 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mollusk species have been shown to be sensitive to various endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are a major source of potential or known EDC in the aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to develop an in situ exposure method using the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Molluska, Hydrobiidea) to assess the impact of water quality on the life traits of this species, by focusing on its reproduction. The impact of three WWTP discharges on three different receiving rivers was studied. The effects of WWTP effluent on adult survival, weight, reproduction and vertebrate-like sex-steroid levels in snails were monitored for three to four weeks. Although the physicochemical and hydrological parameters varied greatly between the rivers, the caging experiments allowed us to detect significant impairment of the life traits of snails when exposed downstream of the WWTPs discharge. While adult survival was not affected by exposure, reproduction was significantly impacted downstream from the WWTP effluent discharges (60-70% decrease of embryos without shells after three to four weeks exposure) independently of the river. Modulations of steroid levels proved to be an informative parameter with an increase of testosterone downstream of the discharges, and increases and decreases of 17beta-estradiol levels according to site. The endpoints used proved to be an adapted method for field exposures and allowed the discrimination between upstream and downstream sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gust
- Cemagref, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 3b quai Chauveau, 69009 Lyon, France.
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