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Zhang X, Wang K, Dai H, Cai J, Liu Y, Yin C, Wu J, Li X, Wu G, Lu A, Liu Q, Guan D. Quantification of promoting efficiency and reducing toxicity of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A case study of the combination of Tripterygium wilfordii hook. f. and Lysimachia christinae hance in the treatment of lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1018273. [PMID: 36339610 PMCID: PMC9631451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1018273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) usually acts in the form of compound prescriptions in the treatment of complex diseases. The herbs contained in each prescription have the dual nature of efficiency and toxicity due to their complex chemical component, and the principle of prescription is usually to increase efficiency and reduce toxicity. At present, the studies on prescriptions have mainly focused on the consideration of the material basis and possible mechanism of the action mode, but the quantitative research on the compatibility rule of increasing efficiency and reducing toxicity is still the tip of the iceberg. With the extensive application of computational pharmacology technology in the research of TCM prescriptions, it is possible to quantify the mechanism of synergism and toxicity reduction of the TCM formula. Currently, there are some classic drug pairs commonly used to treat complex diseases, such as Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. with Lysimachia christinae Hance for lung cancer, Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux with Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in the treatment of coronary heart disease, but there is a lack of systematic quantitative analysis model and strategy to quantitatively study the compatibility rule and potential mechanism of synergism and toxicity reduction. To address this issue, we designed an integrated model which integrates matrix decomposition and shortest path propagation, taking into account both the crosstalk of the effective network and the propagation characteristics. With the integrated model strategy, we can quantitatively detect the possible mechanisms of synergism and attenuation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and Lysimachia christinae Hance in the treatment of lung cancer. The results showed the compatibility of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and Lysimachia christinae Hance could increase the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of lung cancer treatment through MAPK pathway and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Specialty/Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Neurosurgery Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Dai
- Hospital Office, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- Hospital Office, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqi Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanhui Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiyong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Aiping Lu, ; Qinwen Liu, ; Daogang Guan,
| | - Qinwen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Aiping Lu, ; Qinwen Liu, ; Daogang Guan,
| | - Daogang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Aiping Lu, ; Qinwen Liu, ; Daogang Guan,
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Sun M, Zhao L, Wang K, Han L, Shan J, Wu L, Xue X. Rapid identification of "mad honey" from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br using UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Food Chem 2019; 294:67-72. [PMID: 31126506 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cases of honey poisoning have been reported widely, meaning there is a need for methods that detect "mad honey" or honey contaminated with plant-derived toxins to protect human health. In this study, we compared whole flower extracts and honey from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TwHf) and Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br (McRB) using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS). The results revealed several compounds common to whole flowers and honey samples. Triptolide and protopine were selected as potential markers for identifying "mad honeys" from these plants. The developed method can easily detect different honey varieties that were spiked with 5% TwHf and McRB honey samples. Additionally, 90 commercial honey samples were analyzed and determined as free from contamination. The method described in this report could be useful for studies on honey from other poisonous nectar and pollen plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihao Shan
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China.
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Simultaneous determination of seven effective components of Tripterygium glycosides in human biological matrices by ultra performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1113:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Guo H, Wang Z, Xu L, Zhang H, Chang R, Chen A. Separation and simultaneous determination of seven bioactive components in
Tripterygium wilfordii
Hook. F. and
Tripterygium
preparations by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:547-554. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
| | - Liying Xu
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
| | - Hongfen Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
| | - Ruimiao Chang
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
| | - Anjia Chen
- College of PharmacyShanxi Medical University Taiyuan P. R. China
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Dong X, Wang R, Zhou X, Li P, Yang H. Current mass spectrometry approaches and challenges for the bioanalysis of traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1026:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tong Y, Su P, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25516-35. [PMID: 26512659 PMCID: PMC4632813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g−1, a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Rapid and simultaneous analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Using supercritical fluid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cai T, Luo YG, Zhou M, Wang D, Wu ZJ, Fang DM, Zhang GL. Untargeted analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from the dried roots of Tripterygium wilfordii using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:965-972. [PMID: 26407311 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids are a large group of highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids that have attracted attention in the fields of medicine because of their significant biological activities. METHODS Reference compounds including 14 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids and one dihydroagarofuran ester were analyzed by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS). A high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (HPLC/ESI)-MS/MS method at two collision energies was adopted to investigate the botanical extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii. RESULTS For 15 reference compounds, in the high mass range, the product ions were formed by the loss of side chains or H2 O. In the low mass range, the high-abundance product ions at m/z 206, 204, or 194 were the characteristic ions of the pyridine moiety. The characteristic product ion at m/z 310 was formed through an ion-neutral complex intermediate. Fifty-four sesquiterpenoid derivatives, including 50 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, were identified or tentatively characterized in botanical extracts of T. wilfordii based on their elemental constituents, characteristic fragmentation patterns, and the major product ion profiles of the reference compounds ascertained with HPLC/ESI-MS/MS at two collision energies. It seems that isocratic energy was appropriate for the untargeted analysis of compounds with molecular weights exceeding 800 Da, whereas a linear gradient energy vs molecular weight was suitable for those compounds with molecular weights below 800 Da. CONCLUSIONS The HPLC/ESI-MS/MS method, combining characteristic fragmentation patterns and the profiles of the product ions generated at different collision energies, is an effective technique for characterizing untargeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ying-Gang Luo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong-Mei Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Su MX, Song M, Di B, Hang TJ. Application of a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for determination of wilforine fromTripterygium wilfordiiHook. F. in rat plasma for a bioavailability study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1042-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Tai-jun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education; Nanjing 210009 China
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Guo L, Duan L, Liu K, Liu EH, Li P. Chemical comparison of Tripterygium wilfordii and Tripterygium hypoglaucum based on quantitative analysis and chemometrics methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:220-8. [PMID: 24694566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii (T. wilfordii) and Tripterygium hypoglaucum (T. hypoglaucum), two commonly used Chinese herbal medicines derived from Tripterygium genus, have been widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other related inflammatory diseases in clinical therapy. In the present study, a rapid resolution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-ESI-MS(n)) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 19 bioactive compounds including four catechins, three sesquiterpene alkaloids, four diterpenoids, and eight triterpenoids in these two similar herbs. The method validation results indicated that the developed method had desirable specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. Quantitative analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the content of different types of compounds in T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum. Moreover, chemometrics methods such as one-way ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were performed to compare and discriminate the two Tripterygium herbs based on the quantitative data of analytes, and it was proven straightforward and reliable to differentiate T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum samples from different origins. In conclusion, simultaneous quantification of multiple-active component by RRLC-ESI-MS(n) coupled with chemometrics analysis could be a well-acceptable strategy to compare and evaluate the quality of T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Sensitive Analysis of Wilforidine in Human Plasma by LC-APCI-MS/MS. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Gao F, Hu Y, Fang G, Yang G, Xu Z, Dou L, Chen Z, Fan G. Recent developments in the field of the determination of constituents of TCMs in body fluids of animals and human. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:241-60. [PMID: 23642848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) play important role in drug discovery and human health, the actual value of TCMs has not been fully recognized worldwide due to its complex components and uncontrollable quality. For the modernization and globalization of TCMs, it is important to establish selective, sensitive and feasible analytical methods for determination and quantification of bioactive components of TCMs in body fluids primarily due to the low concentration, the complex nature of the biological matrices, and multi-components and their metabolites present in biological fluids. The present review summarizes the current extraction techniques, chromatographic separation and spectroscopic (especially mass spectrometric) analysis methods and new trends on the analysis of bioactive components and metabolites of TCMs in biological fluids. In addition, the importance of establishment of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability profiles and simultaneous determination of multi-active components in TCMs is discussed to provide proper examples of analytical methods for pharmacological and clinical studies of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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